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19ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ НАУЧНОЙ РАБОТЫ
AGRICULTURE OF RUSSIA
Pyankova Anna Sergeyevna, Gorbunova Tatyana Petrovna, Olentsova Julia Anatolievna, Krasnoyarsk State Agricultural University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
E-mail: tutor.eng@yandex.ru СЕЛЬСКОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО РОССИИ
Пьянкова Анна Сергеевна, Горбунова Татьяна Петровна, Оленцова Юлия Анатольевна, Красноярский государственный аграрный университет, Красноярск, Россия
Abstract: The main problems of agriculture are considered in this article. Primary branches of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry. The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation consists of the branches specializing in production of agricultural production, their processing and storage.
Keywords: agriculture, animal husbandry, plant growing, main problems.
Аннотация: В данной статье рассмотрены главные проблемы сельского хозяйства. Основные отрасли сельского хозяйства — растениеводство и животноводство. Агропромышленный комплекс Российской Федерации состоит из отраслей, специализирующихся на производстве сельскохозяйственной продукции, их переработки и хранения.
Ключевые слова: сельское хозяйство, животноводство, растениеводство, основные проблемы.
Russia has always been a great agricultural country. Agricultural lands make up 219.6 million hectares. A large part of Russia lies within a climate conducive to
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agriculture. Our country cultivates different kinds of cereals (rye, oats, wheat, barley, maize, etc.), vegetables (potatoes, beets, carrots, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.), fruits (apples, pears, plums, peaches, etc.) and very many kinds of berries. Grains are one of the most important crops in Russia, occupying more than 50 percent of arable lands. The most dominant food crop cultivated across Russia is wheat. Wheat accounts for more than 70% of the total grain production in the country. The second largest cultivated crop in Russia is barley. Every years Russia produces more than 10 million tons of barley, grown over 10 million hectare of land across Russia. Production of oats, which once ranked third among Russia's grains, has declined as machines have replaced horses in farming operations. Production of fruits and vegetables increased as private farms began to expand around 1990. In the mid-1990s, the largest yields in that category were in cabbages, apples, tomatoes, and carrots.[1]
Animal husbandry is also widely spread in our country. Farmers raise horses, cows, sheep and pigs on their farms. A cattle farming gives meat and milk. Poultry farming supplies with eggs and meat. On the domestic meat market as a whole affects, to a greater extent, poultry production, since three-quarters of Russia's production of • meat and offal in 2010 was focused on the production of this product in this segment. One fifth of the meat produced in Russia was represented by pork. Beef production in Russia declining over the past 3 years. Because of low profitability and the peculiarities of the Russian state regulation, many farmers prefer to concentrate their efforts on the production of poultry and pork. Milk production is barely growing in the country, although the demand for raw materials in the dairy industry is high.
Last year was ambiguous for the Russian dairy industry. On the one hand, new perspectives emerged for domestic producers and processors in connection with the implementation of the food embargo due to retaliatory sanctions from the Russian Federation. It should be mentioned that the share of imported dairy products exceeded 30% in the domestic market, while, for example, the share of cheese was about 27% in 2013 and fell to 18% in 2014. Thus, the embargo has created favorable conditions for import substitution on the Russian dairy market. At the same time, the dairy industry is technologically advanced, capital-intensive production with a long payback period. Under the condition of the fall of ruble and the reduction of bank financing investments in the industry are falling and the level of risk is increasing. However, this deficit in the dairy market caused by severe embargo prompted refiners to move to production of products with high added value, and therefore, with a greater margin. Thus, the production of cheese as of year-end 2014 increased by 6.4%, butter - by 11.4%. The volume of production whole-milk products in terms of milk remained at the same level as in 2013, which was partly due to the increased use of substitutes of vegetable origin. [2]
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There are many big agricultural enterprises and many small private farms in Russia. They develop new crop varieties, animal breeds and highly effective machines for tillage, seeding and harvesting operations. The number of these private farms tends to increase.
Many Russian agriculture products are well known in other countries and many farms collaborate with foreign farms, use modern equipment and agricultural technologies.
The modern agriculture in Russia has many critical problems. The first problem is climate in the country. Harvest in Russia is affected by negative climate once in 2-3 years. The second problem for Russian agriculture is financing. The state support level in the country is well below than financing in European countries. The deficit of agricultural machinery it is the third problems. She is belongs to the most difficult problems. The condition of agricultural machinery in Russia is very poor and the high cost makes the rate of its replacement week and slow. And finally the 4th problem is human factor such as problems with management and knowledge. Not all managers and chiefs are aimed at efficiency. [3]
Russian agriculture is undergone the process of economical changes. It is rather • difficult to survive in the conditions of deep economic crisis, especially for individual farmers. But we hope that country-men will overcome all the difficulties of our times and our agriculture will make steady advances that will naturally mean better living standards for the Russian people.
References:
1. Joffe H., Nefedova T. Centre and Periphery in agriculture Russian regions // Problems of Forecasting. - 2001. - №2
2. Fisinin V.I., Egorov I.A., Draganov I.F., Feeding of poultry: a tutorial // M.: GEOTAR-Media, - 2011
3. Muhanova M., Zhvitiashvili A., Bessokirnaya G. The Russian village. Socio -structural processes from past to present // Moscow, - 2011
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