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АНАЛИЗ ПРАКТИКИ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ И ЗАЩИТЫ ВНУТРЕННЕГО РЫНКА В ЕВРОПЕЙСКОМ СОЮЗЕ
Муратова Ш.Н.
Таможенный институт Государственного таможенного комитета Республики Узбекистан, д.э.н.(PhD), доцент
ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY AND INTERNAL MARKET PROTECTION PRACTICES IN
EUROPEAN UNION
Muratova Sh.
Customs Institute of the State customs Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, doctor of Economics (PhD), associate professor
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье рассмотрены методологические подходы к обеспечению экономической безопасности и защиты внутреннего рынка в странах Европейского союза. Систематизирован опыт разработки и реализации мер по обеспечению экономической безопасности европейских стран и проанализирована возможность его применения в Республике Узбекистан.
ABSTRACT
The article considers methodological approaches to ensuring economic security and protection of the internal market in the European Union countries. The experience of developing and implementing measures to ensure the economic security of European countries is systematized and the possibility of its application in the Republic of Uzbekistan is analyzed.
Ключевые слова: экономическая безопасность, формирование конкурентной среды, экономическая интеграция, зарубежный опыт, Европейский Союз, национальная концепция безопасности, европейское сотрудничество, потребительский рынок, таможенные органы, безопасностью ввозимых товаров.
Keywords: economic security, formation of a competitive environment, economic integration, foreign experience, European Union, national security concept, european cooperation, consumer market, customs authorities, security of imported goods.
Introduction.
In the rapidly changing conditions of the modern market economy, the issue of economic security is very important. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of economic security. After all, the economy is the basis for the existence of society, building social relations and world politics. Therefore, economic security is at the heart of state policy. As noted in the Message of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the basis of studying the international experience need to open the way for the private sector in those monopoly areas, where can be created the conditions for competition and formation of competitive environment and to develop a Strategy for creating a competitive environment. The task is to improve the control system and infrastructure in the field of foreign trade. In particular, based on foreign experience, it is necessary to reform the activities of customs, sanitary, quarantine, veterinary and other services that control customs posts. An open market dictates the need to improve product quality, reduce
costs, attract new technologies, and promote market reforms. We must integrate into international production chains, meet the requirements of the labor market and follow the path of economic integration. Given all these factors, there is a need to expand economic integration [1].
In these conditions, a real vision of the place and role of the Republic of Uzbekistan in a dynamically changing global world is extremely important. However, the post-crisis model of the world economy, in particular the financial and economic system and the new architecture of global security, may develop without taking into account the interests of Uzbekistan. At the same time, our state will still be integrated into the world political and economic space, but not as a full-fledged subject, but as an object of influence of various forces. As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country's independence, a condition for stability and efficiency of society's life, and for achieving success. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national
priorities of most countries of the world, and the analysis and subsequent adaptation of successful experience of such security represent one of the most effective mechanisms for achieving stability and efficiency of the national economy.
Presentation of basic materials and analyses.
The experience of the European Union countries shows that ensuring national economic security has a decisive impact on securing a clear place for a state in the global world that would correspond to its geostrate-gic significance and potential. To date, the adaptation of the experience of the EU countries in ensuring economic security could become one of the priorities of the foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan not only in terms of achieving stability and efficiency of the national economy, but also in terms of a long-term national development strategy.
In the European Union, the term "economic security" refers to the Union's position in the global economic system. The EU dictates the importance of European integration in order to achieve a high level of competitiveness in the context of globalization. Separately, each member state of the European Union has a much smaller amount of economic resources than other developed and even developing countries. The synergy effect achieved through the exchange of resources determines the ability of the European Union to provide a high level of economic security and competitiveness. The ultimate goal of ensuring economic security in the EU is to form a fully integrated Europe with the same standard of living in all participating countries [2, p.2-
3].
Most EU countries define the main objective of security policy in their national doctrines as the strengthening of the European stability area through the development of European integration and an active neighborhood policy of the European Union with the countries of Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus, Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, in our view, the concept of economic security of the European Community should be considered to a large extent in the context of the economic security of each individual state, national doctrines, programs and concepts of national security.
In Germany, there is no separate law on the concept of economic security. In practice, the state philosophy of economic security is implemented mainly through laws that regulate the most important areas of market activity and give the state significant control functions. Thus, the main interests of the country in the sphere of national security, including its economic component, are presented in the form of an official Directive of the Ministry of defense [3, p. 53].
Germany sees ensuring its economic security in maintaining economic and social progress, democratization in Europe and around the world, protection from economic blackmail, ensuring freedom of trade and access to raw materials and markets within a fair global economic system. In the internal economic plan, the goal is to guarantee healthy economic development of the country, material and social well-being of the population. In foreign economic terms, the main focus, due
to the export orientation of the economy, is on the stability and improvement of sales markets.
The main methods of ensuring the safe development of the economy in Germany are actions to maintain the civilized nature of market relations, create equal conditions for competition, prevent monopolization in certain industries, and maintain the stability of the national currency.
In a broad sense, economic security in France refers to the prevention and prevention of economic threats by introducing new schemes, adapting international security norms and structures, and creating a network of cooperation, in particular between the public and private sectors.
In France, the main state document that addresses certain provisions of economic security is the law "On national security" of 1964. The Concept of national economic security in France is interpreted as creating favorable internal and external conditions for improving national welfare and strengthening the country's economic potential. Economic security in a broad sense is provided by the entire set of economic regulation tools. To this end, in France, criteria related to reducing the vulnerability of the economic system and preserving the economic Foundation of an independent foreign policy are used in the process of developing and making economic decisions. These criteria include: elimination of serious imbalances in the level of economic development of economic entities; prevention of excessive external dependence in the most important sectors of the economy: minimizing the risks associated with dependence on the outside world [4, p.67-69].
Security policy in the UK is closely linked to defense policy: both are based on assessments of national interests and are implemented through their protection. "National interests" in the economic sphere are understood as national economic interests of the whole society, which have priority over other forms of public interests [5].
Threats to national economic security are divided into external and internal threats and are ranked by the degree of importance and probability of occurrence, which allows us to concentrate efforts on forecasting and preventing the most dangerous risks from the point of view of national economic security. At the same time, it should be noted that the government traditionally relies on private business to provide maximum support in preventing economic threats. In addition, the country has an extensive network of institutions that ensure effective interaction between the parliament, the government and big business in the development and implementation of decisions related to national economic security. In particular, it includes organizations such as the Confederation of British industry, the Council for trade with Eastern Europe, and a number of more specialized organizations that represent the interests of Industrialists and entrepreneurs.
The concept of economic security is considered in Spain to a large extent in the context of the economic security of the entire European Community. At the same time, an effective system of ensuring national interests in the economic field has been created. It is based on: a flexible legal and regulatory framework; a
clear division of the competence of ministries, departments and organizations in implementing regulations related to economic development; the presence of a legally approved program of economic priorities at each stage of development, which in principle should have excluded the possibility of distributing targeted privileges; the presence of special state control services [4, p.24-25].
In the system of ensuring economic prosperity and sustainable development of the country it is important to identify priority sectors of national industry under the protection of protectionist measures; regulation of the stimulation of investments; exchange controls; carefully designed legislation on joint-stock companies [4, p. 27].
In Italy, the state pays great attention to foreign economic expansion, which is carried out through the economic and technological binding of Italy to its foreign partners. At the same time, the most promising among them are the OECD countries, as well as developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The focus is also on the Italian presence abroad through the development of international industrial cooperation and, as in Germany, the diversification of energy suppliers [6, p. 42]. In the absence of an officially formulated doctrine of economic security, the implementation of Italy's international obligations related to participation in political or economic groups is an objective guideline of the Italian government. At the same time, the state uses all available mechanisms to protect the interests of its own producers in the domestic and foreign markets within the legal framework.
The analysis of the experience of such Western European countries as the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, and Switzerland in ensuring economic security shows that their main strategic goal to protect national economic interests is to ensure sustainable economic growth and economic modernization in accordance with the conditions of competition in the world market [2, p.24]. These countries do not have the ability to significantly influence the formation of the structure of the world economy, so they have to adapt to the conditions of the world economy, change the existing structures of national economies and the proportions of their development. At the same time, the so-called "small countries" of the European Union define the formation of an effective structure and specialization of the economy as strategic goals.
The policy of ensuring the economic security of Poland, Slovakia, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania is based on the convergence of national interests with common European interests, as well as political, economic and institutional transformation in accordance with Western European standards. In the early 90's, these countries adopted almost the same model of economic security, which included the following actions: assessing the geopolitical situation in the region; determining the vector and development strategy; building and implementing a model of behavior, including in the economic sphere, in accordance with the dominant trends in the regional and global evolutionary process; correlating basic quantitative and qualitative indicators
of development with global and regional standards; adjusting the course of economic reforms [7, p.20]. The main threats to the economic security of this group of countries are: the economic backwardness of the Central European regions from Western European countries, the difficulties of transition to a market economy, the problems of forming democratic and market institutions, and in some countries, such as Poland, the restriction of imports of strategically important raw materials.
Giving a General description of the current state of development of the economic security sector in all the countries considered, we can separately distinguish relatively stable economic systems (Great Britain, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany and France). These countries are mainly focused on improving the efficiency of the economy and at the same time maintain the existing level of personal economic security of their citizens. For the new EU member States (Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic), we can say that they have already completed the "first generation" reforms (with an emphasis on restructuring and re-subordination) and have reached the final stage of security structure reforms.
The analysis of approaches to the economic security of the state in the European Union countries clearly shows that the level of security depends on many factors. In order not to find itself in the position of a state without its own independent economic future, the Republic of Uzbekistan needs to carry out purposeful work on developing an innovative economy, preventing real threats, fighting corruption and criminal elements in the economy.
Of course, the adaptation of any foreign experience to the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan is quite time-consuming and is not a copy of the entire regulatory system, but only a step-by-step implementation of individual elements, tools, methods, and programs. The experience of foreign countries should be borrowed based on the similarity of tasks, goals, and priorities of national strategies. It is necessary to take into account the level of economic development, development of management institutions, security assurance and control, using a systematic approach and comparative analysis.
The models that can be proposed based on the results of studying the experience of the European Union countries are not only theoretically, but in some cases practically can be effective in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Implementation of the experience of the European Union countries in the conditions of transformation of the world economic system is the most urgent issue today cooperation within the framework of the Uzbekistan - international economic integration system. Based on the experience of European countries, a new security ideology should be formed in Uzbekistan, the core of which is to achieve sustainable economic development by performing certain tasks and obtaining concrete results based on the effective use of resources and compliance with the requirements of legislation and regulatory documents.
It is obvious that the introduction of the "best" models should be carefully calculated and timely. As
the analysis of the experience of new EU member States shows, it is very important to avoid mechanical copying of the practices of other countries, which can lead to a decrease in the capabilities of national security structures.
Currently, the problem of ensuring the safety of imported goods is one of the central problems of strategic importance for the development of foreign economic activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan. This problem does not exist by itself, it is closely linked to all areas of activity of state regulatory bodies, whose main task is to ensure the implementation of Uzbekistan's foreign trade policy. The high importance of such a function of state bodies as ensuring the safety of imported goods is explained by the fact that it actively affects the development in a particular sphere of life. In addition, the level of security of imported goods is determined by the level of development of the consumer market and the system of regulatory authorities. However, a high level of development does not guarantee the same level of security, including in the field of imports.
Ensuring the security of imported goods is part of ensuring national security, and by itself implies:
- ensuring the security of human existence, i.e. the protection of human society from negative impacts of various types that can cause damage to its body;
- ensuring the safety of the environment, i.e. the protection of human beings and the environment from negative impacts of man-made nature, including from imported products that do not meet the established requirements.
All types of life safety are closely interrelated and interdependent, since security is one and indivisible. This situation is explained by the fact that citizens are at the center of all types of security. First of all, they suffer from all types of threats, including products that do not meet the established requirements, but enter the domestic market of the country.
Ensuring the safety of foreign products entering the country's consumer market is one of the activities of the state to protect the interests of individuals, society, and the state from threats in the economic sphere. The implementation of this direction, in accordance with regulatory documents, is entrusted to customs authorities, consumer protection authorities, veterinary, quarantine, phytosanitary control authorities, health and social development authorities, as well as bodies that ensure the technical safety of imported goods.
In order to implement this direction, the state regulatory authorities of the Republic of Uzbekistan carry out measures to control the safety of imported goods in order to prevent the appearance of low-quality and / or dangerous goods on the domestic market.
At the same time, it should be noted that there are still unresolved issues related to the definition of lists of controlled products (goods) that pose a potential threat of harm to consumers, and the lists and forms of documents confirming the completion of the relevant types of state control have not been updated.
The procedure for importing goods that pose a potential threat of harm into the customs territory of the
Republic of Uzbekistan has not yet been determined, as required by law.
Territorial bodies of individual state services are not always equipped with the necessary forces and resources. This contributes to the fact that unscrupulous foreign trade participants have the opportunity to submit falsified documents allegedly confirming compliance with prohibitions and restrictions that are not of an economic nature.
Conclusion.
Insufficient attention to the theoretical and practical aspects of the problems of ensuring the safety of goods, as well as to the system of ensuring this security, can lead to the fact that the integration of Uzbekistan to global markets can be carried out in conditions when the economic interests of the Republic of Uzbekistan will not be fully taken into account.
In the Republic of Uzbekistan, in general, a system of legal norms regulating relations in the field of security of imported goods has been developed, the main activities of state authorities and management in this area have been defined, and security agencies and a mechanism for monitoring and supervising their activities are being formed or transformed. One of the leading roles in ensuring the safety of imported goods is played by the customs service of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The activities of customs authorities provide an opportunity for economic interaction between the state and the outside world. This happens as a result of a number of events. One of them is to protect the domestic producer by regulating the import of foreign goods by increasing or reducing duties on certain types of goods. The practice of granting or cancelling customs privileges is also applied.
Given the above, in conclusion, it should be noted that, ultimately, the successful provision of national economic security by the European Union countries depends on the stability and strength of their national economies. Only a strong economy can successfully protect national interests in the face of increasing global competition and growing global economic imbalances. Therefore, the state should not only develop a national security concept based on world experience, but, above all, reform its domestic and foreign economic policies in order to protect all economic entities.
References
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Prilepsky Alexander Ivanovich. - Moscow, 1999. - 222 p.
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ИНВЕСТИЦИИ В НЕДВИЖИМОСТЬ КАК НАИБОЛЕЕ ВЫГОДНЫЕ ВЛОЖЕНИЯ ФИНАНСОВЫХ РЕСУРСОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ГОСУДАРСТВ)
Прудников И.А.
ООО "Жилком Недвижимость " Москва, Российская Федерация
REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT AS THE MOST FAVORABLE INVESTMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF FOREIGN STATES)
Prudnikov I.
Zhilkom real Estate Moscow, Russian Federation
АННОТАЦИЯ
Из-за развития мировой экономики в целом, количество инвестиций в денежном эквиваленте с каждым годом неуклонно растет и инвестиции в недвижимость имеют стабильную положительную динамику. И это несмотря на наличие в ряде стран некоторых негативных экономических процессов. Именно наличие проблемых ситуаций заставляет будущих владельцев недвижимости проводить тщательный анализ ситуации, проводить анализ рисковых ситуаций и оценку рисков инвестиционных средств, вкладываемых в недвижимость.
В статье делает анализ инвестиционных приобретений недвижимости в иностранных государства, рассматриваются плюсы и минусы, делаются определенные выводы.
ABSTRACT
Due to the development of the global economy as a whole, the amount of investments in cash equivalent is growing steadily every year and investment in real estate has a stable positive trend. And this despite the presence in some countries of some negative economic processes. It is the presence of problematic situations that makes future property owners conduct a thorough analysis of the situation, analyze risk situations and assess the risks of investment funds invested in real estate.
The article makes an analysis of investment property acquisitions in foreign countries, considers the pros and cons, draws certain conclusions.
Ключевые слова: недвижимость, инвестиции, валютный курс, иностранные государства, банки, риэлтерские агентства, ипотека, спрос и предложение.
Keywords: real estate, investments, exchange rate, foreign countries, banks, real estate agencies, mortgage, supply and demand.
Инвестиции - двигатель экономики для любой страны, как для очень развитых, так и для бедных государств. Вкладывают инвестиции в самые разные объекты. Не стала исключением и Российская Федерация: недвижимость тут является одной из важнейшей составляющей экономики.
Для того, чтобы эффективно инвестировать в недвижимость на отечественном рынке - обязательно необходимо перенимать опыт у зарубежных стран. Очень хорошо будет, если это будут самые развитые в мировом сообществе в экономическом и финансовом плане государства: США, Канада, Германия, Швеция, Швейцария. Также необходимо перенимать инвестиционный опыт на рынках недвижимости других государств тем отечественным инвесторам, которые сами захотят там вложить свои денежные средства.
Анализ инвестиций, вкладываемых в недвижимость в зарубежных странах
Все зарубежные страны условно можно разделить на следующие группы:
• Государства Азии и азиатского региона. Сюда входят такие страны, как Китай, Япония, Вьетнам, Индия.
• Западноевропейские страны (Германия, Швейцария, Италия, Испания).
• Государства из Северной и Южной Америки. Пример таких стран: Соединенные штаты Америки, Канада, Бразилия, Аргентина, Чили.
Каждый из этих регионов имеет свои особенности экономического и финансового развития на рынке недвижимости, сильно отличающихся друг от друга. На рынок недвижимости сильно влияют присущие только ему этнические традиции.
