CC BY
23Ukrainian Journal of
Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences!
http://uivas.com.ua
Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv
original article | UDC 636:577.112.37:636.085.54:636.597 doi: 10.32718/ujvas4-3.09
Volume 4 Number 3
Amino acid composition of duck muscle tissue on using dietary supplements Activio
Ya. I. Kyryliv, I. S. Leshchyshyn
Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv, Pekarska Str., 50, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
Article info Received 15.08.2021 Received in revised form
19.09.2021 Accepted 20.09.2021
Correspondence author Iryna Leshchyshyn Tel.: +38-097-454-29-45 E-mail: irinaleshchyshyn@ukr. net
2021 Kyryliv Ya. & Leshchyshyn I. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
The optimal amount of protein is necessary for intensive growth. Protein malnutrition is one of the leading causes of poor growth and increased care of birds. However, excessive feeding of poultry with protein is impractical because the protein, in this case, is not fully used and harms the body, delaying its development. The lack and the excess of amino acids are harmful to a bird. Due to the imbalance of amino acids consumed with food, about 30 % of their amount is not used by the body for protein synthesis and is lost converted into energy. When normalizing the amino acid needs of poultry, it is necessary to consider the interaction of amino acids in the body with vitamins, micro-minerals, energy levels in feed. The article presents a study of the effect of the biologically active additive Activio, a selected combination of natural standardized active substances isolated from aromatic herbs and spices concentrated in one microencapsulated particle on the amino acid composition of Peking duck meat and cherry valley cross. It was found that the use of Activio supplement in the ducks feeding has a positive effect on the digestibility of amino acids.
Keywords: Activio, amino acids, meat and meat quality, Peking duck, cross-cherry valley.
Contents
1. Introduction................. .. 54
2. Materials and methods .... .. 55
3. Results and discussion .... .. 55
4. Conclusions................ .. 56
.. 57
Citation:
Kyryliv, Ya. I., & Leshchyshyn, I. S. (2021). Amino acid composition of duck muscle tissue on using dietary supplements Activio. Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 4(3), 54-57.
V.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................J
1. Introduction
Complete and adequate feeding of poultry, including ducks, is one of the essential components of improving poultry productivity and meat quality. Feed additives have been widely used in recent years, containing biologically active substances of plant origin. In particular, some studies have found that cinnamon essential oil is a taste stimulant and antioxidant, enhances the perception of smell and taste of food, reduces the effects of stress and disease; Rosemary essential oil is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, reduces oxidative and inflammatory reactions, regulates body temperature, reduces pain in inflammatory processes, chili pepper extract improves digestion by increasing the activity of digestive enzymes and secretion of gastric juice increasing feed conversion and taste, essential oil exhibits bactericidal and antioxidant properties by inhibiting the growth and development of pathogenic fungal and bacteria.
Modern intensive poultry farming places high demands on the quality of feeding. Today, the search and study of non-traditional feed additives reduce the cost of feed, increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption, increase the production of poultry products and reduce the effects of toxic compounds in feed.
Feed additives, as a rule, are characterized by a high content of nutrients, biologically active, and mineral substances and are used to enrich rations, compound feeds, and feed mixtures with missing nutrients to regulate the amount and ratio of nutrients and biologically active substances. Numerous experiments have shown that balancing feed rations through the use of appropriate additives can significantly increase the efficiency of feed nutrients and the level of productivity of poultry.
Most modern duck crosses need a balanced diet of nutrients and biologically active substances. The total value of
amino acid nutrition significantly impacts the productivity and nutritional and biological value of meat.
It is known that the bird is sensitive to protein deficiency. However, the protein's level and quality are essential for it. The latter is determined by the content of essential amino acids, which are not synthesized in the body of these animals or are synthesized in small quantities. These include lysine, methionine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, threo-nine, phenylalanine, histidine, valine, and arginine. The lack of one of them in the diet has the same negative impact on the body as a deficiency in the diet of protein. It is estimated that if you completely balance the feed on amino acids, you can see increased productivity and egg production.
Proteins are components of poultry meat and eggs. The need for amino acids determines the need for protein. The content and ratio of essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, arginine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, cystine), which are not synthesized by poultry and therefore must come in large quantities, play a decisive role in protein synthesis in poultry. However, according to various authors, deficient or critical in modern diets are called tri-lysine, methionine, threonine or cystine, tryptophan, and arginine (Sychov, 2014). It should be taken into count that animal feeds essential amino acids more than vegetables. Lack, absence, or imbalance of essential amino acids in poultry diets is accompanied by deterioration of protein use, metabolic disorders, and decreased productivity (Sychov, 2014).
Poultry's need for specific amino acids is determined by the intensity of their use for biological functions of the body and the ability to be synthesized in the body or be replaced.
The rate of amino acid absorption depends on metabolic inhibitors, vitamin supplementation, age, health status, and intensity of intestinal peptide uptake.
All species of animals have their own set of essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesized from essential due to the physiological characteristics of the body. Methionine, cystine, lysine, threonine are considered indispensable for birds. In addition to these, some authors identify several other amino acids, which in most modern diets are in the optimal amount for birds, and the problem of their deficiency is less relevant (Lemesheva, 2003). Methionine and cystine are considered in the complex because the lack of cys-tine is partially covered by methionine.
Amino acids and minerals play a significant role in the metabolic processes of poultry. Amino acids are monomers of proteins that perform several essential functions in the body, from structural to specialized (catalysis, movement, transportation, etc.).
The deficiency of at least one of these essential amino acids harms the metabolism of poultry, which reduces productivity, resistance, and stress resistance. Note that lysine makes up about 7 % of the amino acids of broiler breast meat, and a lack of lysine in the diet, especially at the beginning of cultivation (start and growth periods), leads to lower meat yields.
It is necessary to control the number of essential amino acids in the diet and the amino acid ratio. This avoids the antagonism of individual amino acids and promotes their fuller assimilation.
When adding amino acids to the diet during feeding, productivity is noted. Thus, amino acids play an essential role in feeding birds, especially productive ones. It is necessary to carefully normalize the content of amino acids in the
diet, compensating for the lack and avoiding unwanted excess. With balanced feeding of all components, it is possible to maximize the genetic potential of broiler chickens and achieve significant gains in live weight and high feed conversion.
Our research aimed to study the effect of the biologically active additive Activio, a selected combination of natural standardized active substances isolated from aromatic herbs and spices concentrated in one microencapsulated particle on the amino acid composition of duck meat.
2. Materials and methods
Studies of the content of amino acids in the meat of Peking duck and cross-cherry valley were conducted at Wroclaw State University.
The scientific and economic experiment material were ducks of the cherry valley and Pekingese breed aged 1-42 days. To determine the effect of Activio on the amino acid composition of duck muscle tissue, two groups of 50 birds were formed in each (the first - Pekingese breed and the second - cross cherry valley), taking into account age and live weight. The main period of the experiment lasted 42 days. At the end of the experiment, slaughter and tissue of the chest and thigh muscles were investigated.
The amino acid content was determined in the muscle tissue of ducks using an AAA 400 analyzer (INGOS, Czech Republic) according to generally accepted methods according to a standard protocol. The principle of operation of the analyzer is based on the separation of free amino acids by liquid ion-exchange chromatography with the subsequent formation of color complexes as a result of the reaction of the starting products with ninhydrin.
The analyzer was a stationary device. The housing houses a thermostatic analytical column, a pre-column, a ninhy-drin reactor, a two-channel spectrophotometric sensor, peristaltic pumps, a buffer, and solenoid valves that control the flow of eluent, and a reagent. In the upper compartment of the analyzer, there are bottles with buffer solutions and a cooling tank with ninhydrin, a cassette for installation of samples. A computer-controlled analyzer. Analyzer programs provided full automation of analyzes.
The obtained digital material was processed mathematically using the program "Microsoft Excel." Standard statistical indicators were calculated: arithmetic means (M) its standard error (m). The statistical probability of the difference between the averages was determined using the confidence level (P) in the table, based on the calculated standard deviation (t-Student-Fisher test). The difference between the values of the mean values was considered statistically significant at * - P < 0.05; ** - P < 0.01; *** - P < 0.001.
3. Results and discussion
Proteins are an essential part of every organism and are high molecular weight organic compounds made up mainly of amino acids. Lysine and threonine are considered the essential amino acids in the feed base. Lysine provides growth of young individuals, promotes intensive consumption of food, the formation of the pigment melanin in the feathers. With the help of lysine, one can increase the growth of animals and birds by up to 30 %. Threonine is necessary for the normal functioning of the immune system, body growth, promotes the formation of collagen elastin,
participates in metabolism and assimilation, supports the gastrointestinal tract.
The need of birds for specific amino acids is determined by the need to use them in a particular biological function and be synthesized in the body. Therefore, in this regard, each amino acid is characterized by individual specific properties that depend on many factors.
In birds' diets, the primary source of essential amino acids is mainly animal feed. These are primarily meat and bone meal and fish meal. Such components are expensive, and therefore try to partially replace them by adding other non-traditional components or synthetic amino acids. Some researchers believe that protein feed of animal origin can be entirely replaced by the protein of plant feed and 20 % of protein feed of plant origin by adding synthetic amino acids without adversely affecting productivity.
Several other studies indicate that replacing animal feed with plant feed without synthetic amino acids leads to reduced productivity. Studies have shown that using plant biologically active feed additive Aktivio in the ducks' feeding has a positive effect on the digestibility of amino acids (Tables 1, 2).
Table 1
Amino acid composition of pectoral muscles, g/kg (n = 4)
Indicator First group Second group
Asp 66.52 ± 0.226 67.84 ± 1.026
Thr 32.59 ± 0.220 37.73 ± 0.211***
Ser 27.91 ± 0.182 28.62 ± 0.280
Glu 117.38 ± 2.726 126.09 ± 1.028*
Pro 26.70 ± 0.910 27.53 ± 1.096
Gly 33.45 ± 1.244 33.84 ± 0.447
Ala 42.59 ± 0.507 44.33 ± 0.398*
Val 34.8 ± 0.255 36.75 ± 0.224**
Ile 33.39 ± 0.284 34.38 ± 0.318
Leu 57.59 ± 0.422 59.12 ± 0.70
Tyr 24.61 ± 0.613 24.85 ± 0.602
Phe 29.97 ± 0.322 30.56 ± 0.928
His 25.91 ± 0.835 27.31 ± 0.380
Lys 62.04 ± 0.843 64.55 ± 1.058
Arg 47.06 ± 0.112 46.63 ± 0.858
Cys 7.6 ± 0.254 7.74 ± 0.194
Met 20.39 ± 0.124 21.02 ± 2.111
Try 6.14 ± 0.008 6.34 ± 0.039**
Notes: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001
As a result of the study, it was pointed out that the feeding of the second group of birds at all age periods of growing with complete feed with the addition of Activio in the feed in the amount of 100 g/t of feed helped to increase the content of essential amino acids in poultry meat by 2.6 %.
The increase in the number of essential amino acids in poultry meat of the second group was due to an increase of such amino acids as glutamic acid, leucine, lysine, alanine, valine, and tyrosine in the content.
In the meat of poultry of the second group, there was an increase in lysine content compared to the first, respectively, by 2.51. In particular, in the young ducks of the first group muscles, a decrease in glutamic acid by - 8.71, alanine -1.74, valine - 1.95, isoleucine - 0.99, and phenylalanine -by 0.59 compared to birds of the second group was detected.
Studies have shown that the use of biologically active feed additive Activio in the amount of 100 g/t of a feed helps increase the number of amino acids in the pectoral
muscles of ducks and thus improves the biological value of meat and meat quality.
Table 2
Amino acid composition of thigh muscles, g/kg (n = 4)
Indicator First group Second group
Asp 58.72 ± 0.575 64.18 ± 1.306**
Thr 28.66 ± 0.210 31.77 ± 0.336***
Ser 25.44 ± 0.275 27.73 ± 0.166***
Glu 107.48 ± 3.263 120.4 ± 1.844*
Pro 26.54 ± 0.497 27.33 ± 0.827
Gly 34.58 ± 2.677 31.58 ± 1.322
Ala 38.80 ± 1.032 39.99 ± 0.864
Val 29.71 ± 0.748 33.03 ± 0.640
Ile 28.15 ± 0.091 32.81 ± 0.075***
Leu 49.61 ± 0.491 54.08 ± 0.850**
Tyr 20.63 ± 0.202 22.08 ± 0.222**
Phe 26.077 ± 0.446 27.41 ± 0.217*
His 20.61 ± 0.327 22.70 ± 0.630*
Lys 55.74 ± 0.350 60.0 ± 1.288*
Arg 42.46 ± 0.562 44.5 ± 0.957
Cys 7.94 ± 0.098 8.12 ± 0.147
Met 17.44 ± 0.316 17.92 ± 0.391
Try 6.16 ± 0.041 6.39 ± 0.081*
Notes:*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001
The essential part of the research deals with the influence of amino acids on productivity, metabolic processes in poultry, and the interaction between these amino acids. The difference in the content of essential amino acids in the thigh muscles of ducks was established.
Our research shows that the increase of the number of essential amino acids in the thigh muscles of ducks of the second group is due to an increase of lysine by 4.26, argi-nine - 2.04, aspartic acid - 5.46, threonine - 3.11, serine -2.29, glutamic acid - 12.92, leucine - 4.47, tyrosine - 1.45 and phenylalanine by 1.33 in its content. An increase in amino acids such as proline, glycine, valine, and methionine was observed in the second group, although no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups.
It was established that feeding ducks during the growth period with compound feed with the addition of the biologically active supplement Activio 100 g/t of a compound feed help increase the content of amino acids in the muscles of the thigh and sternum.
4. Conclusions
The study found that using the active supplement Ac-tivecio during feeding of ducks helps intensify the growth, normalize and improve the amino acid composition of the chest and thigh muscles. When normalizing the amino acid needs of poultry, it is necessary to consider the interaction of amino acids in the body with vitamins, micro-minerals, energy levels in the feed. Thus, it was found that the additive Activio in the feed of ducks has a positive effect on the digestibility of amino acids.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
References
Abd-Elsamee, M. O., Ibrahim, M. R., Hassan, M. M., & Ashmawy, E. S. (2019). Leaves of Moringa, Rosemary, and Olive as a Phytogenic Feed Additives in Muscovy Duck diets. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 22(1), 1-7. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2019.1.7.
Abouelezz, K., Abou-Hadied, M., Yuan, J. et al. (2019). Nutritional impacts of dietary oregano and Enviva essential oils on the performance, gut microbiota and blood biochemicals of growing ducks. Animal, 13(10), 22162222. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731119000508.
Arhipov, A. B., & Toporova, L. V. (1984). Proteinovoe i aminokislotnoe pitanie pticy. M.: Kolos (in Russian).
Barnard, L. (2015). Pozytyvna diia kombinatsii fermentiv. Nasheptakhivnytstvo, 3(39), 64-66 (in Ukrainian).
Borysenko, V. H., & Yastrebov, K. Yu. (2006). Optymalne vykorystannia aminokyslot u ptakhivnytstvi ta faktory yoho pokrashchennia v umovakh Ukrainy. Ptakhivnytstvo, 58, 207-209 (in Ukrainian).
D'Mello, J. (2003). Amino acids in animal nutrition. Formerly of Scottish Agricultural College. Edinburgh.
Geysun, A. A., & Stepchenko, L. M. (2018). The protein metabolism in pheasants when sing vermiculture in combined feed biomass. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary medicine, 6(3), 7-11.
Lemesheva, M. M. (2003). Aminokyslotne zhyvlennia pty-tsi. Suchasne ptakhivnytstvo, 12, 10-29 (in Ukrainian).
Manso, S., Nerin, C., & Go'mez-Lus, R. (2011). Antifungal activity of the essential oil of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and lauramide argine ethyl ester. Ital J Food Sci., 23(5), 151-156. URL: https://www.proquest.com/docview/1371448702.
Marshall, H. J. (1993). Animal feeding and nutrition. Keadall Hunt Publishing Company.
Mikhieiev, A. O. (2014). Roslynni olii yak protyvirusni zasoby. Medychnyi forum naukovyi zhurnal, 3(3), 144147 (in Ukrainian).
Pan, X., Wei, Z., Wang, H., Yu, L., & Liang, X. (2013). Effects of dietary tryptophan on protein metabolism and related gene expression in Yangzhou goslings under different feeding regiments. Poultry Sci., 92(12), 3196— 3204. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02953.
Sychov, M. (2014). Aminokysloty i nesuchist. Nashe ptakhivnytstvo, 6(36), 62-64 (in Ukrainian).
Tesseraud, S., Everaert, N., Boussaid-Om Ezzine, S., Collin, A., Metayer-Coustard, S., & Berri, C. (2011). Manipulating tissue metabolism by amino acids. World's Poultry Science Journal. 67(2), 382-385. DOI: 10.1017/S0043933911000274.
Tirziu, E., Nichita, I., Cumpanasoiu, C., Mot, D., Gros, R. V., Seres, M., & Muntea, M. S. (2011). Anatomopatho-logical changes induced by mycotoxins. Animal Science and Biothechnol., 44(2), 183-187. URL: http://spasb.ro/ index.php/spasb/article/view/637.
Upadhyay, R. K. (2010). Essential oils: anti-microbial, anti-helminthic, antiviral, anticancer and antiinsect properties. Journal of Applied Bioscience, 36(1), 1-22.
Wang, B., Min, Z., Yuan, J., Zhang, B., & Guo, Y. (2014). Effects of dietary tryptophan and stocking density on the performance, meat quality and metabolic status of broilers. J. Anim. Sci. Biotec, 5(1), 44-51. DOI: 10.1186%2F2049-1891-5-44.
Wu, Q., Huang, L., Liu, Z., et al. (2011). A comparison of hepatic in vitro metabolism of T-2 toxin in rats, pigs, chickens, and carp. Xenobiot., 41(10), 863-873. DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.593206.
Wormser, E. H., & Pardee, A. B. (1958). Regulation of threonine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Arch. Biochim. Biophys., 78(2), 416-432. DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(58)90367-9.
Yastrebkov, K., Dorn, V., & Kryveniuk, M. (2001). Ten-dentsii aminokyslotnoho zhyvlennia v ptakhivnytstvi. Ptakhivnytstvo, 51, 388-390 (in Ukrainian).
Yulianti D. L. The Effect of Using Natural Feed Additive on Egg Production and Quality of Mojosari Duck (Anas plathyrhynchos). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 478, 012023. DOI: 10.1088/17551315/478/1/012023.
