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0В юго-восточной части Африке (район выпадения обильных летних осадков) есть приблизительно 15 разновидностей пеларгоний.
Еще 18 разновидностей найдены в остальной части Африки, в то время как местонахождение сохранившихся приблизительно еще 12 разновидностей определяется в других частях мира. [3]
Герань луговая на марках Монголии
Список литературы
1. http://www.stevehanksartwork.com/ (дата обращения 17.07.2018)
2. http://www.artistsandart.com/2011/07/british-painter-william-henrv-margetson.htmI (дата обращения 15.08.2018)
3. http://www.contenton.ru/inspiration/pelargoniu m-photo.html (дата обращения 20.08.2018)
ANALYSIS OF DECORATIVE ART OF MINORITY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Yang Juan
Design Art School of Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001
Abstract
The Kazakhs and the Russians are important members of the Chinese nation in fifty-six ethnic groups, along with the historical and cultural changes, Kazakh and Russian culture, physical characteristics, customs of inheritance and development at the same time, the fusion of chinese national culture gradually formed their own national characteristics. T his paper focuses on the study of t he similarities and differences of decorative art living in the Xinjiang area China Kazakh and Russian architecture, e xploring hidden in the traditional residential buildings in the aesthetic meaning and cultural connotation, Showing the distinctive historical changes and cultural heritage of the ethnic minorities to the world.
Keywords: Xinjiang, Kazakh, Russian, vernacular architecture, decorative arts.
National dwellings embody the characteristics of different nationalities, such as values, ways of thinking, aesthetic preferences, religious culture, etc., reflecting the social system and behavioral benchmarks of all ethnic groups, blending with national culture, and constructing a unique folk landscape of each ethnic group. The architectural art collection combines functions and aesthetics. Whether the functionality and aesthetics are unified is an important condition for measuring the pros and cons of the building. In addition, the coordination of the building and the surrounding environment is also an important consideration. The art of decoration is produced, developed and formed under certain social conditions . It must have the imprint of the times, reflecting the constant reform and innovation of the style, subject matter and craftsmanship of the times. As an architectural component image, architectural decoration, while
having architectural functions, maps the ideals of life, morality and art that people want to express.
A. Decorative Art of Kazak Residential Buildings in Xinjiang, China
( 1 ) Regional distribution of Chinese Kazakhs
The Kazakhs are ancient nomads. According to historical records, they can be traced back to the ancient Wusun, Kangju and other tribes distributed in the Kazakh grassland. Due to wars, natural environment and other factors, they continue to migrate. During the migration, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Rouran, and Turkic , Khitan, Mongolia and other ethnic groups continue to integrate into the Kazakhs . In the long process of historical changes, the Kazakhs and the ethnic minority cultures in northwestern China blended with each other and complemented each other. Cultural communication, reference, mutualization and integration depended
on the core values of the Kazakh nationality. Until today, the Kazakh formation formed across Europe and Asia. The mainland, a large nation with a population of more than 10 million. Chinese Kazakh residents are located in northwestern Xinjiang, such as the Ili, Altay, Tacheng and other regions, live in the prairie home Kalajun, Nalati, Tamboura is the choice of many Kazakh nomads, there are very few distribution In Gansu, Qinghai and other places, there are about 1.3 million Kazakh residents living in China .
( 2 ) Characteristics of construction of Kazakh yurts and wooden houses in Xinjiang
The Kazakhs in Xinjiang are mainly built in the spring, summer and autumn, and the fixed-style wooden houses and earthen houses are mainly used in winter. Yurts are mainly nomadic lifestyle of Kazakh traditional architecture, in order to accommodate the migration of animal husbandry, living life to build simple housing. The Kazakh felt house construction method has been included in the UNESCO Human Intangible Cultural Heritage List. It is not only a symbol of the wisdom and hard work of the Kazakh people, but also a carrier of the Kazakh people's expression of emotion and aesthetics, showing the Kazakh grassland culture. Unique beauty. Kazakh yurt is different from the family yurt, yurts difference from the vault, bar room, both chassis has a unique feature of Kazakh folk family and cultural values. The upper part of the Kazakh felt room in Xinjiang is dome-shaped, and it is often arched by birch, which has a strong load-bearing capacity. Yurt room willow or spruce rods using the rod structures, the traditional process rod housing wall thirty centimeters from the mat formed 30-- arc angle of 40 degrees, so that the lever housing has more load bearing capacity. The lower part of the felt room is cylindrical, and the inner wall is combined with a willow wood pole to form a grid-like skeleton. Usually, the inner wall of the felt room is composed of a plurality of felt wall skeletons, and the mesh skeleton can be freely stretched and stretched , and the mat made of valerian surrounds the inner wall. The outside of the yurt is wrapped in white felt, which is in harmony with the blue sky and white clouds. It is beautiful and full of meaning. The yurt , which consists mainly of domes, room poles, felt walls and doors, is simple in structure , easy to assemble and disassemble, and can be built in more than two hours. We can say that art is a Kazakh-family yurt clever fusion of scientific and cultural representatives of buildings.
One after another, the common simple little huts on the Altay, Ili, Porta grasslands and other places, because yurts difficult to resist the cold of winter, winter Kazakh people most of whom live in huts, commonly known as "winter winter pen." Wooden houses are usually built of pine wood and vary in size and are built as single rooms, suites or side by side depending on the owner's needs. Common roof huts "human" shape, sloping or flat-top style huts set up by the foundation to the roof of the whole unit made of wood, roofing thick lawn, inside and outside the walls hang wipe the mud, to achieve the cool effect. The entire wooden house is reinforced with wood wedges, including the floor and seaming techniques using fitting techniques. The exterior of the wooden house is usually not painted with
paint, showing the beauty of the wood, but the beautifully patterned patterns are decorated on the columns and wooden fences in front of the house.
(3) Characteristics of Kazak residential buildings in Xinjiang
Kazakh yurt huts and external simple and plain, but elegant and refined interior layout. Kazakh embroidery is a unique decorative process. The interior walls of Kazakh houses are usually decorated with fabrics. Decorative fabrics such as carpets, tapestries , curtains, etc. are very popular . Indoor household items such as cushions, bedding, wooden boxes, etc. They are all colorful, not only comfortable and durable, but also beautiful. Some families hang on the wall with animal fur as an ornament, showing the master's superb hunting skills. The Kazakh home decoration embroidery products inhabited in Xinjiang, China, are rich in patterns and color schemes, that is, rich in the characteristics of the Kazakh nationality, combined with the characteristics of Xinjiang's local culture, have formed their own unique style. Patterns mainly drawn embroidery various animals and plants, flowers and Kazakh, Chinese text of auspicious the like having, in the form of symmetric multi-embroidered products combined to repeat the chain expression means expression motif, adopt prick, embroidery, The decorative patterns processed by the crafts such as complements and hooks are ingeniously designed, colorful , or gold-plated around the pattern, decorated with silver beads, which is very beautiful. [1] colored thread embroidery is usually used their own weaving dyeing by the Kazakh peoples, making dyes extractedfrom plants and various colored ore, usually after several weeks or even months of labor to complete. Kazakh felt has the characteristics of moisture and cold resistance, soft and comfortable, beautiful and practical. According to the use of functional sewing to make a variety of different types of felt, rectangular felt is used in the felt floor, used for hospitality. The fan-shaped felt is made according to the characteristics of the circular felt room and is mainly used for sleeping on the couch. Kazakh flower felts mostly use antlers, trees, clouds and other patterns, and use red, green, blue, black and other fabrics in a set of scissors. According to the various patterns of the design, the double-layer felt cloth is tightly sewn together. It adopts clever forms of positive and negative complementarity, virtual and real correspondence, such as black saf-flower, yellow-edged green leaves and other graphics. The colors are bright and contrasting, and it has the characteristics of unrestrained and free-spirited grassland. [2] Kazakh folk house interior decoration products everywhere reflect the rich imagination and exquisite craftsmanship of the Kazakh people.
B. The decorative art of Russian dwelling houses in Xinjiang , China
( 1 ) Geographical distribution of Chinese Russians
The origins of the Russians in China can be traced back to the early 18th century. Due to the tyrannical rule of the Russian tsars , a large number of Russians moved into China. After the October Revolution in Russia, many Russian intellectuals went to China to escape the war. So far, Russian residents have lived in 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China , mainly distributed in the northwestern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the northern part
of Heilongjiang Province and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , with a total of about 14,000 people. According to records, as early as the first year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty , Russian folk house construction skills have been introduced into the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region . [3] Subsequently, for political reasons, a large number of Russians moved to areas such as Tacheng in Xinjiang, which brought prosperity and development of Russian national art culture and residential architecture .
( 2) Characteristics of Russian wooden houses in Xinjiang
The centuries, Russians people learn from and absorb the Han, Uygur, Kazak and other cultural and architectural skills, combined with climatic conditions and geographical characteristics of Xinjiang, the formation of distinctiveethnic Russian residential construction techniques, commonly known as Mongonia. Mongonia durable and practical, construction of convenient features, loved by ethnic Russian people, the building structure, architectural style clearly different from other nations, the unique European specialties. The woodcut building method mainly uses the axe to build and engrave the wood, and builds it by means of multi-layered barriers. First, the foundation is paved with stones and poured with cement. Then use the layers of wood to build a layer, using thick wood underneath, and the way the wood is placed to ensure firmness. The entire construction process usually does not use nails , all of which are joined by wood wedges, and the four corners of the wall are connected by rivet or dovetail groove . The traditional method of building woodcuts is to place moss between the walls of the wood to achieve the comfort of winter and cool summer. Most of the roofs are in the form of steep slopes, usually covered with iron sheets, or built using "lantern plates" (meaning slabs) , which have the function of preventing rain and snow and facilitating drainage. In order to facilitate the storage of vegetables and food, the mantle is generally built in the woodcarving room to make more efficient use of space. Most residents make the best of the small Russian steam bath bathhouse built of wood, stone and other materials in the inner courtyard (in Russian called Banja).
The wood carvings of pure wood structure preserved in Xinjiang have excellent thermal insulation performance . Today, brick and wood structures are used for construction . The doors and windows are wide and large, the lighting is good, the indoor light is sufficient , and the air circulation is smooth. Because the wall is thick, it is good for winter warmth, summer heat insulation, comfortable and livable. The traditional heating method is built using a circular iron wool furnace partition. The iron wool furnace uses an old and scientific method to save fuel and keep the house clean, and it can heat two or three houses at the same time . In addition, the oven is usually equipped with an oven that helps to keep food and tea warm and heated during cold winter days. Mongonia north door was opened, usually to build a long rectangular porch in front of houses, commonly known as door bucket, top design for the next multi-porch "human" shape, usually with a forty-five porch steps, in order to go through the porch Entering the interior of the log house, the porch is a building form with strong practical functions designed to adapt to the characteristics of the Russian climate. It
can realize the function of sheltering from rain in summer and cold in winter.
(3) Characteristics of the decoration of Russian dwelling houses in Xinjiang
Russia Mongonia family dwellings by ornately carved, cleverly distinguished architectural structures distributed, rugged appearance of wood has become more elegant and graceful. Russians prefer to decorate with bright and expressive symbol image, which is derived from the polytheistic period of ancient Russia, when the farmers through decorative way, the different symbols carved eaves, doors eaves, canopies and other parts, hopes decoration Symbols attract positive forces to drive away evil forces and defend their homeland. The woodcuts , thresholds and window sills in Xinjiang, China are decorated with wood carvings and paintings. Each woodcut has its own unique features . The decoration of the woodcut ^ ^ is a typical European structural component. The vertical arrangement of the brick structure ^ under the horizontal ^ line is usually designed to be large and small, and looks like a stalactite. The function of the eaves is very decorative. The woodcut sash door and window frame is a separate structure. It is often decorated with triangular enamel ornaments or running water patterns. It can also see folk houses carved with grape patterns. The grapes have special significance in the Yugoslav national culture. It is a symbol of life and ethnic continuity. . The engraving pattern of common sun symbols on the gables, the Russians in the cold zone are full of yearning and love for the sun, so there is often a simplified sun pattern on the window frame decoration, such as the circle inside the cross, or the inside is Round of six or eight radiation lines. The cross-circular pattern not only symbolizes the sun, but also the burning flame. In the ancient Russian residential culture, the interior is a circle of six or eight radiations with the meaning of "Raytheon", which has the mysterious power to prevent lightning from attacking houses and residents. In addition, a number of diamond-shaped geometric pattern is also common or internal dot pattern, which is an ancient symbol of polytheism, on behalf of vitality sown fields. Woodcuts, swan, cock, duck and other animal images are often carved on the roof of the houses. Different animals have different representative meanings. Russia's terrain dominated by plains and plateaus has established the lofty status of horses. Since ancient times, horses have had irreplaceable importance in the lives and wars of the Russian people. The swan is a sacred animal in the Russian culture and a symbol of beauty, nobility, wisdom and harvest. The decorative symbols on the wooden inscriptions are the embodiment of the Russian traditional culture. They are the blending of Russian Orthodox, Catholic, Christian and other religious cultures. They are the crystallization of the harmonious coexistence of human society and nature.
The color of woodcuts in Xinjiang is diverse. Usually, after construction, residents paint colors according to personal preference. The most common colors are blue and green exterior walls . Blue and green in Russian folk culture have a peaceful and friendly meaning . The wood exteriors, doors and windows, and interior walls are often decorated with blue or green to reveal a quiet and peaceful home atmosphere . The interior furniture is mostly made of pine wood. The color is mainly dark green, red, and sky blue. It reflects the friendly and
friendly national character of the Russians and symbolizes the desire to pursue a happy and harmonious life. Russia Mongonia family dwellings reveals the wisdom of builders, residential construction is the art of Chinese minority treasures.
C. Analysis of the similarity of architectural decoration of Kazak and Russian dwellings in Xinjiang , China
Xinjiang region of China's ethnic Kazakh and Russian ethnic traditional dwellings Mongonia residential buildings and decorative patterns not only a high degree of aesthetic value, but also the pursuit of harmonization in the relationship between the amount of space and form. Whether or yurt building wooden house building, designed and built at the beginning of the designer first determines the type and quantity of material in accordance with the framework construction area, and ultimately achieve the perfect structure, arranged in neat rows, the situation beautiful architectural vision. Emphasis on formal beauty and the beauty of the structure of Kazakh and Russian ethnic family houses, proportioned structure is the core architecture and decoration.
The Kazakhs believed in shamanism in the early days of primitive society. They were full of worship for the sun , moon, stars , water and the earth in nature , especially the sun. The sun symbolizes solemnity and inviolability. [3]Russians belief in polytheism era of Kievan Rus, the worship of rivers, lakes, trees, jungle, sun, water, flowers and plant motifs considered a symbol of God's protection. People are full of worship to the gods , and the sacrificial activities have become an important part of the daily life of the ancestors . Although the changes in religious beliefs have occurred with the development of the times, the improvement of productivity, social ideology and institutional changes, this awareness still affects the Kazakhs and The Russian people are rooted in the blood of the nation. In the decoration of Kazakh and Russian dwellings in Xinjiang , we can easily see the figurative and abstract decorative symbols of the sun, flowers or plant patterns . The plants represent the endless power and the wish for a better life. Interior Kazakh ethnic Russians and residential areas, such as carpet products, iron arts and crafts and other household items are beautifully drawn or carved with decorative patterns. Hardworking and intelligent people will be animals, plants, birds and flowers and other natural biological process by the image of creation, and these images geometrically patterned by color and border to the performance of these simple and beautiful decorative patterns in the composition, balanced symmetrical structure Colorful and harmonious. Interior furniture such as wooden tables, wooden boxes, tubs, wooden bowls, wooden spoons and other daily necessities often draw beautiful floral patterns and are decorated with continuous symmetrical plant and flower patterns, such as geometric patterns and sun and moon patterns on wooden utensils. Or plant
vine flower pattern, the patterns are arranged symmetrically left and right, repeated.
The diamond shape of Kazakh decoration has special artistic value and significance. The diamond pattern is fully utilized in the art of Xinjiang Kazakh architecture, utensils, embroidery and carpet. The rules of application form can be carefully explored. It can be summarized as the change in unity and symmetry. In the three categories of equalization and rhythm in rhythm. The rhombus ornamentation in the Kazakh decorative arts can be traced back to historical factors such as religious beliefs, nature worship and reproductive worship. As early as the early days, diamond-shaped ornamentation was widely used in Kazakh pottery and fabrics . To this day, we often see plant diamonds, animal diamonds and geometric diamonds that have evolved from the shape of animals and plants in Kazakh residential buildings. The structure of the diamond pattern used in the art of decoration is mainly divided into a rhomboid shape, a variant diamond shape and a composite diamond shape. It is undeniable that the diamond pattern has strong practical aesthetic value and folk culture value in the decorative art of Kazakh residence. [4]
Most of the Kazakh and Russian decorative patterns are derived from the extraction of natural biological forms and the imprint of human early totem worship. Both nationalities have shown a love for the collection patterns, whether it is a more realistic image or an abstraction. Geometric patterns all show an obvious form of collection, showing the capture and tolerance of multiculturalism, as well as the modern aesthetic and modern consciousness.
Conclusion :
Kazakh ethnic Russians and houses the national culture heritage and historical and cultural heritage, we focus on architectural elements and structural characteristics of the building yurts, wooden buildings and houses of the Russianethnic Mongonia analysis Kazakh family, by the family of Kazakh and Russian ethnic residential buildings decorative elements analysis explore hidden in traditional dwellings decoration aesthetic significance and cultural connotations, reflecting the Kazakhs and Russians unique way of thinking, values, religious and cultural characteristics of ethnic minorities show a distinctive historical changes to the world And cultural heritage.
References
1. Ding Chunjuan . Application of Chinese Traditional Auspicious Patterns in Architectural Decoration Design [J]. Art Education Research , 2016, (4) .
2. Deng Bo. Russian Nationality [M]. National Publishing House , 1995.
3. Sun Xuefeng . The Early Religious Belief of Kazak People's Ancestors [J]. Western Regions Research , 1999, (04).
4. Bahati Alibati . Kazakh traditional pattern [M]. Xinjiang Youth Press , 2006.
