CC BY
9I AN ESTIMATION OF THE TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION 1 IN QUETTA (PAKISTAN) USING SOLAR DATA
"ÜC
I S. Z. Ilyas , T. N. Veziroglu , S. M. Nasir*
.1 Member of International Editorial Board
i/i
§ United Nations Industrial Development Organization
© International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (UNIDO-ICHET)
Sabri Ulker Sk. 38/4, Cevizlibag, Zeytinbutnu, Istanbul, Turkey
* Department of Physics, University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan; e-mail: szilyas@yahoo.com, szilyas@hotmail.com
A new approach for the estimation of the total atmospheric pollution is suggested by using solar energy data. The dispersion of global solar radiation is relatively large during summer (June, July and August) and autumn (September, October, November) seasons for Quetta. A continuous relative attenuation of the order of 6-14 % is due to presence of fine dust particles and pollutants throughout the year in the lower atmosphere at Quetta. Our results indicate an increased difference in the relative attenuation of global solar radiation for winter when compared with summer due to combustion of natural gas and mined coal for heating of buildings.
ECOLOGICAL
-jPEC'TS O. ENERGY
.LTERNATJ VE
Introduction
The atmospheric pollution is estimated on the basis of comparison between values of total solar radiation measured in the city [1] and values measured outside the city, during day or number of days characterized by clear sky. We followed a cosine function model [2], which we believe can estimate the daily values of total solar radiation during days with clear sky. These values were used to measure the comparison for the corresponding values of solar data with surrounding air pollution free areas of the city. We take total solar radiation as the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation measured with an Eppley precision pyranometer, model PSP. This instrument was calibrated once every year, with another of the <t same model, that we used for this purpose only.
Quetta is a valley in the mountainous region | of Balochistan (Pakistan) [3], and thickly popu->g lated. It has a maximum of air pollution due to & vehicles, suspended dust particles, coal and natu-| ral gas fumes and many chemical pollutants [4].
CJ
8 Results and Discussion
T
ro
With cosine function model [2], we estimate § the overall decrease in global solar radiation at © Quetta [5] due to atmospheric mass pollution. The level of atmosphere mass pollution is also estimated. The critical values for global solar radiation especially for clear sky days are considered. The cosine function model is written as:
Статья поступила в редакцию 13.02.2007 г.
R = A + B cos(2Xd/365-C) (1)
where R — is the estimated clear sky solar radiation on any day d, A — the mean daily solar radiation, B — the amplitude of the daily values and C — the phase constant which is theoretically set at a value corresponding to the largest day of the year (i. e., day 172 or June 21).
The values of A and B are functions of both latitude l (30° 11' of Quetta) and altitude h (1799 meter) of the locations [3, 6]. We suggested the following relationships:
A = 31.5400 - 0.27341 + 0.0007813h = 24.694 MJ/m2, (2)
B = -0.2986 - 0.26781 + 0.0004102h = 8.523 MJ/m2. (3) Using values of A and B from equation (2) and (3), equation (1) becomes:
R4 = 24.69 + 8.523cos(0.0172d -C)MJ/m2. (4) By choosing d in such a manner it could be the longest day of the year, we calculated the estimated solar radiation R4. The value of C from equation (4) is now determined. Thus equation (4) becomes:
R 4 = 24.69 + 8.523 cos(0.0172d - 2.959) MJ/m2. (5) The values given by this model for Quetta and for the 10th,15th and 25th day of each month are shown in Table 1. The actual data of global solar radiation [5] at Quetta covered the period of 19952000. These data were obtained from measurements at the department of Physics of the Univer-
The article has entered in publishing office 13.02.2007.
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology ISJAEE № 3(47) (2007) ЛЛЛ
Международный научный журнал «Альтернативная энергетика и экология» АЭЭ № 3(47) (2007) '
Ecological aspects of alternative energy
sity of Balochistan in Quetta (Pakistan). We checked the attenuation of global solar radiation by isolating 480 days of the 2251 days of the said period, i. e. a percentage of 21.3 %. During these days, we did not have any evidence for the attenuation of solar radiation on pyranometer because of cloudiness. The theoretical values from (4) and experimental values were compared for these days, which yielded a good fit. In other words the sky was clear despite the cloudiness.
Quetta is an oval shaped upward curving valley surrounded by dry mountains [7]. During summer and autumn, the valley is often covered with fine dust particles along with dry biological and chemical pollutants [4, 8]. The daily values of global solar radiation of successive clear sky days when compared to each other are not always equal. This is due to fact that the level of atmospheric pollution depends upon meteorological situations influencing the area. The relative percentage of humidity at Quetta during summer and autumn is hopelessly very low [9]. We observe that the dispersion of global solar radiation values is large during these seasons. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the limits of dispersion using the upper (no. 3) and lower (no. 1) lines of Fig. 1, a and b. We estimated the mathematical expressions of these lines by using the method of harmonic analysis [10].
R3 = 22.58 + 8.62cos(0.0172d-2.951) MJ/m2, (6)
R1 = 13.13 + 7.87cos(0.0172d -2.251) MJ/m2. (7) The accuracy in equation (6) and (7) is significant because the first harmonic terms account for 29 % of the total variance. On comparison of R4 values obtained by equation (5) with values described by the upper line (Fig. 1, a and b, i. e. by equation (6), we observe a continuous relative attenuation of the order of 6-14%, throughout the year (Table 2, column D43.). This relative attenuation is purely due to suspended fine dust particles and pollutants covering the valley. The small increase in the attenuation can be observed during winter (Table 2) due to delayed sunrise, less
Days of 1he year b
Fig. 1. Daily values of the total solar radiation during clear sky days in Quetta, Pakistan
sunshine hours and shaping of the valley in the northwest of the city. To obtain an expression for mean values of global solar radiation, we measured the global solar radiation for every five days under clear sky conditions. By using the mean values of 73 five-day periods and using the harmonic analysis, we obtain the following expressions:
R2 = 17.15 + 8.25cos(0.0172d - 2.959) MJ/m2. (8) On comparison of R3 values of global solar radiation referring to the favorable clear sky days with the corresponding R1 values for "unfavorable" clear sky days, we observe a relative difference varying from about 34 % in the summer to 59 % in the winter (Table 2, column D31). The increased difference observed during the cold season is mainly due to combustion of natural gas and mined coal for heating of buildings. The usual behavior concerning solar radiation during clear sky days is the one described by equation (8) or by R2 values of Table 2. The attenuation of global ¡i solar radiation during such a day in relation to a. the global solar radiation of the most favorable ^ days vary from 19 % in the summer to 35 % in 1 the winter (line no. 3), Table 2, columns D32. ^ We critically reviewed the work on attenua- | tion of direct solar radiation [11, 12], of global ° solar radiation [13-15] and found the analysis & much better for percentage estimation of the total g
atmospheric pollution by using solar energy data. °
e
Conclusions
We infer from the present study the following conclusions:
1. The daily values of global solar radiation of successive clear sky days when compared to each other are not always equal. This is due to fact that
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology ISJAEE № 3(47) (2007) Международный научный журнал «Альтернативная энергетика и экология» АЭЭ № 3(47) (2007)
Table 1
Estimated daily values of total solar radiations at Quetta, during clear sky days
Days of the 10th month 15th 25th
January 16.70 16.98 17.72
February 19.31 19.90 21.18
March 22.99 23.71 25.17
April 27.46 28.15 29.43
May 31.08 31.54 32.31
June 33.06 33.16 33.13
July 32.76 32.50 31.80
Aug 30.25 29.68 28.42
September 26.20 25.47 26.34
October 21.87 21.19 19.91
November 18.17 17.22 16.99
December 16.31 16.21 16.19
S. Z. Ilyas, T. N. Veziroglu, S. M. Nasir
An estimation of the total atmospheric pollution in Quetta (Pakistan) using solar data
Table 2
Total Solar Radiation In Quetta During Clear Sky Days
Solar radiation values, MJ/m2 Relative attenuation, %
R1 R2 R3 R4 D21 D31 D32 D41 D42 D43
Jan 6.09 9.69 14.18 16.98 37 59 35 64 43 13
Feb 8.76 12.51 17.79 19.90 30 51 30 56 37 11
Mar 12.29 16.20 21.65 23.71 24 43 25 48 32 9
Apr 16.38 20.50 26.14 28.15 20 37 22 42 27 7
May 19.49 23.78 29.51 31.54 18 34 19 38 25 6
June 20.96 25.36 31.16 33.16 17 33 19 37 24 6
July 20.26 24.65 30.39 32.44 18 33 19 38 24 6
Aug 17.69 21.98 27.59 29.68 20 36 20 40 26 7
Sep 13.79 17.91 23.30 25.47 23 41 23 46 30 9
Oct 9.84 13.76 18.97 21.17 28 48 27 54 35 10
Nov 6.66 10.41 15.49 17.73 36 57 33 62 41 13
Dec 5.29 8.95 13.99 16.21 41 62 36 67 45 14
the level of atmospheric pollution depends upon meteorological situations influencing the area.
2. The variations of global solar radiation values at Quetta are large during summer and autumn due to fine dust particles, pollutants covering the valley and very low humidity covering the valley. A continuous relative attenuation of the order of 6-14 % is due to presence of fine dust particles and pollutants throughout the year.
3. The percentage estimation of the total atmospheric pollution in Quetta for summer and winter is 34 % and 59 %, respectively. The increased difference is mainly due to combustion of natural gas and mined coal for heating of buildings during winter.
Acknowledgements
The financial support provided by the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, Pakistan Program of Post-Doctoral Studies and UNIDO-ICHET, Istanbul, Turkey for providing research facilities.
References
<t
<t 1. Memon A. R. Economic Development and
^ Urban Air Pollution Problems in Metropolitan Cit-| ies of The World // J. Sc. & Tech. Univ. of 1 Peshawar, Pakistan, 1993.
| 2. Heermann D. F., Harrington G. J., Stahl K. M.
| Empirical estimation of daily clear sky solar radi° ation // J. of Climate and Applied Meteorology. | 1985. 24. P.206-214.
3. Ilyas S. Z. Environment Simulation Studies ™ in Quetta, Pakistan, Ph. D. thesis (unpublished)
University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan, 2005.
4. Ilyas S. Z. et al. Air Pollution Problems In Urban Areas Of Quetta, Pakistan // 15th WHEC, July 27-August 3, 2004, Yokohama, Japan.
5. Ilyas S. Z. et al. The Estimate of Global and Diffuse Radiation at Quetta, Pakistan / / World Renewable Energy Congress, Reading, UK, 1318 September, 1992.
6. Nasir S. M., RazaS.M., JafriY.Z. Wind Energy Estimation At Quetta // Renewable Energy, 1991. Vol.1, No. 2. P. 263-267.
7. Ilyas S. Z. et al. Wind and Solar Energy in Quetta, Pakistan // Research J. of Univ. of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. 2005, Vol.3. No. 1. P.178-180 .
8. Murely L. Clean Air Around the World. Air Pollution Prevention Associations, Brighton, 1991.
9. Nasir S. M. Climatological Effects In Quet-ta (Pakistan) Valley // Environment and Energy, New York, 1991. P. 539-547.
10. Panofsky H. A., Brier G. W. Some applications of statistics to Meteorology. University Park. Pennsylvania, 1968. P. 224.
11. Sahsamanoglou H., Bloutsos A. The attenuation of solar radiation in the city of Thessaloniki as a result of atmosphereic pollution // Proc. of the Ist local conf. on the environment. Organized by the municipality of Thessaloniki. December 5-8, 1985. Vol. A. P. 363-368.
12. Sahsamanoglou H., Bloutsos A. Solar radiation reduction by water and dust in the area of Thessaloniki // Solar Energy, 1989, 43 (5). P. 301-304.
13. H. Sahsam Anoglox, T. Makrogiannis. Solar radiation in Thessaloniki and its relation to sunshine // Proc. Of the 3rd National Congress on energy sources. Thessaloniki, 1989. Vol. A. P. 35-45.
14. H. S. Sahsam Anoglox, T.1. Makrogiannis & H. Meletis. // Solar Energy. 1991, 46, No. 3. P. 145.
15. Ilyas S.Z., Nasir S. M., RazaS.M. Com-ulative Frequency Distribution Of Solar Insolation at Quetta, Pakistan // Renewable Energy UK, 2000, 20/1. P. 83-86.
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology ISJAEE №3(47) (2007) lAQ
Международный научный журнал «Альтернативная энергетика и экология» АЭЭ №3(47) (2007) ItJ
