CC BY
37
Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2020, pp. 86-101 ISSN 1997-0838 Original Text Copyright © 2020 by Kumari, Mallikarjuna, Babu and Rosaiah
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
OPEN /71 ACCESS
An Investigation into Photosynthesis Related Parameters of Chili Varieties for Agronomic Traits
Bantu Naga Nirmala Kumari, Kokkanti Mallikarjuna*, Kakumanu Babu, Gorrepati Rosaiah
Department of Botany & Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, A. P. India
*E-Mail: [email protected]
Received February 14, 2020
A critical investigation into the performance of all known chili varieties in the same agro-climatic conditions in imminent to identify the elite varieties for beneficial agronomic traits. In this perspective, 20 varieties of chilies were collected and planted in A.N.U botanical garden to know about photosynthetic performance measured in terms of photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and carotenoid content and chlorophyll stability index in a comparative study. The highest stomatal conductance in LCA-305 (0.166 mmol cm-2) and high transpiration rate in LCA-235 (4.46 mol m-2s-1) and G-3 (4.43 mol m-2s-1) was observed. Whereas the cultivars, LCA-305 (31.2 ^mol CO2 cm~2s_1) and Rabbi (31.20 ^mol CO2 cm-2s-1) displayed high photosynthetic rates. The genotypes like G-4 (32°C), G-3 (31.3°C) and G-5 (31.2°C) have recorded high canopy temperature. The highest water use efficiency was noted in Aparna (59.93), LCA-334 (16.68), and G-3 (6.40). The highest chlorophyll a content was noticed in LCA-305 (6.68 mg g-1) followed by G-4 (6.12mg g-1), chlorophyll b content in LCA-424 (7.94 mg g-1), total chlorophyll content in LCA-305 (10.58 mg g-1) and carotenoid in LCA-353 (4.40 mg g-1) and G-5 (3.82 mg g-1) was observed. The highest chlorophyll stability index was observed in LCA-305 (0.85 mg g-1) followed by LCA-334 (0.77 mg g-1). Basing on the above data, it can be concluded that in terms of stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, CSI value, chlorophyll A and total chlorophyll contents, LCA-305 displayed superior performance indicating that LCA-305 can be projected as superior variety.
Key words: photosynthesis related parameters, chili varieties, Agronomic traits
Chili or Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is emerging as one of the most important economical and popular vegetable crops grown for its green fruits as vegetable and red form as spice. Besides, it is used in many processing industries for various products such as pepper sauce, pickled pepper, ground pepper and dried pepper. It belongs to family Solanaceae and originated in Latin American regions of New Mexico, Guatemala and Bulgaria. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of chili in the world with an annual production of 1.30 million tonnes from 0.79 million ha with production share of 22.72%.
The quest for improved varieties in agriculture is a good old practice. Screening for the new and improved varieties of chili has resulted in the development of many varieties with different phenotypes. Many varieties have been developed by selection of natural genetic variation, cross and heterosis breeding, and mutagenesis (Vivian et al., 2019). Recently genetic engineering technology also applied to developed new and improved varieties with tolerance to disease, drought etc., (Prasad et al., 2016). But the journey into the finding of new variety is a continuous process as some varieties may lose phenotypes with age.
Screening of physiological performance by destructive and non-destructive means of agriculture plants is a common practice to assess the field level performance of plants under stressful or non stressful conditions (Fahad et al., 2017).In addition to this, many studies have correlated the high photosynthetic rate of crops to higher yields (Usman et al., 2014). With this background, though many chili varieties are use, no study has been carried out by growing all known varieties in the same agro-climatic conditions (with or without imposition of stress) to pick the best performing variety in terms of photosynthesis and yield related parameters.
Hence in the present study, twenty chili varieties (Table 1) present in the Horticultural Research Station (HRS), Lam Farm were collected and planted in A.N.U Botanical garden for comparative morphological-physiological studies to find out the best performing variety. Indeed, we pick-up some high performing variety in terms of photosynthesis related parameters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at Acharya Nagarjuna University campus, Guntur. The site of the experiment is situated on 16o2'North latitude and 80o3' East longitude at an altitude of 31.5 m above the mean sea level.
Experimental material
The experimental material consisted of 20 accessions genotypes obtained from germplasm collection of Horticultural Research Station (HRS), Lam-farm, and local market of Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Twenty dissimilar genotypes of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) have been used as plant materials for experimentation. The seedlings for the study were raised by sowing the seeds in nursery beds of4m x 1m size prepared after bringing the soil to a fine tilth. Each bed was mixed with 2 kg of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). The beds were levelled and seeds of 20 varieties were sown in lines at 5cm spacing. The soils of the farm are deep, black clay loams with a depth of 6-7 feet, pH of 8.3, EC of 0.16 m. m hos/cm and have good moisture retentive capacity. The suggested dose of fertilizers @ 200:60:80 kg N P K / ha in the form of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash respectively were applied. Plants were watered regularly and by monthly with 30 grams per plant of commercial fertilizers. Twelve plants of each genotype were transplanted in each replication in one row. Plot size: One row of 4 m length, Spacing: 75 cm x 30cm, during the experiment, day temperature ranged from 30 to 37oC and night temperatures from 20-25oC. Measurement of plant height from 0.55 m above the soil surface to shoot apices, of leaf (2nd and 3rd developing leaves from shoot apices)
Physiological parameters
The parameters like photosynthetic rate (Pr), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (T) were measured by using Licor—Li 6400 XT portable photosynthetic system. The above were expressed in units viz., |mol of CO2 fixed perm"2s"\ mol of gas evolved per m-2s-1 and mmol of water released per m-2s-
1
Canopy temperature (°C)
Crop canopy temperature was determined weekly with an infrared thermometer (Raytek Raynger ST80, Burlington). Measurements were made and considered to be maximal (13:00-15:00 h) and expressed in °C. Water use efficiency (WUE)
Water use efficiency is the ratio between two biophysical parameters and it is determined by the formula given by Blum (2005) and was expressed in m mol H2O/|jmol CO2.
Leaf chlorophyll (mg g-1)
Total leaf chlorophyll of each variety was calculated by using DMSO method (Hiscox and Israelstam, 1979). According to this method, 30 mg of fresh and dark green leaf material was taken into a test tube. To this test tube, 10 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added and the entire set up was kept in hot water bath at 60°C for about 30 minutes until the chlorophyll pigment was extracted into DMSO. The optical density was recorded at 645 and 663 nm by using UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Elico SL 159). The amount of Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, and bpigments content and carotenoids content present in the sample was calculated by using the following formulae and was expressed as milligrams of chlorophyll per gram fresh weight (mg g-1fr.wt).
Ch-a=12.47As6B.i - 3.62As40.i
Ch-b=25.06A649.i- 6.5AS65.I
A = Absorbance, Ch-a = Chlorophyll a, Ch-b = Chlorophyll b
Total chlorophyll (20.2x o. D at 645nrrn-B.[)2xO.D at 663nm) x'^Ww
V
CArSteneiEte = (O.D at 480 nirfl-1.47 (O.D at 510 nm) x — * W
10
Chlorophyll stability index(CSI)
Chlorophyll stability index was determined by the method of Sairam (1994). Statistical analysis
Data were subjected to two-way factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Fisher least significant difference (LSD) test for mean separation. Statistical analyses were performed with Statistica™ Software v.7.00 (Stat Soft Inc. 2004).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Changes in biophysical parameters like photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency (WUE) and canopy temperature (°C); the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid and chlorophyll stability index (CSI) of Capsicum annuum. L cultivars as per calculations are presented in the following Tables No.1, 2 and shown in the figures 1-11.
The photosynthetic rate was significantly different between different cultivars with rise in soil moisture stress (Table 1). The highest photosynthetic rates were observed in LCA 305 (32.25 |jmol CO2 m-2s-1) followed by G5 (32.12 jmol CO2 m-2s-1). The lowest photosynthetic rates were seen in Vajra (24.51 jmol CO2 m-2s-1) followed by LCA-436 (26.38 jmol CO2 m-2s-1). The photosynthetic data indicate that LCA 305 displayed high photosynthesis performance when compared to other genotypes. Stomatal conductance (mmol cm-2)
The stomatal response in different chili cultivars was measured and expressed in terms of mol m-2s-1 and listed in Table 1.The highest stomatal conductance was observed in LCA-305 and LCA-235 (0.16 mol mm-2s-1) followed by LCA-206 (0.12 mol m-2s-1) and 999 (0.10 mol m-2s-1). The lowest stomatal conductance was noticed in Aparna (0.1 mol m-2s-1). Transpiration rate (mol mm-2s-1 )
The transpiration rate ranged from 0.04 mol mm-2s-1 (Aparna) to 4.39 mol mm's"1 (LCA-305) (Table 1). The other varieties that has shown high transpiration rate are LCA-235 (4.46 mol mm-2s-1 ) and LCA-206 (4.26 mol mm-2s-1 ). Canopy Temperature(°C)
Among the genotypes of twenty cultivars, the leaf canopy temperature (Table1) ranged from 28.23°C (LCA-235) to 32.15°C (LCA-625) with a mean value of 57.33°C for all the cultivars shown in the Table 1. The genotypes such as LCA-234 (32.21°C), G-3 (31.31°C), G-5 (31.25°C), showed high canopy temperature; but Rabbi (28.36°C) and Suryateja (29.0°C) showed low canopy temperatures.
Water use efficiency(WUE)
Water usage efficiency was ranged from 6.4-59.9 (|ml/m mol) in 20 cultivars of studied and are presented in Table1.The WUE was highest 59.9 (m mol H2O/1 mol CO2) in varieties of Aparna followed by 16.68, 15.64, 13.55, 13.33, 12.33, 11.68, 10.78, 10.71 and 10.52 (m mol H2O/1 mol CO2) LCA-334, LCA-424, G-5, 999, LCA-960, Rabbi, Mycoteja, Suryateja and G- 4 cultivars respectively. Chlorophyll a (mg g-1)
Mean chlorophyll a values among different chili genotypes were ranged from 0.57mg g-1to 6.68 mg g-1 with a mean value of 1.67 mg g-1presented in Table 2 and Figure 2. Among the various genotypes, highest chlorophyll a content was noticed in LCA-305 (6.68 mg g-1), G-4 (6.12 mg g-1) followed by LCA -206 (2.29 mg g-1) and LCA-353 (1.47 mg g-1), whereas lowest values were observed in Super-10 (0.57 mg g-1), Aparna (0.730 mg g-1), LCA-620 (0.82 mg g-1), Vajra (0.84 mg g-1), LCA-625 (0.87 mg g-1), and LCA-436 (0.97 mg g-1). Cultivars such as LCA-305 (6.68 mg g-1) and G-4 (6.12 mg g-1) have recorded high total chlorophyll a values. Chlorophyll b(mg g-1)
The chlorophyll b content among the cultivars is presented in Table 2 and Figure 3.Among the various genotypes, highest chlorophyll b content was noticed in LCA-353 (8.51 mg g-1) followed by LCA 424 (7.94 mg g-1) and G-5 (7.53 mg g-1); whereas lowest values were observed in G-4 (0.78 mg g-1), super10 (1.88 mg g-1), Suryateja (3.56 mg g-1), LCA-625 (4.29 mg g-1), LCA-206 (4.35 mg g-1), Super10 (6.55 mg g-1), LCA-305 (3.85 mg g-1) and Aparna (3.95 mg g-1). Mean of total chlorophyll value for all the genotypes were 5.32 mg g-1.
Total chlorophyll (mg g-1)
The total chlorophyll of different chili cultivars are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4 between the different cultivars, highest chlorophyll content was noticed in LCA-305 (10.58 mg g-1) followed by LCA-424 (9.49 mg g-1) and LCA-436 (6.48 mg g-1); whereas lowest values were observed in Rabbi (8.21 mg g-1), LCA-620 (5.43 mg g-1), Vajra (5.43 mg g-1) and 999 (5.26 mg g-1). Varieties such as LCA-305 (10.58 mg g-1) and LCA-353 (9.72 mg g-1) have recorded high total chlorophyll
values and these selections also reported less percent decrease in chlorophyll during vegetative growth such as fruit and flowering stages. The cultivars LCA-625 (5.56 mg g-1), and 999 (5.26 mg g-1) recorded less chlorophyll values under vegetative growth. Mean of the cultivars for total chlorophyll was 6.993 mg g-1. Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI)
Chlorophyll stability index varied significantly among all the varieties of chili genotypes are presented in Table 2. It was ranged from 0.49 to 0.77 with a mean value of 0.63. In the varieties like LCA-305 (0.85), LCA-334 (0.77) and Rabbi (0.65), high chlorophyll stability index was observed which proved their recital of stress tolerance activity. Whereas decreased CSI was observed in LCA-206 (0.65) followed by LCA-625 (0.50), LCA-235 (0.53) and G-4 (0.56), Suryateja (0.58) and Mycoteja (0.58). The cultivar LCA305 (0.85) has recorded highest CSI value. The other varieties also reported less percent decrease in chlorophyll stability index i.e. LCA334 (0.77), LCA-620 (0.72) and G-5 (0.65) respectively.
Total Content of Carotenoids mg g-1.
The content of carotenoids in chili genotypes are presented in Table 2 and Figure 5. The values ranged from 2.50 to 3.82 mg g-1 with a mean value of 3.14 mg g-1. Among the various genotypes, highest carotenoids content was noticed in LCA-353 (4.40 mg g-1) followed by G-5 (3.82 mg g-1) and G-4 (3.82 mg g-1); whereas lowest values were observed in Suryateja (2.50 mg g-1), LCA-305 (2.52 mg g-1), Aparna (2.55 mg g-1), LCA-620 (2.55 mg g-1) and Vajra (2.60 mg g-1).The carotenoid contents augmented from the fresh to the mature state, as projected accordingly to the natural biosynthesis of pigments as the seasons. In accordance with the statistical analysis, of chili peppers in the fresh stage, there were significant differences between cultivars, while analysis, showed differences between the all cultivars (Table 2). Association analysis
The relations between cultivars under vegetative growth and Ripening stages were analysed are shown in Figures 1-11. Vegetative growth and fruit yield was found to have significant positive association with total chlorophyll, a, b and CSI (Fig 2-4), chlorophyll pigments
and water use efficiency (Fig.7). Among the traits tested; chlorophyll stability index was found to have positive correlation with total chlorophyll (Fig.4). Significant positive relationships between photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll (Fig.6), photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance (Fig.10) were observed. A significant positive relationship was observed among stomatal conductance and transpiration (Fig. 8), whereas a significant converse correlation was noticed between transpiration and water use efficiency (Fig. 9) and stomata conductance and water use efficiency (Fig. 11).
A series of physiological activities that begins with CO2 diffusion in to the space of leaf by stomata leading to CO2 assimilation. This in turn affects the accumulation of biomass and its distribution to various organs of the plant, which depends on their automatic growth and development. Photosynthesis rate is the rate at which the plant can make their own food materials. It measures how efficient the plant is in carbon fixation. A mean value of 55.73 |jmol CO2 m-2s-1was recorded for all the cultivars.
LCA-305 (31.25 |mol CO2 cm-2 s-1) and Rabbi (31.20 |mol CO2 cm-2s-1) were recorded with high photosynthetic efficiency whereas Vajra cultivar recorded the lowest photosynthetic rate of 24.51 | mole CO2 m-2 sec-1. Similar results were reported by Magaji et al. (2014) from 36 chili cultivars, the photosynthesis rate ranged from 6.02 CO2 cm-2s-1 to 17.62 CO2 cm-2s-1. Ligia (2010) evaluated varieties of tomato, egg plant and sweet pepper, and reported the highest photosynthesis rate for the eggplant. The cumulative net assimilation rates are due to increased intercellular CO2 concentrations, internal concentration of CO2 increased in the cultivars which develop more photosynthetic rate and wherever assimilate transport increased. The differences observed in the present study from between the 20 cultivars could useful for selection of elite varieties by correlating with yield related parameters.
Kinoshita et al. (2003) studied the blue light effects on the photosynthetic activity for being liable for the maintenance of the electric potential in the membranes of guard cells and for the stomata opening, resulting in the upsurge in the concentration of CO2 inside the mesophyll (Farquhar and Wand, 1984). Moreover, the
equilibrium between the wavelength in the red and blue spectrum might stimulate the increase in the net photosynthesis (Kong et al., 2012). The synthesis and degradation of the photosynthetic pigments are related with the floras adaptability to dissimilar environments.
A lowest stomatal conductance of 0.04 mol CO2 cm-2 s-1 was observed in Aparna and a maximum of 0.166 mol CO2 cm-2s-1 were observed in LCA-305 with a mean value of 0.185 mol CO2 cm-2s-1 for all cultivars. Similar results were observed by Jorge et al. (2016), by evaluating physiological traits of fourteen species grown under stress conditions. The photosynthesis rate values ranged from 0.8 to 30.6 mol CO2 cm-2s-1 and the stomatal conductance from 0.01 to 0.62 mol CO2 cm-2s-1. Closing of stomata could take place the condition of increased humidity, CO2, high light intensity and dependent on diversity of cultivars. The stomatal aperture is the first diffusional barrier for entry of CO2 into photosynthetic assimilation in plants. The expanse of the stomatal pore can directly affect photosynthetic rate by substrate (CO2) for fixation (Medeiros et al., 2015). However, the decrement of the internal CO2 concentration (Ci) by photosynthesis, accumulation of photosynthesis-derived metabolites and the transport in the adjacent guard cells to control stomatal movements (Lawson and Blatt. 2014). As a result, photosynthesis is not the only process that influences the stomatal movements (Medeiros et al., 2015).
A maximum transpiration rate of 4.46 mmol m-2s-1 was observed in LCA-235 and a minimum of 0.46 m mol m-2 s1 for Aparna with a mean value of 5.67 mmol m-2 s-1 for all cultivars. The lower levels of transpiration among the cultivars owing to closure stomata and increasing of the concentration of the CO2 closure of stomata may be due to unfavorable environmental conditions and these results are in agreement with those reported by Ligia 2010 in tomato and egg plant the transpiration rate in egg plant was ranged between1.93-3.01 mmol m-2s-1 from base to top of the plant. Rita et al. (2013) studied relationship among photosynthesis and respiration on 24 accessions of 17 species and eight genomes of rice (Oryza sativa and O.glaberrima), and a significant positive association between thick leaf and leaf transpiration efficiency reported. Leaf hydraulic
architecture might contribute to association between leaf structure and transpiration. Bundle sheath may facilitate leaf water conductivity through the mesophyll to the stomata (Guyot et al., 2012). Tarawalie et al. (2012) evaluated photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and yield of hot pepper in a comparative study on 4 plants growth periods up to fruiting. The mean moisture content of all treatments was 25.20%.The high photosynthesis rate was with irrigation at vegetative growth, whereas high stomatal conductance and transpiration rates were recorded in the 4 stages of growth (Tarawalie et al., 2012).
The cultivars G-4 (32°C), G-3 (31.31°C), G-5 (31.25°C) have recorded high leaf canopy temperature. While less leaf canopy temperature during water availability was observed in Rabbi (28.36°C) and Vajra (28.45°C). These results were agreement with published reports. The leaf canopy temperature might have increased due to stress imposed by reduction in soil moisture content. The values of leaf canopy temperatures were higher before irrigation and the lower after irrigation. Gardner et al. (1981) observed that canopy temperature of watered Sorghum was little bit higher (0.5°C) than air temperature and after wards temperature difference was 1-20C. Thus, they determined that crop canopy temperature factor may be a sensitive indicator of water stress and can be used to measure the efficiency of various irrigation scheduling practices. Variations in canopy temperature during day time could be due to increased CO2 from free-air CO2 enrichment experiments at concentrations 550 ^mol mol1. Triggs et al. (2004) studied on Sorghum and Magliulo et al. (2003) in Potatoes. Increasing temperature and carbon-dioxide are due to change in climate (Jagadish et al., 2016). The decrease in leaf transpiration reduces evaporative cooling with an increase in canopy temperatures. Increased temperatures may depend on species and environmental conditions. The canopy temperature variations are probable reasons for shifts in the optimum geographic weather areas for growth of crops and other plant species (Jagadish et al., 2016).
Water use efficiency (WUE) parameter provides the information about the assimilation of dry mass produced
per unit of lost water by transpiration. This factor is important for giving the information about the water management to agricultural productivity. WUE increased from the root to top of plant and becomes superior in ripening stage once the foliar apparatus is fully developed. Water usage efficiency ranged from 6.4-59.9 (|ml/m mol) in 20 cultivars of studied. The Wue was higher 59.9 (mmol H2O/1 mol CO2) in varieties of Aparna. The current results are in agreement with Tarawalie et al. (2012) with respect to water use efficiency and yield of hot pepper. Kara and Yildirim (2015) evaluated the effect of different irrigation systems on pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Carliston) vegetative growth, water use efficiency, radiation use efficiency for yield and total dry matter. chili plants produced the highest yields when the 518 mm and 646 mm amount of water applied respectively. Several aspects that influence stomata and their response to the environs is often observed (Ball et al., 1987). Therefore irrigation provided chili cultivars gave high yield. Consequently, that water is a significant resource for development and yield of agricultural crops, therefore scarcity water supply will affect viz., growth and yield, thus water use efficiency reflecting.
Perceptibly, the total chlorophyll or its fractions (Chl. a or chl. b) of each species were differed among different genotypes investigated. It appears that, the highest chlorophyll content a & b equivalent to the lowest chlorophyll a/b ratio and vice versa. This may be due to chlorophyll balanced in all genotypes types as adaptive topographies in plants responded to high light intensities predominant in the current investigation. Chlorophyll and green colour maintenance in plants produced from freshly harvested leaves were dependent on chili genotypes. Higher concentrations of chlorophyll in various types of genotypes can lead to darker or more intense green colour of produced homogenate, and help maintain visual green colour of leaf samples but does not necessarily affect stability. LCA-305 had the highest total chlorophyll content as well as LCA-353 genotypes had the second highest chlorophyll content. Our results also suggest that higher chlorophyll content plants will give more yields along with the flowers of raw material production. Li et al. (2010) revealed, the red and blue monochromatic light delivered superior control of the
stomata opening resulting in improved photosynthetic efficiency and therefore greater dry matter production in Gossypium hirsutum L. by in vitro method. Pacheco et al. (2013) studied an upsurge in stomata conductance and in the internal concentration of CO2 in Piper aduncum cultivated in environment augmented by red light.
Chlorophyll contents like 890 mg kg -1 and 288 mg kg-1 for chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b respectively in Parsley (Belitz et al., 2009); 946 mg kg-1 of chlorophyll a and 202 mg kg-1 of chlorophyll b for Spinach (Belitz et al., 2009); 4.6 to 33.5 |g mg-1 chlorophyll a and 3.2 to 25.1 |g mg-1of chlorophyll b in Lettuce (Cadwell and Britz 2006) reported. The measured concentrations chlorophyll a and b of different genotypes in this study are lower than those stated for different types of vegetables like lettuce.
The chlorophylls are typically synthesized and photo-oxidized in the presence of sunlight. However, high light can degrade the levels of total chlorophylls (Gongalves and Santos 2005). However under low light conditions, the plants set a series of mechanisms into motion a like a substantial increase in photosynthetic pigments, whence carotenoids can play a major role in light absorption and its relocation to chlorophyll cells (Xiao, 2016). The higher chlorophyll stability index (CSI) was observed in LCA-305 (0.85) and lower in LCA-206 (0.49). Other varieties displayed less percent in chlorophyll stability index; which proved the recital of stress tolerance activity. Similar results were reported by Ramesh and Devasenapathy 2006 in Cowpea and Sabale and Kale 2007 in Coriander. Krishna et al. (2018) studied CSI of hot pepper cultivars treated with Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi displayed CSI values for the pepper cultivars viz., US-341 (64.05%),VNR-314 (63.12%), VNR-145 (65.17%) and Indam-05 (51.15%). With increase in the intensity of stress, stability index reduced in all plants (Farghali et al., 2014).
The carotenoid pigment content increased from the immature to mature state according to the natural biosynthesis of pigments. In accordance with the
statistical analysis of chili in the fresh stage, there were significant differences between chili varieties with highest value in LCA-353 (4.404 mg g-1) followed by Suryateja (2.505 mg g-1) (Table 3).This is due to the ability of leafs and fruits to produce carotenoids during the growth and ripening process irrespective of the genotypes. Therefore, no connotation was found between the concentration of carotenoids and the topographical origin. In environments with great solar radiation, the up surge of photo-oxidation of chlorophylls depends up on the concentration of carotenoids, which can prevent chlorophylls photo-oxidation (Gongalves et al., 2005). The results presented overhead could be affected also by the ecological conditions like, temperature, pH and humidity, as well as the kind of soil, which of course are related to the proximity of the different genotypes. The amount of carotenoids in leaf tissue depends on factors such as cultivar, maturity stage and mounting conditions.
The physiological factors are responsible for growth and yield of the plants. The fruit yield and number of fruits per plant of chili cultivars diverse significantly among the varieties. The increase in yield could be ascribed to several growth, biophysical, physiological and biochemical characteristics studied. The fruit yield which could be due to their effect of photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, canopy temperature (°C) chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index. Similar results were observed in several cases (Kalpana, 2003). Highly significant positive correlation was observed between the chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and chlorophyll stability index (CSI). Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids positively correlated with chlorophyll stability index (CSI), Again photosynthetic rate exhibited highly significant positive correlation with transpiration rate. Yield per plant showed highly significant positive correlation with photosynthetic rate (Pr), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate and canopy temperature, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids with chlorophyll stability index.
Table 1. Assesment of photosynthetic performance of different Capsicum annuum L cultivars.
S.No Cultivars Photosynthe tic Rate(Pr) (^mol CO2 m-2s-1) Stomatal conducta nce (Gs) (mol m-2s-1) Transpirati on Rate(T) (mmol m"2s-1) Canopy temperature (°C) WUE-water use efficiency (mmol H2O/ ^mol CO2)
1 G-3 28.38 0.14 4.43 31.31 6.40
2 G-4 31.35 0.08 2.98 32.00 10.52
3 G-5 32.12 0.06 2.37 31.25 13.55
4 L.C.A-206 29.28 0.12 4.26 29.12 6.87
5 L.C.A-235 30.25 0.16 4. 46 28.23 6.89
6 L.C.A-305 31.25 0.16 4. 39 31.15 7.00
7 L.C.A-334 28.36 0.04 1.7 32.21 16.68
8 L.C.A-353 27.25 0.09 3.44 30.16 7.92
9 L.C.A-424 31.28 0.05 2.0 29.24 15.64
10 L.C.A-436 26.38 0.12 3.63 30.00 7.26
11 L.C.A-620 31.14 0.10 3.38 31.17 9.50
12 L.C.A-625 31.00 0.11 3.59 32.15 8.63
13 L.C.A-960 26.14 0.06 2.12 28.26 12.33
14 Aparna 28.05 0.1 0.46 29.35 59.93
15 Vajra 24.51 0.07 2.83 28.45 8.66
16 Super 10 26.32 0.08 3.04 30.26 8.65
17 Rabbi 31.00 0.07 2.67 28.36 11.68
18 999 31.14 0.10 2.41 29.33 13.33
19 Suryateja 29.32 0.10 2.73 29.00 10.71
20 Mycoteja 28.47 0.10 2.64 31.18 10.78
Average 55.73 0.18 5.67 57.33 12.65
SEM 0.75 0.03 0.10 0.50 0.59
SED 1.06 0.04 0.14 0.71 0.83
CD 2.08 NON SIG 0.28 1.39 1.64
CV (%) 4.4 48.6 5.8 2.9 8.4
12
Q. 10
Genotyp«
■ Chlorophyll a »Chlorophyll b uTotaj chlorophyll yCarotenoid's HCSS (Chlorophyll Stability Index)
Figure 1: Associations between different physiological parameters under growth conditions
Table 2. Estimation of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents o f Capsicum annuum L cultivars.
S.No Cultivars Chlorophy ll a (mg g-1) Chlorophy ll b (mg g-1) Total chlorophyll (mg g-1) Carotenoids (mg g-1) CSI
1 G-3 1.13 6.29 7.53 2.90 0.60
2 G-4 6.12 0.78 6.89 3.82 0.56
3 G-5 1.35 7.53 8.62 3.82 0.65
4 L.C.A-206 2.29 4.36 6.59 2.63 0.49
5 L.C.A-235 1.34 6.53 7.73 3.55 0.53
6 L.C.A-305 6.68 3.85 10.58 2.52 0.85
7 L.C.A-334 1.28 7.28 8.42 3.69 0.77
8 L.C.A-353 1.47 8.51 9.72 4.40 0.66
9 L.C.A-424 1.24 7.94 9.49 3.57 0.63
10 L.C.A-436 0.97 5.38 6.48 2.65 0.61
11 L.C.A-620 0.82 4.40 5.43 2.55 0.72
12 L.C.A-625 0.87 4.62 5.56 2.70 0.50
13 L.C.A-960 0.96 5.52 6.58 2.95 0.60
14 Aparna 0.73 3.95 5.43 2.55 0.63
15 Vajra 0.84 4.62 5.43 2.60 0.63
16 Super 10 0.57 6.55 3.28 3.47 0.69
17 Rabbi 1.17 1.88 8.21 3.53 0.65
18 999 1.23 6.60 5.26 3.57 0.64
19 Suryateja 1.17 3.56 6.23 2.50 0.58
20 Mycoteja 1.19 6.24 6.31 2.86 0.58
Average 1.67 5.32 6.99 3.14 0.63
SEM 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.01
SED 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.00
CD 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.02
CV(%) 8.4 2.6 2.1 4.4 3.4
y = 0.0138X + 0.6097 A R2 = 0.0713
Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI)
Figure 2: Relationships between chlorophyll a and C.S.I reading
0.9
Ol
Ol
O
Q
— CI. 6
U
0.5
A y = 0.006x ■+■ 0.6009
R2 = 0.0192 A
A
A
A * â --A- A A A
A --" AA A A * A
o l Z 3 4^5 6 7 8 9
Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI) Figure 3: Relationships between chlorophyll b and C.S.I reading
Figure 4: Relationships between Total chlorophyll and C.S.I reading
Figure 5: Relationships between Carotenoid's and C.S.I reading
Figure 6: Relationships between Photosynthetic rate and Total chlorophyll
Figure 7: Relationships between Total chlorophyll vs water use efficiency (Wue)
Figure 8: Relationships between Transpiration rate vs stomatal conductance
Figure 9: Relationships between Water use efficiency (WUE) vs transpiration rate
Figure 10: Relationships between Stomatal conductance vs photosynthetic rate
Figure 11: Relationships between Water use efficiency (WUE) vs stomatal conductance
CONCLUSION
The twenty different genotypes cultivated at experimental site showed the greatest growth. The larger production of chlorophyll a, b, CSI, photosynthetic rate, and carotenoids was observed. From the different chili genotypes, LCA-305 and LCA-424 could be selected as the highest mean yield per plant coupled with quality traits based on current study of bio-physical parameters, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and carotenoids estimations.
REFERENCES
Araujo W.L., Nunes-Nesi A., Osorio S., Usadel B., Fuentes D., Nagy R., Balbo I., Lehmann M., Studart-Witkowski C., Tohge T. et al., (2011). Antisense inhibition of the iron-sulphur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase enhances photosynthesis and growth in tomato via an organic acidmediated effect on stomatal aperture. Plant Cell 23: 600-627. Ball J.T., Woodrow I.E., Berry J.A.. (1987). A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions, In: Biggins J, Ed. Progress in photosynthesis research. Proceedings of the VIIth international congress on photosynthesis, Providence, Rhode Island, USA, 10-15 August 1986. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Belitz H.D., Grosch W., & Schieberle P. (2009). Food Chemistry. 4th ed. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 1070. Cadwell C.R, and Britz S.J. (2006). Effect of supplemental ultraviolet radiation on the carotenoid and chlorophyll composition of green house-grown leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19, 637-644. Caldwell C.R. and Britz S.J. (2006). Effect of supplemental ultraviolet radiation on the carotenoid and chlorophyll composition of green house-grown leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19: 637-644.
Carlos Hugo Avendaño-Arrazate, Jorge Alberto Arrazate-Argueta, Simitrio Ortíz-Curiel, Esaú Moreno-Pérez, Leobardo Iracheta-Donjuan, Delfino Reyes-López, Manuel Grajales-Solís, Misael Martínez-Bolaños, Moises Cortés-Cruz (2017). Morphological Characterization in Wild Species of Heliconias (Heliconia spp) in Mexico. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8(6): 12111123.
Cui M., Vogelmann T.C., Smith W.K. (1991) Chlorophyll and light gradients in sun and shade leaves of Spinacia oleracea. Plant, Cell and Environment 14: 493 -500 .
Curran P.J, Dungan J.L, Gholz H.L. (1990). Exploring the relationship between reflectance red edge and chlorophyll content in slash pine. Tree Physiology 7: 33-48.
Farghali K.A.and Abeer A. El-Aidarous(2014). Thermostability of chlorophylls in some native species of xerophytes. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 6,(6) 52-65.
Farquhar GD Wong SC (1984). An Empirical Model of Stomatal Conductance. Functional Plant Biology 11, 191-210.
Filella I, Serrano L, Serra J, Peñuelas J. (1995). Evaluating wheat nitrogen status with canopy reflectance indices and discriminant analysis. Crop Science 35: 1400-1405.
Gardner BR, Blad BL, Garrity DP and Watts DG (1981).Relationship between crop temperature, grain yield, evapotranspiration and phenological development in two hybrids of moisture stressed sorghum, Irri. Sci, 2: 213- 224.
Gaur, S., Shivhare, U., & Ahmed, J. (2006). Degradation of chlorophyll during processing of green vegetables: a review. Stewart Postharvest Review, 5(14), 1-8.
Giuliani, R., Koteyeva, N., Voznesenskaya, E., Evans, M.A., Cousins A.B., and Edwards, G.E. (2013). Coordination of Leaf Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Structural Traits in Rice and Wild Relatives (Genus Oryza). Plant Physiol, 162: 1632-1651.
Gongalves JF DE C and Santos Junior UM DOS. (2005). Utilization of the chlorophyll a fluorescence technique as a tool for selecting tolerant species to environments of high irradiance. Braz J Plant Physiol 17: 307-313.
Gongalves jf DE C, Barreto DC DE S, Santos JR UM dos, Fernandes AV, Sampaio BPDT and Buckeridge MS. (2005). Growth, photosynthesis and stress indicators in young rosewood plants (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) under different light intensities. Braz J Plant Physiol 17: 325-334.
Gross, J. (1991). Pigments in Vegetables: Chlorophylls and Carotenoids. 1st ed. Springer US. 351 p.
Guyot G, Scoffoni C, Sack L (2012). Combined impacts of irradiance and dehydration on leaf hydraulic conductance: insights into vulnerability and stomatal control. Plant Cell Environ, 35: 857-871.
Hiscox, J.D. and Israelstam, G.F (1979). A method for extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Can. J. Bot., 57: 1332-1334.
Hörtensteiner, S. (2013). Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown. Plant Molecular Biology, 82, 505-517.
Hörtensteiner, S., & Kräutler, B. (2011). Chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1807, 977-988.
Jagadish SV, Bahuguna R N, Djanaguiraman M, Gamuyao R, Prasad PV, & Craufurd P Q (2016). Implications of High Temperature and Elevated CO2 on Flowering Time in Plants. Frontiers in plant science, 7: 913.
Jaramillo-Flores M. E. , Lugo-Mart'inez J. J. , Ram'irez-SanJuan E. , Montellano- Rosales, H. Dorantes-Alvarez L. , and Herna' ndez-Sa' nchez, H. (2005) Effect of sodium chloride, acetic acid, and enzymes on carotene extraction in carrots (Daucus carota L.), Journal of Food Science, 70(2), S136-S142,.
Kalpana M (2003). Physiological approaches for yield, quality improvement and value addition in chili (Capsicum annuum L.). PhD. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Kimball BA, Kobayashi K and Bindi M (2002). Responses of agricultural crops to free- air CO2 enrichment. Adv. Agron, 77: 293-368.
Kinoshita t, emi T, Tominaga M, Sakamoto K, Shinegaga A, DOI M and Shimazaki KI. (2003). Blue-light and phosphorylation-dependent binding of a 14-3-3protein to phototropins in stomatal guard cells of broad bean. Plant Physiol 133: 1453-1463.
Koca, N., Karadeniz, F., & Burdurlu, H.S. (2006). Effect of pH on chlorophyll degradation and colour loss in blanched green peas. Food Chemistry, 100, 609-15.
Kong Y, Avraham L, Ratner K and Shahak Y. 2012. Response of photosynthetic parameters of sweet pepper leaves to light quality manipulation by photoselective shade nets. Acta Horticult 956: 501-506.
Krishna, M. S. R., U. Lakshmisahitya, Lakshmi Sravani Ch, N. Sandhya Rani, K. Tabitha, V. Bhavani Akshitha (2018). Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters morphological and biochemical indices in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under drought stress. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 12 (2): 75-81.
LI R, Shi F, Fukuda k and Yang Y. 2010. Effects of salt and alkali stresses on germination, growth, photosynthesis and ion accumulation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 56: 725733.
Lichtenthaler, H. K., & Buschmann, C. (2001). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: measurement and characterization by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry. F: F4:F4.3.
Ligia Acatrinei (2010). Photosynthesis rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance of vegetable species in protected organic crops, Lucrari $tiinpfice, 53: Nr. 1/2010.
Magaji G. Usman, M, Rafii, Y, Ismail, MR, Malek, M.A., and Mohammad Abdul Latif (2014). Heritability and Genetic Advance among Chili Pepper Genotypes for Heat Tolerance and Morphophysiological Characteristics. The
Scientific World Journal, Article ID 308042, 14 pages.
Magliulo V, Bindi M, Rana G (2003). Water use of irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown under free air carbon dioxide enrichment in central Italy. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 97: 65-80.
Manning, W., & Strait, H.H. (1943). Chlorophyll d, a green pigment of red algae. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 151, 1-19.11.
Medeiros DB, Daloso DM, Fernie AR, Nikoloski Z, Araujo WL (2015).Utilizing systems biology to unravel stomatal function and the hierarchies underpinning its control. Plant Cell Environ, 38: 1457-1470.
Miyashita, H., Ohkubo, S., Komatsu, H., Sorimachi, Y., Fukayama, D., Fujinuma, D., Akutsu, S., & Kobayashi, M. (2014). Discovery of chlorophyll d in Acaryochloris marina and chlorophyll f in a unicellular cyanobacterium, strain KC1, isolated from lake Biwa. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, 4(4), 149.
Nunes-Nesi A, Araujo WL, Fernie AR (2011) Targeting mitochondrial metabolism and machinery as a means to enhance photosynthesis. Plant Physiol, 155: 101-107.
Osman Hakk Kara, Murat Yildirim(2015). Water and Radiation Use Efficiencies of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Carliston). Sch J Agric Vet Sci, 2(2A): 87-93.
Pacheco FV, Silveira HRO, Alvarenga aa, Alvarenga ica, Pinto jebp and Lira JS. (2013). Gas exchange and production of photosynthetic pigments of Piper aduncum L. grown at different irradiances. Am J Plant Sci 4: 114-121.
Rajesh, K., Narender Reddy, S., Pratap Kumar Reddy, A. and Gopal Singh, B(2014).Effect of plant growth regulating compounds on chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate and yield of green gram. International Journal of Development Research. 4: 1110-1112.
Ramesh Devasenapathy (2006). Physiological response of cowpea in a rainfed alfisol ecosystem to the impulse of soil moisture
conservation practices Gen. appl. plant physiology, 32(3-4), 181-190.
Sabale A and Kale PB (2007). Response and recovery of Coriandrum sativum L. variety Indoori exposed to soil moisture stress. Indian J. Plant Physiol, 12(3): 266-270.
Sai Shiva krishnarasad Vurukonda Sandhya Vardharajula Manjari Shrivastava Ali SkZ (2016) Enhancement of drought stress tolerance in crops by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Microbiological Research, 184, 13-24.
Sairam, R.K(1994). Effect of moisture stress on physiological activities of two contrasting wheat genotypes. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 32: 594-597.
Shah Fahad, Ali A. Bajwa, Usman Nazir, Shakeel A. Anjum, Ayesha Farooq, Ali Zohaib, Sehrish Sadia, Wajid Nasim, Steve Adkins, Shah Saud, Muhammad Z. Ihsan, Hesham Alharby, Chao Wu, Depeng Wang and Jianliang Huang (2017) Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management options. Front. Plant Sciences. 8: 1147.
Taiz L and Zeiger E. (2009). Auxina: o hormonio de crescimento. Fisiologia Vegetal 3(7), 449-484.
Tarawalie Ismail Foday, Wengang Xing, Guangcheng Shao, Chunli Hua (2012). Effect of water use efficiency on growth and yield of hot pepper under partial root-zone drip irrigation condition. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3 (1): 1-14.
Triggs J. M., Kimball B. A., Pinter P. J, Wall G. W, Conley M. M, Brooks TJ et al (2004). Free-air CO2 enrichment effects on the energy balance and evapotranspiration of sorghum. Agric. For. Meteorol, 124: 63-79.
Viana, V.E., Pegoraro C., Busanello C. and Costa de Oliveira A. (2019) Mutagenesis in Rice: The Basis for Bree ding a New Super Plant Front. Plant Sci., 10: 1326
Warren CR, Aranda I, Cano FJ (2011). Responses to water stress of gas exchange and metabolites in Eucalyptus and Acacia spp. Plant Cell Environ, 34: 1609-1629.
Weemaes, C.A., Ooms, V., Van Loey, A.M., & Hendrickx, M.E. (1999). Kinetics of chlorophyll degradation and color loss in heated broccoli juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 2404-2409.
William, H.G., & Huner, N.P.A. (2009). An Introduction to Plant Physiology. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 523p.
Yi Xiao, Danny Tholen, Xin-Guang Zhu, (2016) The influence of leaf anatomy on the internal light environment and photosynthetic electron transport rate: exploration with a new leafray tracing model, Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(21), 6021-6035.
