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12
UDC 000152
Badalova M. O.
Teacher of the department of social and humanitarian sciences
Andijan state medical Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan city AMIR TEMUR - THE GREAT COLLEGAN AND THE STATE FIGURE
Annotation: This article tells about the great commander and statesman Amir Temur. The article describes the role of Temur in government, military affairs and his role in world history.
Keywords: commander, statesman, Kesh, Samarkand, Mongol, Europe АМИР ТЕМУР - ВЕЛИКИЙ ПОЛКОВОДЕЦ И ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬ
Аннотация: Эта статья рассказывает о великом полководце и государственном деятеле Амире Темуре. В статье рассказывается о роли Темура в государственном управлении, военном деле и его роли в мировой истории.
Ключевые слова: полководец, государственный деятель, Кеш, Самарканд, монгол, Европа
The great commander Amir Temur was born in 1336 on April 8 in the village of Khoja Ilgar (Yakkabak) near Kesh (Shakhrisabz). His father, Emir Muhammad Taragay, was from a noble family of the Turkic barlas family. He was an influential man and enjoyed great prestige in Maverannahr. His ancestors occupied a worthy place in the ranks of the palace elite of the Chagatai ulus and derived their ancestry from the legendary leader of the Türks Alan - Kuva, and their possessions were around Kesh and Nefes. Temur's father, Emir Taragay, constantly participated in the kurultai of the Chagatai beks, convened by the khan of the ulus on the banks of the Ili River.The economic situation of Maverannahr at the end of the 13 th and first half of the 14th centuries worsened every day. This took advantage of Khan Mogolistan Togluk Timur, who in 1360 reached Kashkadarya without resistance. Amir Temur entered his service. But when Togluk Timur appointed his son Ilyas Khoja ruler of Maverannakhr, Amir Temur did not want to serve this prince and agreed with Amir Hussein Amir Temur, the ruler of Balkh, to fight the Mongols.During the life of Amir Temur, a special essay, known as the "Code of Temur", was written about state administration. This is a valuable historical source of the Middle Ages, consists of two parts. It outlines the biography of
Temur and the events connected with his life, the views of this outstanding statesman and commander on the art of war, the structure and administration of the country. This is a valuable body of laws, from which it can be seen, on the basis of which Amir Temur created a centralized, controlled, powerful state.Creating a great power, Amir Temur prepared the conditions for the economic and cultural development of the country. The centuries-old traditions of past eras are reviving in a new historical context. As Maverannahr became the center of trade, economy
and culture of the Near and Middle East, such ancient cities as Samarkand, Kesh, Bukhara, Termez, Tashkent, Merv and others began to improve, destroyed by the hordes of Genghis Khan. Majestic buildings of mosques, madrasas, mausoleums, a caravan - sheds and baths were built. It became customary that each victory or event perpetuated in architecture.
In construction activity, Amir Temur pursued certain political goals - the buildings he erected were supposed to demonstrate the strength, power and greatness of his empire.During the years of his rule, Amir Temur put an end to feudal fragmentation, established trade and diplomatic ties with the largest kingdoms of Europe - France, England, Castile. Unfortunately, after the death of Amir Temur, trade and diplomatic relations with Western Europe, which he pledged, did not develop.The story puts Amir Temur on a par with such major commanders as Alexander the Great, Darius 1, and Julius Caesar.Amir Temur is one of the most controversial figures in the history of mankind.
Our knowledge of him in the majority based on the school program, knows him as a conqueror, commander, warrior.In this small excerpt from the book "The Masters of Wisdom" by J. G. Bennett Amir Temur appears to us in a completely different way:1360 to 1530, prominent conquerors and rulers predominated in Central Asia, starting with Tamerlane (1336-1405) and ending with Babur, the founder of the Mughal Indian Empire (1471-1530), and Shah Ismail (1499-1524). ), which recreated the Persian Empire and founded the Safavid dynasty. However, the truly great rulers of this period were Shahrukh, the fourth son of Tamerlane, who ruled for forty years in Herat, and his son, Ulugbek, the creator of the Golden Age of Samarkand. In addition, almost the same great rulers were Abu Said and Hussein of Baykar. The reason why I speak here about them is that all of them, from Tamerlane to Babur1, were deeply religious people, and almost all of them turned to Khojagan for spiritual guidance. Teachers of Wisdom began to act openly, and took upon themselves such an opportunity that Khwaji of the times of Abd al-Khalik Gudjduvani and Bahauddin Naqshband could not even think.
At the end of the fourteenth century of the Christian Era, all nations, from China to Spain, were disturbed by the devastating conquests of Amir Timur, known in the West as Tamerlane. None of the former conqueror failed to devastate such a large part of the inhabited world. And yet, he was a deeply religious man, and it was also believed that he was led by divine providence. He had a deep respect for his spiritual mentors, and was ready to change his plans on their advice. In addition, he patronized the arts and was bon viveur2, whose brilliant court impressed the ambassador of the King of Spain no less than the ambassadors of China and Egypt. Timur died in 1404 and his colossal empire, stretching from China and India to Egypt, and from Poland and Siberia to the Indian Ocean, fell apart, leaving behind a state of utter confusion. The central region, which included Turkestan and Persia, remained at the mercy of his family, but the outskirts of the empire, which belonged to China, India, Turkey and Russia, soon regained their independence and, in a certain sense, seem to have even strengthened their positions due to the events that occurred. .
The situation in Turkestan looked dismal. Timur's sons and nephews disputed his legacy, and the terrible family wars that had been cursed by Central Asia for centuries seemed to threaten the lives and homes of people who still remembered the two centuries that were needed to rebuild Genghis Khan, destroyed by the Mongol Invasion.Tamerlane founded his empire in Bukhara and Samarkand, which he always considered his home. The first territories they conquered were Persia and Mesopotamia. Then he plunged Russia, plundered Moscow, and even intended to conquer all of Europe, which could not defend itself if Tamerlane had not turned his attention to India, where he achieved greater success than Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. His power extended to Delhi and beyond. Then, turning his army back to the west, Tamerlane took Damascus, and defeated the forces of the Egyptian sultans, Mamelukes. The victorious march of Tamerlane was crowned with a victory over another victorious conqueror, Sultan Bayazid, nicknamed "The Thunderer", whose empire extended to the walls of Vienna. Gibbon wrote: "All of Asia was in the hands of Timur - from the Irtysh and the Volga to the Persian Gulf, from the Ganges to Damascus and the Archipelago.Let's see what kind of person Tamerlane was. He left behind two books: Malfuzat, or Memoirs, and Tuzukat, or Institutes. The first book is a description of his life and affairs, although not entirely reliable.
The second sets out the principles on which Timur based his strategy and government policy. All historians agree that Tamerlane was not only the bravest of the brave, but also a very wise, noble, experienced and astute person. The combination of these qualities made him "the revered leader of the people and the real God of War, who was respected by all classes."Amir Timur himself was in awe of his spiritual mentor, Khvadzhe Said Barak, who was a student of Bahauddin. In addition, Timur believed that he was guided and supported by Khoja Ahmad Yasavi, the great Turkish teacher of the twelfth century. Bayazid was utterly defeated by Tamerlane near Ankara, and it was during this battle that Tamerlane repeated the verse given to him by Khvaja Ahmad Yasavi. Amir Timur died in 1405 in the seventieth year of life. He then went on his last trip to China. Dying, Tamerlane plunged into prayer and asked Mawlan to read the Quran until he was finally sure that he had left the body.
He was buried in the same grave, where his teacher, Khoja Barak, had previously been buried.Tamerlane (lived 1336-1405), was a man of complex, multilateral personality. He himself created his fate and became a prominent historical figure. It was near Samarkand, in the city of Kesh, later named Shakhrisabz, or the "green city", where in 1336 the son of a small tribe leader was born. The boy was called Temur. Wounding his right foot with an arrow made him lame. That is why it is known as "The Lame Temur" or Tamerlane in English literature.
