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REFERENCES 3.
1. Chang Kai. Theory of Workers' Rights. : China 4. Labor and Social Security Publishing Press. 2004.
№ 6.
2. Yang Yansui. Conspectus of New Labor Law. : 5. Tsinghua University Press, 2008. № 2. P. 174— 175.
Zhou Baomei. Generality of Labor Law : Qunz-hong Publishing Press, 2006. № 6. Zheng Shangyuan. The System and Concept of Labor Contract Law. : China University of Political Science and Law Press, 2008. № 3. Shi Hui. On the Construction of the Harmonious Labor Relations. Digest of Scientific Management, 2004. № 29.
Tao Yuchun, Xu Zhenning
y^K 331.4:656.2
ANALYSIS ON EMPLOYEES' CAREER SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES
Railway transportation is running in a particular line system, transportation technology organization has the "big linkage machine" feature, which needs Synergies by multi- sectional, such as vehicle, machine, engineering, and electricity sectors; for there are more "combined sectors" in transportation companies, and implicated lots of Production sectors. Therefore, Safety work has a relatively large difficulty. According to statistics, in 2006,there are 111 fatal accidents in railway enterprises, which caused 120 people
died, the number of accidents and deaths increased 39 and 42 more than the previous year , increased by 54.1 Percentage and 53.8 Percentage; in which lack of responsibility has caused 58 accidents and 62 people died, 22 more than the previous year, which increased 61.1 % and 55% (Ministry of Railways, 2007). We should pay sufficient attention to the issue of occupational safety on Rail transport employees. 1. The accident causal theory 1.1. The Causal Chain Model theory
In 1930th, W. H. Heinrich put forward the Causal Chain Model theory (also known as the Domino theory) first, that the occurrence of injury and death are caused by many inter-related reasons, and the result of a chain of factors, Namely is the occurrence of casualties is due to accidents, accidents are due to unsafe acts of human or mechanical, physical insecurity, human's unsafe behavior and unsafe state of objects is due to faults caused by human, People's shortcomings and mistakes originate from adverse social environment or inherent genetic factors. As long as taking away one of factors as followed, the genetic and social environment, people's shortcom-
ings, people's unsafe behavior and unsafe state, the incident, hurt, you can undermine the accident chain to prevent the accident. W. H. Heinrich also stressed that the central work for enterprise security is to remove people's unsafe behavior and unsafe structures of objects, and thus interrupt the process of accidents. In fact, the link between the dominos is random. The deficiency of the Domino theory is the absoluteness and simplify of the causes of accidents, and the too much consideration on the human factor. 1.2. The System Theory
System theory regards people, machinery and environment as a system (overall), Research the interactions on people, machine and environment, feedbacks and adjusts, and found the cause of accidents, reveals ways to prevent accidents. Representative is American Surry(J. Surry) in 1969 named Surry model. Surry model is a typical theory which analyzes accident causes according to human's cognitive process.
The model divides the process of accidents into 2 sections, the risk emergence section and the risk release section. These two sections themselves include a group of similar cognitive information processing, that is feel, awareness and behavior responsive. In the risk emergence section, if every segment of human's information processing is correct, the danger can be eliminated or controlled; on the contrary, it will lead to danger to operators. In the risk release section, if all the aspects of human's information processing are correct, although facing the emerged risk, the danger could still be avoided to release, and will not lead to harm or damage; Instead, the danger will be transformed into injury or damage.
1.3. The Path Overlapping theory
The path overlapping theory combined all the positive sides of a variety of the Causal Chain Model theory. The basic idea is: injury is the result of many events occurred interrelated. These events can be summarized into two series, which are the development of human and events. When human's unsafe behavior and unsafe status of objects overlap in certain moment and space, it will lead to energy "upstream" inside the human body, and then accidents would occur.
The reasons why insecurity of human behavior and unsafe status of objects came into being and developed are functioned by many related factors. The path overlapping accident model which composed from the path overlapping theory reflected the overwhelming majority facts of accidents. The practical condition is that only a few accidents were not related to unsafe human behavior and object insecurity, most of them has the relationship with both of the factors.
1.4. Synthetic theory
The integrated theory thought that accidents are not occasional, but have profound causes, which include direct causes indirect causes and basic causes. The direct causes mean insecure state or conditions, and unsafe behavior or actions, these causes of objects, environment, and people constitute the danger factors of production (or called incipient fault). While indirect causes, refer to management deficiencies, management factors and management responsibilities. the factors that lead to indirect causes are called the basic reasons, which include economic, cultural, school education, national habits, social history, law, etc. (Lin zeyan, 1999).
2. Occupational Safety and the causes of the problem
2.1. Leap-forward development of China Railway industry
The experience of developed countries shows that the period when the highest peak of production accidents happened is the time that economy growing fast and heavy industry developing. China railway industry is going through a leap-forward development period; new rail line building, technical equipment upgrade, adjustment of industrial allocation etc. will have a measurable impact on the previous low level steady state, a number of unstable factors also bring about big challenges to the occupational security work of railway staff.
At present, the average mileage per kilometer volume turnover of China railway is about 27.78Mt/km, which is No. 1 in the world. At the same time, the transport organization is mixed passenger and cargo running system, which shares the same line.
It is necessary for rail lines to adapt to not only the needs of heavy cargo freight, but also meet the requirements of high speed passenger transportation, further more, the needs of high traffic density should also been taking into account, security management is extremely a difficult task, and the complexity to ensure the safety is much more difficult than other countries (Zheng Guohua, 2007).
2.2. Institutionally lack of protection
In 2003, since the meeting of "Railway Occupational Safety and Health Management System (ROSHMS) pilot spot meeting" convened by the Ministry of Railway, most of Railway Bureaus carried out the experiment and promotion of "ROSHMS". By the end of 2004, 104 railway stations had launched the creation of "ROSHMS" and passed certification. But recently, some railway bureaus developed slowly on "ROSHMS". In most cases, when accidents happened, many staffs been punished, many problems put forward, and the whole railway industry paid attention to find out causes and make out measures, but mostly
consider something as it stands, seldom deeply check out the incipient fault, even less on the research of solution. Frequently, the death control objective been set, the measures and methods to achieve the objective never worked out.
2.3. long-term security input insufficiency
At present, railway operation units have weak foundation in safety protection, inadequate input in safety management, security deficiency problem is serious, even some companies operating under insufficient security conditions, is the main reason of serious incipient fault and frequent occurrence. Currently, the security input of our country accounts for 0.701 percent of GDP, which is 689,800 U.S. dollars / million employees; while in developed countries the proportion could reach 3.3 percent, which is about 5 times of our country. Through several years of emergency expansion construction, the misfit problem of railway industry eased, but the key problem is that the pace of development of the railway has always been slower than economic growth. Railway investment is very limited, which still relies mainly on a single channel, railway construction funds; the input was always insufficient, correspondingly the input of security is also inadequate.
2.4. Inadequate attentions to safety management
After the opening of the railway transport market, it meets with the highly competitive pressures from a variety of ways of transport. Driven by economic interests, a number of rail transport companies can not deal with the relationship between safety and effectiveness, which, to a certain degree, left incipient fault for transport security. Driven by profit, in the
ИРКУТСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПУТЕЙ СООБЩЕНИЯ
absence of or failure to implement preventive measures for production safety, poor working environment, outdated equipment and other conditions, if workers were forced to work overtime or overload, it will inevitably lead to a large number of accidents. Some units thought that the probability of an accident is very small, thus have the hope of good luck. Management did not follow up the industry, some of the industry's technical standards, design specifications haven't changed for many years, the outdated provisions still implemented. This is obviously not suit to the rapid technology and equipment update. 2.5. poor qualities of employees
Lack of security skills and self-protection ability is the main reason why the work-related accidents occurred. A large number of employees are relatively in poor schooling, low vocational skill level, thus the occurrence of operational troubles is universal. Employees' technical skills are low and lack of ability and consciousness to safeguard rights.
According to statistics of the basic employee situation of railway transport enterprises in 2005, the university and above level only reached 22.1 percent, the middle and senior technical titles only accounted for 33.6%. In the railway industry, some of the major types of employees have low education and technical skills, and are not familiar with the basic rules and regulations, especially in the non-normal circumstances, emergency solve skills and ability to deal with fault are poor. On the other hand, some employees do not have a strong sense of the railway safety awareness, take relax discipline and inevitable accidents thought to work; even some employees do not work actively to find out the reasons after the accident happened, summarize experiences, but to hide facts each other.
3. Recommendations to improve employee occupational security
Occupational security means the feeling of confidence, security and freedom which people get in their career, especially to meet the emotion needs at present or in the future. Employees are not only the undertakers of various types of production and operation activities, but also the victims or people who are responsible for security accidents. Only great importance and totally subjective initiative is attached to production and operation activities, and fully protect their personal rights, can their motives be promoted and thus to boom the sectors. 3.1. Reduce unsafe working conditions
A famous "7 to 4 to 1" economic theory said that, Overall, if the losses caused by occupational diseases and accidents of personal accidents is 7, then prior to the occurrence of such incidents, the invest-
ment of production environment toxic dust preventive measures and the corresponding technological transformation is only 4; If enterprises consider the probable occupational hazard, analyze the protective measures with the project design and construction together during the opening period in accordance with horizontal and vertical comparison, then the invest will be just 1.(Sun Shu Han, 2000).
Speed up technical transformation, increase investment, the use of advanced technology and equipment, as well as a sound protection system. even with advanced technology and equipment, as well as a sound protection system, does not constitute a complete security system. Also need to provide a good operating environment, such as lack of natural light or night-time operations to achieve a good lighting, the scene of the original wood material neatly stacked in an orderly, standardized set up a secure channel, Industry work place clean, warning clearly discernible, and so on. people in good environmental practices, and their mental state is better, feel good, easy fatigue, This will help to reduce accidents.
3.2. Promote occupational safety and health management system establishment
Baolong Liu, Safety Science and Technology Research Center of State Administration of Work Safety, who provided complete injury and death accidents data of 22 enterprises, Reached the conclusion that these index of million working hour accidents rate, million working hour deaths rate, million working hour serious injuries rate, million working hour serious minor injuries rate and million working hour accidents loss of working days, have decreased after the occupational safety and health management system was established ( Baolong-Liu, 2004), moreover, employee complaints and stakeholders complaints fall down as well.
3.3. Active participation of employees
Employee security awareness, security attitudes, security values and beliefs become the basis for enterprise security management. It is necessary to call for employees to be actively involved in the security frame process, so that managers can easily know where potential security problems are from the staff, and how to resolve the problems; at the same time, security measures involved by employees would be better implemented.
3.4. Reduce unsafe actions
The Causal Chain Model theory regards that human's unsafe behavior and unsafe state of objects are the 2 reasons which result in accidents. In contrast, people's unsafe behavior are even more difficult to predict and control, which only happens by chance, and is subject to political, economic, technological
level, security, quality, health, family environment, social environment factors and so on. In addition, object insecurity in many cases achieved because of human behavior.
The construction of the railway safety culture construction is very important. However, Staff security awareness, quality skills are not only rely on the system management and restraint, we must establish a sound education and training mechanisms, adopt a flexible and diverse forms of education methods to achieve the expected results. There are many other ways to improve the safety awareness of the staff, such as Safety cases discussion, performance, seminars visiting, publicity and entertainment in order to continuously improve staffs' safety awareness. In addition, "The Employee Relation Index "(ERI) questionnaire is a good tool to allocate staffs, and to reduce worker's unsafe behavior. 3.5. Strengthen scientific research and promotion work
Firstly, it is advisable to vigorously develop protective equipment in order to better protect employees' safety. Secondly, enterprises should strengthen cooperation and exchanges, and learn from previous experiences. Thirdly, with reference to the Causal Chain Model theory, analyses and researches of a large number of the actual incidents are necessary, so that simple and intuitive accident model could be built to guide enterprises running smoothly. Fourthly, under the guidance of the Causal Chain Model theory, in order to prevent the reoccurrence of
Zhao Xiaojing
similar accidents, people can take effective preventive measures according to accidents frequency and characteristics. Fifthly, it is necessary to analyze relationship between accidents frequency and operation time, operation proficient level, age, sex, to grasp regular principles, and work effectively and orderly. In addition, in order to provide necessary financial assurance, investment on security of railway enterprises should be enlarged.
REFERENCES
1. Bai Zhongwei. Discussion on strengthening personal safety management of railway transport enterprises // Railway Transport and Economy. 2003. V. (5) P. 44-46.
2. Zheng Guohua, Thinking of improve and perfect the legal system of the railway transport safety // China Safety Science Journal. 2007 V. (5). P. 4753.
3. Ministry of Railway. The 2006 report on railway labor safety work // Railroad labor safety. Health and environmental protection. 2007. V. 4.
4. Lin Zeyan, chief editor, accident prevention and practical technology // Science and Technology Literature Publishing House, 1999.
5. Chen Lu, Thinking of fatal accidents analysis of railway transportation enterprises during "20002005" period and what to do next // Railroad labor safety, health and environmental protection, 2007. V. 2
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LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF TASK-BASED LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT1
1. Introduction
Over the last two decades, communicative language teaching has aroused wide interest among educators. Correspondingly, great emphasis has been laid on the improvement of students' ability to use second language as a tool to solve real life problems in different situations. Task-based instruction, an approach orienting towards the achievement of communicative goals in the real world, is widely applied as a representative of communicative teaching. A reflection of the development of such pedagogical approach is the popularity of performance language assessment, among which task-based language assessment
(TBLA), with the characteristic of using real world tasks "as the fundamental units of analysis" (Long and Norris, 2001:600), is arousing more and more attention in the area of language testing. The limitations as well as the great potentials of TBLA have been of great concern for language testing designers and researchers.
With an attempt to explore the characteristics of TBLA and to detect its limitations as well as its possibilities, this essay will firstly, identify something re-
2 This is a working paper for a Jiangxi provincial teaching and research project.
