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Section 6. History
Khoshimov Soibjon Abdurazzakovich, candidate, of Historical Science, docent, Head the chair of "History of Uzbekistan" Andijan State University E-mail: [email protected]
ALGORITHM OF REALITY FIGHT FOR THE IDEA (FROM THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL REPRESSIONS IN UZBEKISTAN)
Abstract: the article based on the primary materials, deals with the repressive policy of the Soviet state against the outstanding personalities of national leaders in the BPSR by punitive agencies such as the Bukhara Extraordinary Commission (CC), founded in 1920, and the State Political Administration (GPU) founded in 1922.
Keywords: punitive agencies, the extraordinary commission, repression, the State Political Administration (ГПУ), «the Big terror», basmachi.
The Soviet power in establishing and strengthening its domination in Uzbekistan fully relied on punitive organs. In the ongoing military and political repressions, the main role was played by the TurkChK, the revolutionary tribunals, the Red Army, the Dictatorship Commission, the workers 'and peasants' militia, the GPU, the OGPU and the NKVD.
The absurd Stalinist idea of exacerbating the class struggle in the conditions of the construction of a new society was called upon to remove the questions that arose in the minds of the masses. It was believed that once the difficulties were growing, then the enemies of the people were intensifying subversive activities, the class struggle was becoming more acute. Anyone who did not like this "explanation" and who thought to find another, fell into the "re-education" in the camps or were physically destroyed.
In the autumn of 1920 in Bukhara the Bolsheviks established the Extraordinary Commission of Bukhara, Haji Hassan Ahromi oglu was appointed chairman of, Alimzhan Ak-churin, who represented the Center, was appointed chairman of the Extraordinary Commission [1, 7-8].
October 18, 1920 at a meeting of the Supreme the revolutionary tribunal many popular figures in the people were sentenced to death. The newspaper "Bukhoro Akhbori" on November 21 printed the names of 29 people who were repressed in Bukhara [2].
In the summer of 1922, the Extraordinary Commissioner discovered a national secret organization that was acting against Soviet power. In Bukhara, there were mass arrests of the members of the secret organization and their leaders, as well as those involved in it. To investigate the organization's activities, the government of the BNSR, including Mukhtar-zhon Saidkhanzada, Abdurahim Yusufzada, Abdurauf Fitrat [3, 90-93], formed a special commission
The dictatorship commission was another of the executive bodies of the Center in Bukhara. The main task of the Com-
mission was to establish a revolutionary order in the areas of Eastern Bukhara, as well as the elimination of armed resistance. It was authorized, without repealing the constitutional laws in the regions of Karshi, Shahrisabz and Karki, [4,114] the right to create revolutionary committees instead of executive committees [5, 236].
One of the punitive organs of the Center in Bukhara was the revolutionary military tribunal [6, 31]. On October 17, 1921, the Supreme Military Revolutionary Tribunal of the BNR was renamed into a military tribunal under the Justice of the People's Commissars, and the charter of the military tribunal was also approved [7, 7]. The documents - revolutionary tribunal. On December 1,1922, the Revolutionary Tribunal of the BNPR issued a further conviction of 34persons to 5 years in prison for complicity and participation in Basmachi [8, 97-102].
In the summer of 1922, the State Political Administration (GPU) was created in the Bukhara Republic to fight the counterrevolutionary, also armed movement against Soviet power [9, 75].
Soviet power also used the clergy in the struggle against the participants in the armed movement. On January 28-31,1924, at the Congress of the Supreme Clergy, under the pressure of the government, the resolution "On Basmachism" was adopted, which was signed by 113 representatives of the clergy. It becomes obvious that the Soviet government did not for a minute weaken the struggle against the participants of the armed movement, not only with armed, but also with political methods.
Red Army men flew a deadly cloud over Bukhara. Especially in the regions of Gamhur, Gishti, Termez, Vangose, Po-lonze and Bakhchigaz, bloody massacres were staged. Only from November 1923 to early 1925, 4,961 persons were killed from the participants of the armed movement on the territory of Bukhara, 3307 persons were arrested [10, 17-19].
The main burden of repression fell on local cadres who dared to defend the national interests of the republic. Against them, cases were initiated under far-fetched political pretexts
ALGORITHM OF REALITY FIGHT FOR THE IDEA (FROM THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL REPRESSIONS IN UZBEKISTAN)
that branded Uzbek national cadres as a "group of eighteen", "inogamovshchina", "Kasymovshchina".
In 1929, 87 members of the "Milliy Isteqlol" organization ("National Independence"), led by the famous educator Jadidim Munavvar Kary Abdurashidkhanov, were arrested. 15 people were shot in Moscow, and the rest were sent to forced labor camps. Prominent public figures Mannon Abdullayev (Ramzi), Nasyr Saidov, Mahmud Mykhodkhoev, Hasil Vasi-lov, Sabir Kadyrov were sentenced to death, which was later replaced by long prison terms [11, 7-21].
A brutal tragedy turned for the national culture of the repression in the 1930sof the XX century. From its ranks, talented figures of literature and art-Abdullah Kadiri, Chul-pan, Fitrat, Shakir Suleiman, Ziya Said, Elbek, Aizam Ayub, Usmon Nasyr, Kasym Sorokin and others were ripped out and declared "enemies of the people" and for many years the access was denied to the works of repressed poets and writers.
Deepest damage to the spiritual culture of the Uzbek people caused persecution of religion, clergy and believers. A significant part of the clergy of Uzbekistan was sent to concentration camps. The mosques and madrasahs were closed, which in their essence were not only the centers of religious ceremonies, but also centers of spiritual culture, science and education that preserved and enriched the great spiritual heritage of the people. Time has shown that repressions against religion did not lead to its withering away, but, on the contrary, strengthened its influence on the population. Moreover, the decline in the level of religious knowledge led to the spread of perverted religious trends among the population.
In the years of the "Great Terror" only 21 people were convicted in the case of the so-called "Anti-Soviet Pravotrotskist
bloc" (it was considered in 1938): NI Bukharin, AI Rykov and others. Among them, the sons of the Uzbek people -A. Ikramov, F. Khodzhaev, sentenced to be shot [12, 3-10].
In the second half of the 1930s, mass arrests began in Uzbekistan. By the spring of 1938, more than 60% of executives and economic workers had been repressed [13, 3-5].
They were accused of counter-revolutionary, anti-Soviet, sabotage-sabotage, espionage and terrorist activities. In violation of all legal norms, the prosecution was based on only one kind of evidence - the recognition of persons under investigation. Such punitive policy of the Center allowed maintaining social tension in the society directed against the slightest shades of dissent, pluralism of opinions, independence of judgments.
Inspired campaigns against the "enemies of the people" were virtually uninterrupted. The ultimate "supertask" of all this monstrous activity was the creation in society of a system, fear and formal unanimity.
Therefore, during the years of Stalin's rule, the «troikas» of the NKVD (1937-1953) of Uzbekistan, 1000000 people were arrested and 13000 of them were shot [14]. A totalitarian regime was established that trampled on the principles of humanism and democracy. Lies permeated both politics and economics, and literature and art.
The history was falsified, the statistics and results of social processes that were taking place in society were distorted, the word and deed were torn, the desired was given as valid.
August 31 is the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Repression, which is an official recognition of our state and the whole people of the need to preserve the memory of the lost compatriots.
References:
1. TSGA RUz, f 1713, op 1,- d 2, l 7-8.
2. The newspaper Bukhoro Akhbori - No. 3.- 1920. yil 29 September.
3. Maminov D. Arta va Sharyi Buchoroda Kisil armyiaga K,arshi K,uroli ^arakat (1924-1926) Tar. fan. nom. ylm. gift. olish. uchun diss.- ("Armed Movement Against the Red Army in Middle and Eastern Bukhara (1924-1926)") - T. - 2010.-P. 90-93.
4. TsGA RUz Foundation 46, op. 1, 19,- L. 114.
5. Central Statistical Administration of Uzbekistan, Fund 48, op. 1, d. 111,- p. 236.
6. TSGA RUz, Fund 47, op. 1, d. 1,- L. 31.
7. TSGA RUz, 1, d. 106,- p. 7.
8. TSGA RUz, f. 344, op.1, d.10,- L. 97-102.
9. TSGA RUz, op. 2, d.10, l.75
10. TSGA RUz, f. 344, op. 2, d.17,- P. 17-19.
11. Russian State Archive of Social and Political History. Fund 62, inventory 3, file - No. 2291.- L. 7-21.
12. Catanon of urbonlari (1938 yil February-16 September). Besinchy whale.- T: Sharq,- 2009.- P. 3-10.
13. Repression: 1937-1938 Documents and materials. V-m 1.- T .: Sharq,- 2005.- P. 3-5.
14. The newspaper "Uzbekistan ovozi",- 1991. yil, September 15.
