CC BY
121
УДК 635.132; 633.432; 547.912
HPLC analysis of carotenoids in particular carrot (Daucus Carota L.) cultivars
E. N. ZELENKOVA1, Ph. D. Z. E. YEGOROVA2
[email protected], [email protected] Belarusian State Technological University, Minsk, Belarus Ph. D. P. S. SHABUNYA3, S. A. FATYKHAVA4 [email protected], [email protected]
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, NASB, Minsk, Belarus
Optimal conditionsfor analysis of carotenoids in carrot by HPLC, including sample preparation, were selected. Chromatograph Agilent 1200 with diode array detector was used. The sample components were separated on column ZORBAXEclipse Plus C18 (3.0*100 mm; 1.8pm) at temperature 22 deg C. The temperature in the autosampler was 10 deg C, injection volume — 2 pl. The isocratic solvent system consisting of acetonitrile — methanol — ethyl acetate (73:20:7, v/v/v) was chosen as the mobile phase. The flow rate of eluent was 0.4 ml/min. It is shown that 50 ml of acetone was needed for extraction of carotenoids from the 5 g of homogenized carrot samples (10-multiple excess). Separating capacity of the solvents (acetone, the mixture acetonitrile — methanol — ethyl acetate, dichloromethane) and their compatibility with the mobile phase was investigated. It was established experimentally that the acetone is the best solvent to recover dry residue of pigments. Developed method was usedfor the study of carotenoids in eleven carrot cultivars, zoned in Belarus. The main carotenoids of carrots were distributed as follows: a-carotene — 30-40%, p-carotene — 55-68%, lutein — 1-6% of carotenoid total amount. Cultivars Vitaminnaya-6 and Dordon were characterized by significant amount of p-carotene (90-100 pg/g) and a-carotene (53-61 pg/g). The largest quantity of lutein (4.3-6.5 pg/g) was contained in cultivars Dordon, Morelia, Nerac and Niland. The highest content of carotenoids (~155 pg/g) was observed in cultivars Dordon and Vitaminnaya-6. Carrot cultivars grown in Belarus were characterized by average contents of p-carotene, but the carotenoid total amount was high. Described HPLC method can be applied for the determination of the main carotenoids of carrot.
Keywords: carotenoids, analysis, HPLC method, carrot, cultivar.
Анализ каротиноидов методом ВЭЖХ в отдельных сортах моркови
Е. Н. ЗЕЛЕНКОВА, канд. техн. наук З. Е. ЕГОРОВА
Белорусский государственный технологический университет 220006, Республика Беларусь, г. Минск, ул. Свердлова, 13а Канд. биол. наук П. С. ШАБУНЯ, С. А. ФАТЫХОВА
Институт биоорганической химии Национальной академии наук Беларуси 220041, Республика Беларусь, г. Минск, ул. Академика В. Ф. Купревича, 5-2
Установлены оптимальные параметры анализа каротиноидов моркови методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Применен хроматограф Agilent 1200 с диодно-матричным детектором. Разделение компонентов произведено на колонке ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (3.0*100 мм; 1.8 мкм) при температуре 22 град. C. Температура автосамплера — 10 град. C, объем инъекции — 2 мкл. В качестве подвижной фазы использована смесь растворителей: ацетонитрил: метанол: этилацетат (73:20:7, об/об/об) со скоростью потока 0.4 мл/мин. Показано, что полная экстракция пигментов из 5 г моркови достигается при 10-кратном избытке ацетона. Исследована разделяющая способность и совместимость с подвижной фазой растворителей (дихлорметана, ацетона, смеси ацетонитрил-метанол-этилацетат) для восстановления сухого остатка каротиноидов. Экспериментальным путем установлено, что наилучшим растворителем является ацетон. Разработанный метод применен для исследования качественного и количественного состава каротиноидов в 11 сортах моркови, районированной на территории Республики Беларусь. Установлено соотношение основных каротиноидов моркови, которое составляет: а-каротин — 30-40%, p-каротин — 55-68%, лютеин — 1-6% от общего количества. Исследования показали, что высоким содержанием р-каротина (90-100 мкг/г) и а-каротина (53-61 мкг/г) характеризуются сорта Витаминная-6 и Дордонь. Наибольшее количество лютеина (4.3-6.5 мкг/г) содержится в сортахДордонь, Морелия, Нерак и Ниланд. Общее содержание каротиноидов является наибольшим (~155 мкг/г) в сортах Дордонь и Витаминная-6. Наименьшее количество каротиноидов наблюдается в сортах Монанта и Балтимор. Сорта моркови, произрастающей в Беларуси, характеризуются довольно высоким общим содержанием каротиноидов, при относительно небольшом соотношении р-каротина (58.9% от общего количества). Применение метода целесообразно при определении каротиноидного статуса различных сортов моркови. Ключевые слова: каротиноиды, исследование, ВЭЖХ метод, морковь, сорт.
Introduction
It is known that food carotenoids are natural biologically active substances that protect the human body from infections, free radicals, prevent the growth of cancer cells [1]. Some of them, such asp-carotene, have provitaminA activity and contribute to the automatic regulation of the eye's sensitivity to light [2].
It is known that natural pigments in the rangebetween yellow and red colors belong to carotenoids [3]. Carotenoids are divided into two classes -carotenes (nonsaturated hydrocarbons) and xanthophylls (oxygen-containing carotenoids). p-carotene is the most well-known representative of the first class.Carotenoids are synthesized by higher plants, algae, photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacteria, actinomycetes, filamentous fungi, yeasts, and are not synthesized by animals [4].
More than six hundred carotenoids were extracted and studied from plants, algae, bacteria and fungi [3]. Qualitative and quantitative composition of carotenoids found in food can be rather complicated and considerably differs depending on the plant species. For example, sea buckthorn contains 19 carotenoids (85%xanthophylls) with a total weight up to 32.3 mg/100 g; a pumpkin — up to 10.0 mg/100 g (30-40% xanthophylls) [5, 6]. The bright color of tomato fruits (pulp and peel) is mainly due to the presence of lycopene (62%); the rest of carotenoids are presented byxanthophylls [7].
The carotenoid content depends on the genetic characteristics of plants and can vary from year to year. Accumulation of carotenoids in cultivars can change in different agro-climatic and geographical growth conditions [8, 9]. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the amount of carotenoids in plant varieties within several years [10].
Carrot (Daucuscarota L.) is a classic source of carotenoids for people in many countries. The content of these compounds in different cultivars varies from 8.4 to 19.2 mg/100 g fresh weight. a- and p-carotene are the major isomers of carrot carotenoids. Also carrot containssmall amount of lutein [3]. According to [5] the average p-carotene content is 85-90 % of the total carotenoids. In carrot grown in Europe part of p-carotene was found to be 72.3-78.5% of total carotenoids. In carrot cultivated in Asia itwas on average 74% [6].
Carrot is important cultivated vegetable in many countries. Belarus is one of the world's largest producers of carrot (annually about 350000 MT). Production of carrots in Belarus in 2010 was 358102 MT [11].Carrot and products based on it are the main source of carotene for the population. Therefore the data on the content of carotenoids in raw materials are relevant for food industry.
Analysis of international, interstate and state standards showed that spectrophotometric (EN 12136:1997', ISO 65582:19922, GOST 8756.22-803) and chromatographic (EN
EN 12136:1997, Fruit and vegetable juices.Determination of total carotenoid content and individual carotenoid fractions, 1997. ISO 6558-2:1992, Fruits, vegetables and derived products from them. Determination of carotene. Part 2: Practical Methods, 1992.
GOST 8756.22-80, Products of fruits and vegetables.Method for determination of carotene, 1981.
12823-2-20124) methods are used for the determination of carotenoids in foods.
In the CIS countries the carotene in processed fruits and vegetables is determined according to standardized method GOST 8756.22-80. It is based on the photometric determination of carotene concentration in solution, obtained after extraction with an organic solvent.
Total amount of carotenoids and their composition in fruit and vegetable juices with carotenoid contents from 0.1 to 6 mg/100 g is measured by the method specified in STB GOST R 51443 -20 065.The method is based on the precipitation of carotenoids with zinc hexacyanoferrate, extraction from the residue with reextraction and subsequent photometric determination of the content of total carotenoids. For analysis of the individual fractions extract is separated by column chromatography with aluminum oxide.Obtained fractions are the following: hydrocarbons, xanthophyll and cryptoxanthinethers.
All the mentioned above techniques are applied only to products of fruit and vegetable processing. Therefore, to determine the carotene in raw carrots it is necessary to adapt these methods or develop new ones. HPLC method is widely used to determine the pigments in plants, so the aim of this research was to choose optimal conditions of sample preparation and HPLC separation for carotenoids of carrot.
Materials and Methods
Carrot roots of the following cultivars (harvest 2013), grown in the Republic of Belarus, were used for the method development (Table 1).
Samples of varietal carrot were collected in the farms of Minsk district.The farms are located in the central agro-climatic zone of Belarus with the length of the growing period — 185-195 days, annual rainfall — 550-650 mm. This region is characterized by moderately humid climate with mild winters and short, moderately warm, long summer and is favorable for growing carrots [12].
The scheme of carrot carotenoids analysisis shown in Fig. 1.
Accuracy of measurement of carotenoids contents in cultivar depends on a representativeness of the roots taken for the analysis [3]. To fulfill this requirement, 8-12 roots were selected from each carrot cultivar. Averaged sample of carrot was washed, dried, peeled, milled by the vegetable shredder to a particle size of ~1 mm and mixed carefully.5 g of shredded carrots was taken immediately and homogenized in a mortar with quartz sand. Extraction of carotenoids from the homogenized samples was carried out with acetone until discoloration. For this purpose, 50 ml of acetone was needed for each sample (10-multiple excess). Acetone, being the water-miscible organic solvent, was selected as extracting agent since the extraction of carotenoids was carried out from fresh carrots containing ~85 % moisture. Furthermore, acetone allows to extract all of the carotenoids, presented in the carrot matrix.
4 EN 12823-2-2012, Food products.Determination of vitamin A by HPLC.Part 2: Determination of P-carotene, 2013.
5 STB GOST R 51443-2006, Fruit and vegetable juices. Method for determination of total carotenoids and their fractional composition, 2006.
Table 1
Characteristic of carrot cultivars
Cultivar
Characteristic
Cultivar
Characteristic
Baltimor F1
Root — from medium to long,
cylindrical, with a blunt tip. Core and peel — orange. Root mass 115-230 g. Taste good and excellent.
Nantskaya F1
Root — from 15 to 20 cm, root mass 100-200 g, bright orange color.
Core and peel — orange. Form of root: cylindrical, flat head, slightly pointed tip. Taste good.
Bangor F1
Root — narrow, elongated, orange, smooth, head slightly dented. Core and peel — orange. Root mass 125-210 g.
Taste good.
Morelia F1
Root long, fusiform with an obtuse base. Core and peel — orange.
Root mass 110-190 g. Taste good and excellent.
Dordon F1
Root — 18-20 cm, cylindrical, with a blunt tip, smooth, aligned at shape and size. Core and peel — orange. Root mass 80-130 g. Tastegoodandexcellent.
Niland F1
Root -medium, cylindrical, with a blunt tip. Core and peel — orange. Root mass 90-100 g. Taste good and excellent.
Monanta
Root — from medium to long, with a rounded tip, smooth, orange, flat-rounded head, the core is small, orange. Root mass 75-115 g. Taste good and excellent.
Riga F1
Root — from medium to long, cylindrical, with a blunt tip, elongated head. Core and peel — orange. Root mass 80-165 g. Taste good.
NeracF1
Root — from medium to long,
cylindrical, with elongated tip, elongated head. Core and peel — red. Root mass 130-160 g. Taste good.
Sircana F1
Vitaminnaya-6
Root — 13-15 cm, cylindrical, with a blunt tip. Root mass 80-120 g. Core and peel — red-orange, the core is small, round, color differs little from the pulp. Taste good and excellent.
Root — 18-20 cm, cylindrical, with a well-executed tip, aligned at shape and weight, intense orange. Very small core, the color is indistinguishable from the rest of the pulp.
Root mass 50-160 g. Taste good.
S
is
V
í-
<
Carrot i'
Washing, peeling, pulping
Extraction of carotenoids
Evaporation (rotary evaporator)
Solution (acetone), place into vial
Evaporation (stream of nitrogen)
Solution (acetone, or dichloromethane, or mobile phase)
Place into screw-cap vial
Chromatographic separation
Results
8-12 carrots
Sample 5 g Acetone 50 ml
+40°C 200 rpm
Acetone 3-7 ml
Acetone 1,5 ml Dichloromethane 1,5 ml Mixture acetonitrile - methanol - ethyl acetate (73:20:7, v/v/v) 1,5 ml
Column ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (3,0x100
mm; 1,8 ^m);
Flow rate - 0,4 ml/min;
Temperature of column +22°C;
Temperature in autosampler +10°C;
Injection volume - 2 ^l
Monitored at 440, 450 and 480 nm
Fig. 1. The scheme of carotenoids analysis by HPLC method
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
20000
0
0.05 0.1
Amount, mg/ml
0.15
Fig. 3. Separation of carotenoid residue, which was reconstituted with 1.5 ml of various solvents: a — acetone; b — dichloromethane; c — mixture acetonitrile — methanol — ethyl acetate
Subsequently the solvent was evaporated on a rotary vacuum evaporator at a temperature not above 40 0C. To avoid destruction of carotenoids and strong adhesion to the glass walls of the flask evaporation was carried out not to complete dryness [3]. The pigments residue in a round bottom flask was dissolved in a small amount of acetone (3-7 ml), and quantitatively transferred into a vial, wherein the solvent was again evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. The resulting residue of carotenoids was reconstituted with 1,5 ml of various solvents (acetone, dichloromethane, acetonitrile — methanol — ethyl acetate 73:20:7, v/v/v) and placed in a screw-cap vial for HPLC analysis.
To avoid quantitative losses of carotenoids and changes in their structure during the analysis, caused by influence of oxygen, light and temperature, experiment was carried out as fast as possible (within no more than an hour) under subdued light. Samples were analyzed immediately after preparation. Sometimes they were stored as a dry residue no more than three days at a temperature -20 0C in a dark place.
The HPLC method was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of major carotenoids in the samples. Chromatograph Agilent 1200 with diode array detector was used. The sample components were separated on column ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (3.0x100 mm; 1.8 ^m) at temperature 22 0C. The temperature in the autosampler was +10 °C, injection volume — 2 ^l. The isocratic solvent system consisting of acetonitrile — methanol — ethyl acetate (73:20:7, v/v/v) was chosen as the mobile phase. The flow rate of eluent was 0.4 ml/min.
To select mobile phase we used the following criteria: it should be characterized by low viscosity, inertness to carotenoids and low toxicity. Also, the mobile phase in combination with C18 column must provide good separation both of nonpolar carotenes (a-and p-carotene) and polar xanthophylls (lutein) of carrots. These requirements are satisfied by mobile phases based on acetonitrile and methanol, which are often used in the analysis of carotenoids [13-18]. Other solvents also may be added (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, etc.) to optimize the conditions of chromatographic separation. Based on the described criteria and analysis of literature the mixture acetonitrile — methanol — ethyl acetate (73:20:7, v/v/v) was chosen as mobile phase.
Results were monitored at wavelengths of 440, 450 and 480 nm. Identification was carried out by the retention times of appropriate carotenoids standards (p-carotene (Fluka, № 22040), lutein (ROTH, No 5671) and the absorption spectra.
The quantity of carotenoids was determined by external calibration method. Stock solutions of standards were prepared in dichlormethane inconcentration 1 mg/ml. They were stored in sealed amber vials at the temperature -70 0C for use over an extended period. The working solutions were prepared in the day of analysis by step-by-step dilution in acetone. The following final standard concentrations were obtained: 0.02, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/ml for p-carotene and 0.001, 0.05, 0.01, 0.1 mg/ml for lutein respectively.
Final carotenoid content in ^g/g wet weight was determined by the formula:
_ Amount [jig/ml] • 1.5 [ml]
^sample [§]
Results and Discussion
Linear calibration curves were obtained throughout the concentration range: 0.001-0.1 mg/ml for lutein and 0.02-0.4 mg/ml for p-carotene (Fig. 2). Calibration curves showed good linearity with coefficients of correlation greater than 0.99.
Samples of the carrot «Sircana» were used for developing of the method. Different solvents were used to recover the carotenoid dry residue. Obtained chromatograms are shown in Fig. 3. Good separation of components was obtained for samples recovered in acetone and the mobile phase. The samples dissolved in dichloromethane had unsatisfactory chromatographic separation.
As acetone provides less retention times, is compatible with the mobile phase and carotenes and xanthophylls are equally well dissolved in it, acetone was used to recover dry residue of pigments in further experiments.
Fig. 4 shows the standard chromatogram of the sample of carrots, obtained by the above scheme of analysis.
Developed method was used for the study of carotenoids in eleven carrot cultivars, zoned in Belarus. The contents of individual carotenoids for studied samples are shown in Fig. 5. The main carotenoids of carrots are distributed as follows: a-carotene — 30-40%, p-carotene — 55-68%, lutein — 1-6% of carotenoid total amount. These data are well consistent with literature [3, 19, 20]. Cultivars Vitaminnaya-6 and Dordon are characterized by significant amount of p-carotene (90100 ^g/g) and a-carotene (53-61 ^g/g). The largest quantity of lutein (4.3-6.5 ^g/g) is contained in cultivars Dordon, Morelia, Nerac and Niland. The total amount of carotenoids in all cultivars, found as the sum of a-, p-carotene and lutein, is presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Total content of carotenoids from carrots grown on the territory of Belarus
Cultivar Carotenoids concentration, ^g/g
Baltimor 51,4
Bangor 101,8
Dordon 156,7
Monanta 39,4
Morelia 69,3
Nantskaya 77,7
Nerac 106,1
Niland 94,4
Riga 89,1
Sircana 98,4
Vitaminnaya-6 156,2
The highest content of carotenoids (~155 |ug/g) was observed in cultivars Dordon and Vitaminnaya-6. Cultivars Bangor, Nerac, Sircana contained less carotenoids (98.4106.1 ^g/g). Cultivars Monantaand Baltimorhad lowcarotenoid contents.
Studied cultivars are characterized by very similar ratio of individual carotenoids — p-carotene:a-carotene:lutein = 58.9:32.4:3.3 % of total amount. In accordance with [20] ratio of carotenoids in five studied samples of carrots grown in Moravia wasthe following: p-carotene:a-carotene:lutein:lycopene = 75.77:23.82:2.08:0.24%. Usually the part of p-carotene in
to L^i --J O tO L/i
Q UFI O Lrt O Lrt O
6 S
2.725
27.900
mAU 100 80 ■ 6040 20 ■
Lutein
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
mAU
SOSO'
/
t 40
/
/ 20
/
o
h
a-carotene
iA
nm
30.905
mAU 175"
150
125
100
75
50
25
0-
J
ß-carotene
200 300 400 5m 600 700 800 nm
Fig. 4. HPLC chromatogram of the extract from carrot
Fig. 5. Content and proportion of lutein, a- and ß-carotene in 11 cultivars of carrots grown on the territory of Belarus
carrots grown in Eurasia is about 74% [5, 6]. Socarrot cultivars grown in Belarus are characterized by lower contents of P-carotene, but the total amount of carotenoids was high and varied depending on cultivar.
Conclusions
Described HPLC method is sensitive, reliable, efficient, rather simple and can be applied for the determination of the main carotenoids of carrot: a-, p-carotene, lutein. This method was used for qualitative and quantitative carotenoid analysis in 11 carrot cultivars grown in Belarus.
Acknowledgments
The author wants to acknowledge support provided by the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, NASB.
References
1. Nechaev А. P. et.al. Food chemistry.4th edition, revised and ext. — St. Petersburg: GIORD, 2007. 640 p. (in Russian) [Нечаев А. П. и др. Пищевая химия. Издание 4-е, испр. и доп. — СПб.: ГИОРД, 2007. 640 с]
2. Shobinger W. Fruit and vegetable juices: scientific foundations and technologies. — St. Petersburg: Profession, 2004. Р. 83-90. (in Russian) [Шобингер У. Фруктовые и овощные соки: научные основы и технологии. — СПб.: Профессия, 2004. С. 83-90.]
3. Rodriguez-Amaya D. B. A guide to carotenoid analysis in foods /
D. B. Rodriguez-Amaya. Ph.D. — Washington, DC 20005-5802, USA, 2001. 64 p.
4. Tretyakov N. N. et.al. The physiology and biochemistry of crop. — М.: Kolos, 2000. 180 p. (in Russian) [ТретьяковН. Н. и др. Физиология и биохимия урожая. — М.: Колос, 2000. 180 p.]
5. Kudrytska S. E. Carotenoids fruits and berries. — Kiev: Vyshchaschool, 1990. 211 p. (in Russian) [Кудрицкая С. Е. Каротиноиды плодов и ягод. — Киев: Высшая школа, 1990.]
6. Vyrodova A. P. Content of P-carotene in different vegetables / A. P. Vyrodovaet.al. Physiology and biochemistry of cultivated plants. 1988. No 2. P. 167-171.
7. Greenberg Е. R. Carotenoids and cancer prevention /
E. R. Greenberg, J. A. Baron, J. R. Beck. Saturated Retinoids: New Trends in Research and Therapy. Retinoid Symp., Geneva. 1984. P. 360-370.
8. Rodriguez-Amaya D. B. Quantitative analysis, in vitro assessment of bioavailability and antioxidant activity of food carotenoids — A review / D. B. Rodriguez-Amaya. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2010. No 23. P. 726-740.
9. Rodriguez-Amaya D. B. Updated Brazilian database on food carotenoids: factors affecting carotenoid composition /
Rodriguez-Amaya, D. B., Kimura, M., Godoy, H. T., Amaya-Farfan, J. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2008. No 21. P. 445-463.
10. Code of Practice for assessing the quality of fruit and vegetable juice Industry Association of juices and nectars from fruits and vegetables of the European Union (published in Russian) [text]. M.: Novovita. 2004. (in Russian) [Свод правил для оценки качества фруктовых и овощных соков Ассоциации промышленности соков и нектаров из фруктов и овощей Европейского союза. — М.: Нововита, 2004.]
11. FAO-STAT. 2010. Food and Agricultural commodities production. Available from: http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/ default.aspx. Accessed Apr 2014.
12. Agrobelarus. Agroclimatic conditions of Belarus. Available from: http://agrobelarus.ru/content/agroklimaticheskie-usloviya-belarusi Accessed Apr 2014.
13. Muntean E. Quantification of carotenoids from pumpkin juice by HPLC-DAD Scientifical Researches / E. Muntean. Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies. 2005. Vol. XI.No 1. P. 123-128.
14. Huck C. W. Development and Evaluation of a New Method for the Determination of the Carotenoid Content in Selected Vegetables by HPLC and HPLC-MS — MS / C. W. Huck, Michael Popp,HeimoScherz, and G. K. Bonn. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2000. No 38. P. 441449.
15. Razavi S. H. UV-HPLC / APCI-MS Method for separation and identification of the carotenoids produced by Sporobolomyces ruberrimus H110 / S. H. Razavi, F. Blanchard; I. Marc. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 2006. Vol. 25. No 2. P. 1-10.
16. Chiosa V. Determination of P-carotene concentration in orange and apple juice and in vitamin supplemented drinks / V. Chiosa, C. Mandravel, J. C. S. Kleinjans, E. Moonen. Analele Universita Nii din Bucuresti — Chimie, Anul XIV.2005. Vol. I-II. P. 253-258.
17. Siong T. E. Analysis of carotenoids in vegetables by HPLC / T. E. Siong, L. C. Lam. ASEAN Food Journal. 1992. Vol. 7. No 2. P. 91-99.
18. MarovaL. Physiologically Significant Carotenoids and their Common Food Sources in Czech Population / L Marova, B. Slovak, H. Bilkova, J. Ocenaskova, and P. Cvancarova. Chem. Papers. 1999. Vol. 53. No 3. P. 174-183.
19. Mustafa A. Pressurized hot ethanol extraction of carotenoids from carrot by-products /A. Mustafa, L. M. Trevino, C. Turner. Molecules. 2012. No 17. P. 1809-1818.
20. Strati I. F. Carotenoids from foods of plant, animal and marine origin: an efficient HPLC-DAD separation met / I. F. Strati, V. J. Sinanoglou, L. Kora, S. Miniadis-Meimaroglou, V. Oreopoulou. Foods. 2012. No 1. P. 52-65.
Статья поступила в редакцию 15.06.2015
