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10
Section 10. Physical Education
Plasa Migena, Msc, Spotrs University of Tirana, Albania Scientific Research Institute of Sport E-mail: migenaplasa@yahoo.com Koci Ledina, Msc, Sports University of Tirana Faculty of Movement Science E-mail: ledina.koci@yahoo.com
ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE OF ADULTS FEMALE NATIONAL BASKETBOLL TEAM
Abstract: Basketball is considered as a sport with a permanent intensity that requires mostly anaerobic metabolism [1]. It is believed that the anaerobic contribution to basketball is important for tactical movements in defense and assault and for technical actions such as throwing, jumping, [1, 2]. The aim of this study was evaluating anaerobic performance of the female Albanian national basketball team (total n = 15) were divided into 4 groups: playmakers (n = 3), forwards (n = 7), and centers (n = 5). RA.ST (Running Anaerobic Sprint Test). Test contains 6 maximum sprints with 10s break between each other and variables have been analyzed using visual and mathematical models. The measurements have been performed; first measurement, November 2017 and second measurement, February 2018. During power and fatigue index values determination we have also analyzed the differences between the groups. Results showed that national female basketball players presented low anaerobic performance.
Finally, RAST test is an excellent measurement inductor for hyper-lactate and through this measurement we will try to understand the anaerobic performance level our national female basketball team.
Keywords: anaerobic performance, fatigue index, hyperlactation.
Introduction maintained over a period of time. In the past de-
Basketball is considered as a sport with a per- cade, the need to further understand the demands manent intensity that requires mostly anaerobic of basketball match-play led researchers to study
metabolism [1]. It is believed that the anaerobic the requirements of high-level players and team
contribution to basketball is important for tactical performances in several dimensions [3; 4; 5]. In
movements in defense and assault and for technical professional sports, the use of performance analysis
actions such as throwing, dancing [1; 2]. helps coaches to study team and players' match per-
The game of basketball is characterized by fre- formances for the purpose of enhancing the train-
quent starts, stops, and changes of direction, all ing process [6; 7].
Basketball players have been found to cover about 4500-5000 m(2.8-3.1 mi) during a 48-minute game.4 Also, in a simulated practice game, players were found to spend only 34.1% of the time playing, 56.8% walking, and 9.0% standing [8]. There are many anaerobic basketball performance protocols that are very important for scientific researchers, coaches and players in order to build proper training programs and performances. The anaerobic sprint test (RARAST) is a protocol used in basketball to evaluate the power and fatigue index [9]. Although RAST has been widely used by coaches and athletes but a few studies have investigated the applicability of this protocol in sport [9; 10; 11]. Running protocols on elite basketball players may be important to improve scientific knowledge in relation to anaerobic performance or to set reference values in basketball. RAST variables obtained are evaluated using simple equations but no literature studies using rigorous criteria to calculate these variables in players basketball.
Methodology
A total of15 elite female basketball players of the Albanian national team have been evaluated during the pre-competition stage. Players were divided according to their specific roles: playmaker (n = 3, average age 26.3, average height 1.70m, average BMI 22.3 kg), forward n = 7, average age 21.1 years, average height 178.8m, average BMI 21.1kg) and centers (n = 5, average age 26.4 years, average height 182.2m, average BMI 22.7 kg). All players gave their approval to be part of this study.
^AST (Running Anaerobic Sprint Test) RARAST was used to determine the fatigue and power index: max (P ), mean (PAV) and min (Pmin). RARAST was applied after a warm-up (10 min) and developed in the field. The test consists of performing 6 sprints from 35 m with a 10 s interval between sprints. Speed, acceleration, strength and power are defined by the following equations: 1) Speed (m/s) = Distance /Time; 2) Acceleration (m/s2) = Speed / Time;
3) Strength (kg *m*s2) = Weight * Acceleration;
4) Power (watts)* = Force speed. Results
Id. Code 0-35 35-70 70105 105140 140175 175210 0-35 35-70 70105 105140 140175 175210
First measurement Second measurement
ID. 1 522 300 332 323 297 258 318 322 256 221 262 260
ID. 2 495 459 431 409 283 255 311 352 297 266 250 266
ID. 3 546 404 377 323 261 295 288 299 242 359 209 165
ID. 4 369 373 305 275 333 332 300 258 223 209 215 247
ID. 5 497 527 412 397 350 337 237 218 244 193 176 179
ID. 6 418 304 436 378 303 473 335 516 235 244 204 280
ID. 7 343 420 332 350 292 292 293 241 233 199 183 199
ID. 8 409 432 441 349 339 265 189 209 240 193 210 227
ID. 9 393 500 233 367 274 242 298 288 278 213 201 189
ID. 10 399 298 299 280 243 245 267 291 229 253 197 171
ID. 11 391 442 340 314 314 324 475 380 330 313 263 344
ID. 12 413 650 409 420 280 258 353 296 292 283 271 229
ID. 13 400 375 298 303 263 292 337 438 302 309 231 236
ID. 14 374 364 238 232 268 195 381 236 233 267 192 155
ID. 15 390 369 279 261 217 186 300 277 243 196 190 188
Average 424 415 344 332 288 283 312 308 258.5 247.8 216.9 222.3
Table 1.
After performing both measurements, each play- of the 6 sprints in both measurements is calculated er's power calculations are made after each sprint and and graphically shown in graph no. the results are shown in (Table 1). The team's average
Figurel. (All players)
Figure 1. shows the power results of all national team players for both measurements. Results are showing an obvious fall in power from the first sprint to the next sprint measurement, but it is even more clear that the power of these players has fallen from first to second measurement, this phenomenon is un-
explained given that the players came from a 40 days training period in their origin teams. To evaluate the anaerobic state by each player roles, we divided them into three groups: the first group, center position players (n = 5). The average of their power is calculated in the 6 sprints and is presented graphically in (Figure 2).
0-35 35-70 70-105 105-140 140-175 175-210
POWER 1 —^POWER2
Figure 2. (Centers N = 5)
In (Figure 2) it is shown the power from one sprint to the other one, of center position players (n = 5). At the first measurement the decrease is apparent, especially from the first sprint to the second, followed by a slight increase again and then falling in the last two sprints. In the second measurement the power values appear to be significantly lower
than those of the first measurement, but it should be noted that center players in the second measurement have shown a better stability.
The second groupwere side position players (n=7). Power average in the 6 sprints was calculated and it is showed graphically in (Figure 3).
70-105 105-140 140-175 175-210
Figure 3. (Forwards N = 7)
70-105 105-140
Figure 4. (Guards n = 3)
In (Figure 3) we can see the average power from one sprint to the other of forward players. In the first measurement we see a decrease after the second sprint and in last one, while in the second measurement the power values are higher and then again, they all decrease compared with the first measurement results. The third group was the playmaker group (n = 3). The calculated average power of their 6 sprints and are shown in (Figure 4).
In (Figure 4) we can see that playmakers results have gradual decline from the first sprint to the fifth one, and they have a marked increase in the sixth sprint, while in the second measurement we see that
there is a significant increase compared with the first sprint, a noticeable decrease in the third sprint and then a gradual decrease in the fifth on followed by a slight increase in the sixth sprint. Based on the RA.ST formulas calculations we extracted Pmax (Maximum Power), Pmin (Minimum Power), Paverage (Average Power) and FI (Fatigue Index) for each player in particular for the entire team and for the groups divided by roles. The maximum power of all players calculated by finding the maximum power average of each in both the performed measurements and the maximum power of the players divided by their roles is shown in (Figure 5).
Figure 5
In (Figure 5) we have presented the average of the maximum power of all players and in particular for each group divided by the roles in the centers, forward and playmakers in both measurements. We find out that the results in the first measurement were better than in the second measurement for the whole team as well as in special roles besides the role of the playmakers where the difference from the first measurement to the second is not very large. The minimum power of all players calculated by averaging the minimum power of each in both measurements and the min-
imum power of the players divided by their roles is shown in (Figure 6).
In (Figure 6) we have presented the calculated average of the minimum power of all players in total and divided by roles: center, forward and play-maker. Results show that there is a decrease in the minimum power from the first measurement to the second measurement, especially on the center position players. The average power of all players calculated by finding the average power of each of them in both measurements and the average power of the players divided by their roles is shown in (Figure 7).
150 200 250 300 Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
In (Figure 7) we have presented the estimated average of the total power of the entire team and of the roles divided into centers, forwarders and play-makers. Again, in the same situation that the average power has fallen from the first measurement in the measurement second in all players and more evident in the center players. The fatigue index calculated by the RA.ST formulas for the entire team and for the roles divided by groups, in the measurements performed, is shown in (Figure 8).
In (Figure 8) is showed the fatigue index calculated according to the RA.ST formulas in the first and second measurement. In addition to the role of the organizers where the chart shows that the fatigue index is higher in the second measurement, in all other cases the fatigue index is lower in the second measurement than compared with the first measurement.
Discussion and Conclusions
In this study, based on the results, we see that the players of our national female basketball team presented low anaerobic performance. This fact directly affects the reduction minute after minute of the performance during a game because due to anaerobic performance decrease of each player there also a decrease in the technical execution level basic elements of basketball such as passing, dribbling and finalizing. There is a higher mistakes rate in the
passes, also the percentage of realization decreases and the number of lost balls lost during the game is increased. Based on the results we can say that in the second measurement the situation was more problematic than in the first one, because there was a fall on the anaerobic indicators since November when the first measurement took place, in February the second measurement took place. Looking at the fatigue index graph where we see that in the second measurement data are lower while sprint times are higher compared with the first measurement data's, we may have the right to think that our subjects did not give their maximum effort in the second measurement. Nevertheless, from this study it is clear that the anaerobic performance of this team is very low and measures should be taken as quickly as possible to increase the aerobic performance of all players during the annual period in the respective teams. To achieve this goal is needed maximum dedication and player-coach co-operation, unification of a program working and setting objectives before the beginning of its implementation in order to know where it will be at the end of this phase. The value will be the determination of different tests that show the physical and technical condition of the players. Passing successfully these tests will give the player the right to be part of the national team.
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