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AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE RELIGIOUS-POLITICAL AND LITERARY CONDITION OF THE QACHAR PERIOD IN IRAN
1DR. SHAKEELA IBRAHIM, 2DR. HAFIZ HARIS SALEEM, 3DR. SYED SHAMEEL AHMED QUADRI, 4DR. TALIB ALI AWAN, 5DR. SOHAIL AKHTAR, 6DR. MUHAMMAD ZAFAR IQBAL SAEEDI,
1Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan,
Corresponding Author 2Lecturer, Arabic Department, AIOU, Islamabad 3Assistant Professor, Political Science, University of Karachi 4Assistant Professor, MY University, Islamabad, Pakistan 5Lecturer, History Department, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 6assistant Professor, Institute of Sufiism and mysticism, BZU, Multan, Pakistan
Abstract
Iran has always been considered a land of cultural and intellectual standards throughout the ages. The 19th century is also considered remarkable in Iran's political and literary history. Like other dynasties, the Qachari rulers also played a literary contribution during the entire era of this rule. Safavid Period was considered politically more stable than the Qachari rule. But Qachari Dynasty is considered an important era of transition before modern history. Although the era was no comparison with the Safavid dynasty as this period is not so much splendid for socio-political development due to anarchy the revolutionary personalities as a few intellectuals continued their struggle to aware the people. Among a few intellectuals, Qani Sherazi and Peshawari are very famous. This paper highlights the socio-political background of the Safvid and Qachari periods and especially explores the literary development of this period.
Keywords: Iran, Qachari, Dynasty, Persian, Literary Development, Poets, Revolutions
INTRODUCTION
This research article contains an analysis of the literary and political background of the Safavid and Qachari periods. The Qachari regime is not the most politically effective period in Iran's political history. Literary work continued in spite of political turmoil during this period. Different poets wrote according to their literary tastes. These famous poets include many poets, among whom Qani Shirazi and Adib Peshawari are very prominent. During the Qachar period, the emperors also supported literature. King Nansar al-Din Qajar was also Diwan Shir, but the literature was not well received. This research article is full of articles discussing the political and literary situation of the Qachari era, which makes it easier to understand the reasons for the decline of literature and politics. Historical background
If we look at the beginning of the Qachar period, we find that this period began very close to the end of the 17th century. When Karim Khan of the Zindia family died, four different people came to power. They include his son Abul Fatah Yaghma Ali Murad, Sadiq son of Muhammad Ali, and his brother Jafar Khan and his son Lotf Ali. Lotf Ali was the last king of the Zandiya dynasty and the situation became very bad during his reign. When the political turmoil reached its peak. He had to leave power and flee to different regions to save his life. And so the sun of power of the Zandiya dynasty set. And in 1796 AD, Agha Mohammad Khan Qachar overthrew the Qachariya dynasty and ruled until 1925. When the last Qachar ruler, Sultan Ahmad Shah, was deposed by a general, Roza Khan, the dynasty's rule ended and Annan himself took power. (i) Discussion of the Topic
If you look at the Qachari era, it was initially based on political stability. After the two-year rule of Agha Mohammad Khan Qachar, it ended with his assassination based on competition. Thus, his nephew Fateh Ali Khan became the ruler, who strengthened Iran by giving political stability and putting Iran on the path of development. (ii) He considered the English-French rivalry as a political
aspect of Iran. Then, realizing the growing power and influence of Russia, he signed the British Treaty and later the Turkmen Treaty. Although Fateh Ali Khan's reign was good, Haji Ibrahim's betrayal not only tarnished his son's face but also created political instability. After the death of Fateh Ali, Muhammad Shah ascended the throne. But the political turmoil continued. Unworthy and unworthy ministers created conspiracies and new movements emerged. One of the new movements that emerged was the Babi movement, which deeply affected society in terms of politics and literature. Bobby Harrick's followers also began to participate in the political scene. Therefore, despite the opposition, the impolite minister killed the founder of Babi Tehreek and tried to stop him from political activities. The assassination of leader Babi was tragic, which worsened the situation and started the political chaos of the fire in the country. After the death of Muhammad Shah, his son Nasiruddin ascended to the throne, dismissed the vizier appointed by his father Mirza Aghasi, and appointed a far-sighted person like Taqi Khan as his vizier. Taqi Khan was a powerful and pious man. He became known as Amir Nizam. Worton says that who can call this modern Iran dead, which recently gave birth to someone like Amir Nizam? The famous poet Shirazi was with his court, which he mentioned in his speech. What a magnificent court it was. In the same way, the era of Naser al-Din is called the period of development, in which the modern era was revived. Modern inventions such as the electric wire and the press are developed. In addition, science and literature developed. Especially in Tabriz, the work of literature and broadcasting was progressing rapidly.) (Nasr al-Din ruled for fifty years and when he ruled in 1896. And a great festival was announced. So when he wanted to celebrate this festival, Mirza Roza Kermani sent him from Mazar, a few miles from Tehran, shot and killed. (iii) Political History
At the time of the last Lutaf Ali, the ruler of Zandiya, a tribe of Turks, the Qachar, gained considerable power. Remember that this was the same old tribe that helped establish Shah Ismail's government and made its own impact. But when Nader Shah came to power, the tribe was suppressed to a certain extent and their influence diminished. But after the death of Nader Shah, he reorganized his tribe and established a government in Mazandaran in southern Iran by establishing his influence in southern Iran and creating problems for Lutaf Ali. As a result of organizing and becoming a force The Qacharis led by Agha Muhammad Khan Qachari launched an army against Lutf Ali.And he failed iv and ran away. But he was killed by the Qachars. With the establishment of the Qachar tribe's rule over Iran, in 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan Qachar assumed the title of king and introduced himself as the king of Iran. But He did not live long because, in the second year of his reign, Agha Muhammad Khan Qachar was assassinated by his servants. Therefore, the country moved towards political instability. (v )
But soon Fateh Ali Khan Qachar, the nephew of Muhammad Qachar, came to power. He was a capable man who loved poetry and literature. He managed to put an end to political disturbances by concluding various agreements and at the same time reducing tensions with Western countries. And for a while, Iran remained without Western fiber medicine. After the conquest of Ali, the son of Crown Prince Abbas III ascended the throne and improved the internal situation of Iran. Then he attacked Herat. Which was opposed by England. During the period when Mohammad Shah assassinated the minister Abul Qam and made Karmarza Aghaei the minister, the political situation also worsened. viDuring this period, the Babai movement had a great influence on the political and literary situation of Iran.vii
During the Qachari era, the elements of European civilization were spreading in Iran. Nasreddin himself also traveled to Europe. And he wanted to cultivate the same civilization and culture in his own country. Because of this, people became aware and progress was made. Similarly, Farsi was influenced by other Western languages. Especially French words became part of Persian literature. The main reason for this change was the political situation. When the British occupied Herat in 1857, a war broke out. Britain's reaction forced Iran to get closer to France. It harmed Iranian and Persian literature.
Russian intervention also increased in 1913. Russia's crimes had a deep impact on Iran. It is as if Hurriyat wanted to put an end to literature in Iran. But then, when the First World War began, Iran
became the focus of attention of both sides and was enslaved in darkness. Iran managed to save its independence, but this change happened in itself and said that the government was changed from the Qachar to the Pahlavi family. If we analyze the literary situation with political conditions, then the Qachari period was not more brilliant in terms of literature. In this period, no world-class poets and writers were born except Qayani Shirazi. viii
LITERARY BACKGROUND / POETIC LITERATURE
The political and social events that took place in it are considered changes that had a wide impact on literature: Fateh Ali Shah, Damam Shah, Nasir al-Din Shah, and Muzaffar, as a result of the little stability of the empire, kings, princes, emperors, and ministers also appreciated poetry. Poetry of the Qachar Period:
The poetry of this era was a prominent genre of eloquence; the poets followed different classical poets. The style of poetry in Khorasani is very simple, fluent, scenic, and beautiful. Application is a prominent feature of the poetry of this age, while praise, advice, elegies, history, religion And Razm and Bazm can be considered the favorite subjects of the poets of this period. Important poet: Fath Ali Khan Sabai Kashani: In addition to Diwan Qasa'id, he left behind famous Masnavian names such as Shahneshah Nama, Godan Nama, Golshan Saba, and Ebrat Nama. In the context of Sahab Isfahani, he imitated Anuri and Khaghani in reciting this poem, Seyyed Hussain Muqim Isfahani: he made a name for himself in ghazal writing and ode writing. Is famous. Qayani Shirazi: According to Imam Shah Qachar, Qachar is one of the court poets of the government. He received the title of Mujtahid al-Shaaraa and the title of Hasan al-Ajam. The use of beautiful words and expressions as well as exaggeration are prominent features of his poetry. Naser al-Din Shah was Qachar, where he was called Shams al-Shaara. He followed the style of Khorasani and classical poets in his speech, Iraj Mirza: Iraj Mirza was a descendant of Fateh Ali Shah Qachar. The element of simplicity and eloquence is prominent in his poetry. His fields are well known. Qachar period prose:
In this era, prose was developed more than poetry, and a very valuable prose capital was created. Before, only historical, moral, philosophical, and some other topics were of concern to writers. I saw an important revolution in it and the writers of politics, society, and criticism brought modern science into prose. To examine this evolution in prose, it can be divided into three periods. First Round
There was no significant change in prose in the period from the beginning of the Qachari Empire to the time of King Shah. I don't see it.
Second Period
It was under the command of Damam Shah. From the last days until the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar. During this period, as a result of contact with Europe or European travels, writers began to write prose. N Piraye. Passed, such as journalism, playwriting, translation, travel writing, etc. Third round:
From the era of Muzaffar al-Din Shah Qachar to the end of the Qachar era, the authors and genres introduced not only nurtured their Iranian identity and nationality.
Avoid plagiarism by giving room to problems. There is no precedent for this before the writings are
published.
Qur'at al-Ain
Born in 1814 or 1817 in the ancient city of Qazvin, Iran. His original name was Zarin Taj. She was the daughter of Shia Grand Ayatollah Mullah Barghani of Iran. His mother's name was Amina Qazvini. She married Sheikh Mohammad Taqi, a young scientist from Qazvin, known as Martyr Salis. ixIt was a sign of his wisdom and knowledge that he made geniuses like his father and uncle unanswerable in debates at a young age. He was also an eloquent poet from childhood. Another reason for her fame in Iran was her beauty. In 1850, Malik Nasir al-Din Qajar executed her because of spreading sedition in religion. One of the most important names in Qachar literature. Tahira, whose original name was Qarat al-Ain. Ahidra was named by Seyyed Bab. Qarat al-Ain was the daughter of Haji Mullah Saleh, a famous Iranian cleric and the wife of the famous mujtahid Mullah Muhammad. His family did not
enjoy second place in terms of knowledge and wealth. He learned Qur'an and hadith readings, interpretation, jurisprudence, and philosophy. Perfection in science and literature reached its peak. His higher education attracted him to the liberation of women and he became a public preacher of the Babi movement. His words mesmerized people because of his sense and knowledge. He said: The rights given to women by Islam have been taken away by scientists. Therefore, she was seen trying to take back women's rights from society. Bobby became an active member of this movement and started promoting it until he had to be separated from his family. He was assassinated in August 1852. Here is the reflection of his poetry. He was a great poet, he wrote poetry in Arabic in addition to Persian, but his words were lost. Some remaining words are available as examples. A place is addressed like this. x
All the broken-hearted lovers are going to die and have no feelings
If that idol kills me because of oppression, I am innocent. I have persevered in spite of myself, please be pleased with us
Fazarait Jamala Tala Al-Sabah, but the dawn of that oppressive writer did not take a step to my bed When we look at his poetry, we find that the poems of Qarat al-Ain are the best examples of eloquence. He looks like a high-minded poet. His words are a symbol of glory and represent the mystical color of unity and destruction. A word and a letter is a symbol of the intensity of emotions. He saved me and the love of that good moon with a prayer. In 1850, Malik Nasir al-Din Qajar of Iran called him to his court on charges of sedition, spreading sedition in religion, and raising some rebellious questions about women's rights. They addressed the king and recited these verses. If it is not good, you will eat it, if it is bad, punish me xi
If I fall for you, look, face to face, face to face, explain your grief, point by point, hair by hair From the beginning of seeing the clothes, Hamcho Saba Fatada, house by house, door by door, alley by alley, door by door.
It goes away from your separation, the blood of my heart from my two eyes Tigris by Tigris, stream by stream, spring by spring,
Jo by jo around your tight mouth, the amber lines of your bud, bud by bud, flower by flower, tulip by tulip, smell by smell
Your eyebrows and moles, the catch of the chicken heart by heart, heart by heart, stamp by stamp, heart by heart xii
The seal of sorrow is woven on the fabric of the soul, thread by thread, thread by thread, po by po He was pure in his heart and saw nothing but you page by page, la by la, curtain by curtain, tu by tu Fatih Ali Saba
Fatih Ali Saba is considered the first poet of the Qahari period. He revived the ancient style. He was from the big family of Saba Kashan. His family members held government positions. He came to Tehran from Kashan. The king gave him the title of Malik al-Shaara and assigned him the guidance of new poets in the capital. And demanded to bring new poets to the court. In 1803, Saba was sent as the governor of Qom and Kashan, where he showed his superior administrative skills and ensured the supply of grain during the famine. He also had a high status as a poet and his literary status can be measured from his exemplary words. Later, he was called from Qom to Tehran and continued his work as a special assistant of the Shah. The king and the poets all appreciated him. Saba promoted his views as a supporter and watcher of the poor, and in these poems, the condition of the people was described. Similarly, he was fluent in Persian as well as Arabic, this is stated in many places in his speech. The poems of Manochehri and Farrokh are reflected in his words. And his poems are reminiscent of Anuri. Here is an example of this mention It has been (xiii )
Babal, the king of Iskandar, you are a supporter of the throne. What happened to Iskandar again with Ara's head?
Zamanar Ashah Darya is the heart of the earth, Khosrow is just, the time is devoted to his covenant and the earth is devoted to his grave.
By the throne of the ugly sky, throne of the sky is raised from the ugly sky, because it is old and this is Barna
Almighty Allah, God, where is there, where is Ara? Kzdashd is clearly the flower of Zakhard, Gohar Azkhara
Chokord this tulip towards the song of the lamb. It became Azargun Z Azarion Lip Rrang xiv Mirza Abdul Wahab Neshat
In 1761, Abdul Wahab, from the Sadat family of Isfahan, excelled in literature. He was a member and active supporter of the movement to renew the ancient style of literature. He was also one of the active supporters of the Mushtaq Iran Literary Organization. He was very generous and a guide to the needy. He came to Tehran in 1803 at the invitation of Fateh Ali Shah and became the head of Diwan Resalat. The famous letter sent to Napoleon was written by Nishat. He died in 1828. Ganjina was compiled by order of Sultan Nasir al-Din Qajar in 1864. Prose and poetry services include letters, royal decrees, essays, anecdotes, episodes, poems, and sonnets, which are masterpieces of poetry and ballads. "Hamanayike from the two provinces who passed my time and I was shocked and said that he was in a state of shock, he said, "A nightingale is a flower that rustles, so I said to be quiet that the flower that rustles the nightingale is one in Golestan if love is the flower of the nightingale. Whose hand is the flower? xv
Pahi Barfarq Jahan Sarbkaf Pahi Habib. The Tango of this clan is without protection
Let your sadness come when you are happy. Otherwise, the happiness and sadness of the world will
pass away
If there is a mistake, let the blood of the day shine through the night. Lovers are unaware of sedition around the moon xvi)
I and the morning wind have passed away from your smell. It's the same with all your relatives The news of the self-created being is what makes you happy. Water and mirror are neither in themselves nor aware of faces Mirza Shafi Wasal
Shafi Vaysal was born in Shiraz in 1779, and in addition to modern sciences, he was also proficient in calligraphy and music, and he used to give speeches in song. xvii
The people of Shiraz called it the candle of these gatherings because of its happy voice, eloquence, and cheerfulness. He had a special interest in Sufism and followed Saadi. Fateh Ali Khan summoned them from Shiraz.
Khaqan Ahad Fath Ali Shah Kahe Mehro Mah. Darmukish came instead of Obida Khomed. It was the turn of oppression to pass by two. Until his time, the promise of Karam was reached He was a divan poet and his divan includes poems, sonnets, elegies, and masnavis. Mirza Habibullah Qaani
Mirza Habibullah Qani Shirazi is the most famous poet of the Qahari period. Which is a reflection of ancient and modern poets. He is the imam of modern Iranian poetry. Born in 1807 in Shiraz.His xviii father, Abul Hasan, whose nickname was Golshan, was a great poet. But at the time of his death, Qani was only eleven years old. It was poverty. He came to Mashhad from Shiraz and specialized in jurisprudence, wisdom, geometry, mathematics, and astronomy. Perfection in poetry became the reason for his fame. At first, Habib was a nickname, but Shuja al-Sultan was very familiar with the Qur'an and kept his nickname Qaani for him. Finally, when Fateh Ali arrived at the Sultan's court and wrote an ode.
If the assignee is the state of the world, it is not judgment. Why is the way of life contrary to Qada? If the system of world affairs is in the hands of Qaeda. No matter what happens, the city is a friend
of Reza xix
Sultan Fateh Ali Shah was very pleased with this poem and awarded him a cash prize and fixed a stipend. At the same time, he addressed mujtahid poets. Likewise, after Fateh Ali Shah, Qaani remained attached to the court of Muhammad Shah and gave him the title of Hasan al-Ajam. Qaani wrote an ode in his honor. Some of his poems were like this. xx
When you were yourself, you gave the title of Muhammad Mur Merahsan. Yes, everyone in Bekrini was good
Code of Amin Fakhr is better than that, says Asefi because you are Muhammad Shah Muhammad and Qaani is his Hassan
In modern Iranian poetry, Qayani Ko has a prominent position as a poet. He arranged the literature and made full use of similes and metaphors. He used real metaphors and it seems that his style of expression is new and independent. And poetry to reality. Changed. Because there is a lot of exaggeration in Iranian poetry, Qani kept his feet away from exaggeration in poetry. He also gave a special color to the events or images in the poems.
Two swinging waves from my tearful child. What is the source of their anger?
Qayani was a famous poet and writer, it is not easy to cover his life and deeds. He is a perfect poet
in his own way. The monument of his poetry is his divan. In the same way, Qani wrote a prose book
in the style of Golsan called Parshan. xxi
Soroush Esfahani
His real name was Muhammad Ali, he was born in 1813 in one of the villages of Isfahan, and Soroush was his nickname. There was a natural attachment to poetry and speech. He recited the ode with the steps of the pioneers. And join the ranks of those poets who tried to revive the Khorasani style. The beginning of time was spent in poverty because there was no special means of livelihood. Therefore, he decided to say goodbye to Isfahan. The expression of it can be found in this poem, an ode, which he did in one of his famous poems. That poem is as follows. xxii
After that, he migrated from Isfahan to Kashan and Qom in search of livelihood. Azerbaijan was
recognized and then settled in Tabriz City. Then he reached the court of Mohsen Mirza and began a
prosperous life. And Mirza Mohsin wrote an ode of Tarbia and Mirza Mohsen was very happy with this
ode. Some of the poems of this poem were as follows. xxiii
Chasim is both in each other's arms because jealousy brought two bodies
I can't leave him for an hour. Where did Siri end up next to Chenu?
Taking me from my house to the side of my writer. The excitement of meeting Mir Rahi grew Shahzad Mohsen Anka Baqbal Shehryar Bahram was not fired and brought tears After the death of Sultan Mohammad Shah in 1847, during the time of Naser al-Din, he came to Tehran and received the title of Khan and Shams al-Shaara. When Herat's victory celebration was held, Soroush wrote an ode for it
The city of Herat is the favorite of Shah Dastara Yar. Oh, the zeal of Satarauddin Mojdeh, I am sick His poetry is an example of ancient simplicity and fluidity, and all the features of this ancient style are there. His poetry is minimalist with love and romance. Soroush died in 1867. His works include the masterpieces of Shams al-Manaqib and Rouza al-Anwar. xxiv Malik Al-Shaara Mahmoud Khan
He was in contact with a series of family poets. His father Muhammad Hossein Khan Andalib and grandfather Fateh Ali Khan were court poets of the Saba Qachari period and had the position of owner of poets. Mahmud Khan's father Muhammad Hossein Khan was also a poet and his nickname was Andalib. Even during the time of Fateh Ali Khan and Muhammad Shah, Andalib enjoyed the position of poet. Mahmud Khan was trained by his father. He in literature, mathematics Science, and wisdom were excellent. He inherited his love for poetry and started writing poetry from his student days, correcting it from his father. Mahmoud Zahin was the first prime minister who read an ode with respect to Prime Minister Haji Aqi and received many awards and privileges. Mahmoud Khan excelled in poetry and painting. He recited poems referring to Mohammad Shah Qajar
Cho Takht Malik Tahi Mandaz Mohammad Shah. That he is drunk with his soul in the world of another
Beshah reached the city of Tabriz. Zakina Akhtar has changed now
Let's tell what the king said and what he did. Believe that no one is cutting
We returned to the water in the eyes of Khosrow. We remember the country from the separation of our father
There is also a divan about Mahmoud's poetry, which contains three thousand poems, which was collected and published by Vahid Aghaei. Mahmoud died in 1893 in Tehran.*™ Prose literature
Besides poetry, prose literature also flourished a little during the Qahari period. Many of the important books of this period include Naskh al-Tawarikh, which is limited to the period from the early history of Iran to Nasr al-Din. Finished in about 15 volumes. Nasreddin gave the title of editing
this book to Mirza Taqi Lasan al-Mulk. The style of this book is very simple, solid, and easy, and it follows the style of Kadama. Another work in the same literary field is the history of Muhammad Hasan Khan, the manager of Nasiri, from the beginning. Islam until the time of Naser al-Din Qajar. The author was the Minister of Printing, Khudasi Darbar. Mirza Hassan Khan, showing the nature of his talents, also wrote other books, such as Marah Al-Buldan, Tarikh Ashkanian, Tahir al-Shams, Al-Mathar, and Athar.xxvi
Abdul Razzaq Baig is another prose literature of Abdul Razzaq Baig, which includes the influential books of Khaqani and Hadaiq Janan, which contain the events of the Qahari period. The books are in a very simple style. In Hadiq Janan, the author writes about the conditions of contemporary scientists.And the situation of Karim Khan and his family is described. Later, he edited the xxvii book and named it Tajriyet al-Ahrar and Namilayt al-Abrar. As one text explains, he said, "I set out for the House of Allah with a group of people who were excited." Because of the excitement of joining the Kaaba, the thorn Mughilans were on the steps of mud and cement, and Lala Tamna in Riyadh, because of the roof and mid-harder, was heartbroken. Another literary history of this period is the book of Tabriz History and Geography.xxviii
Nader Mirza is the grandson of Fateh Ali Shah, this book was finished in 1884 during the time of Naser al-Din Shah. Crown Prince Mirza Muzaffar al-Din was the ruler of Tabriz. And that is why this book is also called Mozafari's Geography and the situation related to the city of Tabriz is mentioned in it. About a day ago, there was a story of a big flood and it caused havoc in this city it was so bad that the previous prayer in Tabriz did not even have any effect of rain, the sound of thunder from the east was raised. Hail and heavy rain rose towards the flood, destroying one side of Mesgaran market and He made a path on the south side and destroyed the shrines. And a lot of people's property was destroyed, this flood flooded half of the market. xxix
The flood water was ugly. This incident happened on the day of Mufadham Jumadi al-Awwal 1188 of Hijra. Another book in prose literature of the Qachar period is Ganj Danmark written by Mohammad Taqi Khan, which includes famous cities of Iran, famous people, and famous historical events. It was compiled in 1887. And it also reveals the historical situation of the Qahari period. Apart from this, the influence of Abdul Razzaq Ibn Najaf from Al-Sultanah, the history of the Qur'an by Mahmoud Mirza, and the history of Dhul-Qarnain Fazlullah Manshi is also one of the memorable books of the Qachar era. The three chapters of Ruzat al-Safa are also attributed to the Qachari period, and its ninth and tenth volumes are related to the Qachari period. Likewise, the seven-volume treatise is an important literary document of the Qachari period. Written by many scientists. This is a Persian encyclopedia. In which the conditions of the scientists of the Qachar period have been recorded.xxx Summary of the conversation
The Qachar era is a social period in which the people, on the one hand, started a conscious struggle for independence and rejected the monarchy. On the other hand, the Qachar rulers saw it as a solution to crush public sentiment. As a result, political chaos ensued and construction development and all related projects came to a standstill. Relations with the West have not been of much use. The last two decades of the Qachari dynasty passed without development and reforms. And finally, Pahlavi came to power and destroyed the Qachari family. Because the Russian attack also trampled Iran's political chessboard. Besides politics, Iran was also very behind in the field of literature. However, this section was removed with the Great War and the sun of Pahlavi rule rose in Iran.
REFERENCES
[1] Nikki R. Keddie, Qajar Iran and the Rise of Reza Khan 1796-1925, London, 1999, P. 141 -143
[2] Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Publisher Rutledge, 2003,, P. 128
[3] Cambridge History of Iran, v. 7 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 243.
[4] Dehbashi, Ali, ed. Yadnameh-ye Kamal ol-Molk. Tehran: Behdid, 1999.52
[5] Banani, Amin. The Modernization of Iran: 1921-1941. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1961. P.322
[6] Golestan, Ebrahim. "Houshang Pezeshknia, nagghash. " In Gofteha. New Jersey: Rowzan, 1998.161
[7] Dr Parviz Kambin, A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire, Universe, 2011, p.36
[8] Yann Richard, Yann Richard, 1991, P.83.
[9] Ibid, P.191
[10] Edward Brown, Tareekh Adbiat Iran, Anjman Tarqi Urdu, Haider Abad, 1932,p.56
[11] Badkhshani, Maqbool Hussain, Adab Nama Iran, Tehran, 1981, P. 282
[12] Ibid,15.
[13] Yaseen Janehai, Shairi Moasir Farsi, Tehran, 1976, P.292-301.
[14] Ibidd.p.337.
[15] Mir Sadghi, Shairi Fan-o-Lughat, Tehran,1997, P.144.
[16] Safa Zabihullah, Mukhtasir Farssi Nasar-o-Nazaam, Tehran, P.19,20.
[17] Tamim Ahmad, Tareekh Adbiat Farsi Iran, Tehran, 1973,P. 55.
[18] Ibid. P.88.
[19] Yaseen Janehai, Shairi Moasir Farsi, Tehran, 1976, P. 327
[20] Shafi, Kadkani, Farsi Adbiat, Tehran, 1956, P.13-14
[21] Badkhshani, Maqbool Hussain, Adab Nama Iran, Tehran, 1981, P. 289
[22] Ibid, 392.
[23] Mir Sadghi, Shairi Fan-o-Lughat, Tehran,1997, P.168
[24] Badkhshani, Maqbool Hussain, Adab Nama Iran, Tehran, 1981, P. 307
[25] Ibid, 310
[26] Ibid, 311
[27] Yaseen Janehai, Shairi Moasir Farsi, Tehran, 1976, P.292-307
[28] Mir Sadghi, P.197
[29] Badkhshani, Maqbool Hussain, Adab Nama Iran, Tehran, 1981, P. 312
[30] Badkhshani, Maqbool Hussain, Adab Nama Iran, Tehran, 1981, P 314
