CC BY
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УДК 94(470.23-25)«1915»:316
V.V. Karpova, L.N. Semenova Agricultural labor squads of Petrograd students in 1915
Сельскохозяйственные трудовые дружины учащихся Петрограда в 1915 г.
This article is about one of the public charitable initiatives of The First World War period - the organizing pupils labor squads in order to help peasant families of the reserve soldiers and militias. The article reveals the features of the formation and activity of labor squads of Petrograd educational institutions' students in 1915. It also analyzes the problems, which members of squads faced with in countryside, and how these problems influenced the fecundity of the work done.
Статья рассказывает об одной из общественных благотворительных инициатив в годы Первой мировой войны - организации трудовых дружин учащихся для помощи крестьянским семьям запасных и ратников. В статье раскрываются особенности формирования и деятельности трудовых дружин учащихся общеобразовательных учреждений Петрограда в 1915 г.
Анализируются проблемы, с которыми столкнулись дружинники в деревне, их влияние на результативность выполненных работ.
Ключевые слова: Первая мировая война, трудовые дружины учащихся, благотворительность, сельскохозяйственные работы, Петроградская губерния.
Key words: The First World War, the labor squads of pupils, charity, agricultural work, Petrogradskaya province.
The First World War started in summer of 1914 had a profound impact on the Russian society. Along with causing negative and destructive consequences the war has invoked positive tendencies as well. The main of them was the willingness of various society stratums to help army and front, war victims. There was All-Russian Zemsky Union of Assistance to Sick and Wounded Soldiers established in in August, 1914. The country was on a wave of patriotic demonstrations actively supported by studying youth. The volunteering of senior schoolkids has become a commonplace [14]. The fund-raisings for the needs of war (“kruzhechnye sbory”) were held ubiquitously. They also were held in order to help families of those who was mobilized to the front, cripples, orphans, soldiers.
The First World War has given birth to the lots of public initiatives, including the initiative of help to the peasant families which have lost a wage-earner. This kind of help was implemented with the participation of
© Karpova V.V., Semenova L.N., 2015
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juveniles. In Autumn, 1914, General Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture initiated the establishment of students labor squads in the subordinated agricultural educational institutions (circular orders of 28th July, 2nd August and 9th October, 1914). Students of 79 agricultural schools from 48 provinces and regions overall were involved in charity work [22] (according to other sources, only in lower institutions 80 squads were organized, they worked in 51 provinces [10, p. 544]). At the same time there we separate guys eager to help the harvest [9, p. 4; 15].
In 1915 the movement of labor squads has covered public schools [7; 9]. The events that happened in Minsk province were general impulse to that. The movement of the labor squads in this region was strongly supported by its governor A. F. Girs. There were overall 312 people combined in 21 squads who worked in Minsk province in 1915 [24, p. 15]. The movement expanded also with the support of the Ministry of Education. On the 6th of June, 1915, it has issued a circular № 25716 which suggested the trustees of school districts to “contribute the organization of such squads in all ways” [19, p. 17 -18]. The participants of the movement were also inspired by the Emperor's gratitude which he expressed during the personal meet with the governor Girs on the 27th of June, 1915 [24, p. 30-31].
At the same time The Petrograd Parents' Association gave rise to the same movement in Petrograd. General meeting of the association held on 4th of April, 1915, included inter alia the question of summer vacation for children. The point was to organize their free time in such a way, that they “had an opportunity to benefit Homeland in the hard time of war, and were protected from runaway to the seat of war”. Members of the association concerned about the increasing number of such runaways, so they recognized the need to “explain to the youth that children's' help on the front is almost useless as long as the risk for them is high; at the same time here, in the regions that weren't touched by war they can provide peasants with a great help in agricultural works” [26, p. 45]. As a result some newspapers have published the proclamation announced the following: “Now come with your young energy to help your Homeland, take in your hands the shovel, scythe, sickle - whatever is on your forces - and alone or consolidating around the respected and experienced people (there are enough of sympathetic souls in Russia) get closer to soil and peasants and support the orphaned families.
And if this kind of work is not on your forces, take care of little peasants' children, organize nurseries in the countryside and thus you will let juveniles out of the need to nurse their brothers and sisters so they could help their mothers” [5; 11, p. 8].
This initiative was faced both with enthusiasm - by schoolers and students - and controversially - by adults. The “Kievskaya mysl'” has published the skit making fun of the situation when father-middlebrow fits
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out “his militant child Pet'ka”. Neither in the father's nor in the son's mind there was no idea of what profit can take a peasant from “townish Pet'ka”. The author doubted whether agricultural work (as well as any other routine work) could be attractive for the youngster, “when “the war” attracted him by the poetry, heroism, feats and fame” [25].
Metropolitan newspapers republished this skit, showing off their ironic attitude not to the idea of organizing labor squads itself, but to the ballyhoo raised by the conservative and “yellow” press around the idea that “gymnasium squads were represented as a panacea for solving the problem of the worker crisis in the countryside caused by the war” [28, p. 2]. The society and even some members of squads doubted that “nonspecialists, without preliminary study, without technical skills, without predial background, could be useful there; there even were fears that students will more likely spoil something than really help...” [8, p. 6]. “The arrival of students to the countryside at the time of hard work itself may not cause big hindrances, but it exactly breaks the work intension which is so valuable for peasants in such time”, - wrote a correspondent from the newspaper “Shkola i zhizn'” [6, p. 3].
First results of the labor squads' work showed that, provided enough with the organization and financial support, they were plenty perspective. Taking part in agricultural work and acquaintance with the countryside lifestyle were very significant for townee students; physical outdoor activity influenced well on the health of squads' members. The countryside has taken the monetary advantage of chargeless labor in a very short time. From the economic point of view the countryside exactly needed more workers than money [2, p. 99].
At first members of the squads faced the organization problems. The were no common rules for squads formation, no mechanisms of cooperation with the local authorities and peasants. Some provinces just dodged from taking part in the movement.
In the May of 1915 there was a Committee on Organizing the labor squads established in Petrograd. It related to the association «Narodnaya pomoshch'» and included 6 members of the Petrograd Parents' Association headed by the well-known teacher N. S. Kartsev and the specialist in the agricultural field A. N. Gipler [18]. On the 28th of May the Committee has started its work from producing the Regulation on labor squads, the squads in-house routine and the approximate estimate for their supply (the monthly cost for the supply ofa 15-members squad was set to the 300 rubles [8, p. 14]).
The head of the squad should have been assigned by the Committee from the people with agricultural experience. He was responsible for the cooperation with the local authorities and the peasants. There was also an elder chosen by the members of the squad in order to help the head. He was responsible for the in-house routine
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and the menage. The top-leading was held by the supervisor chosen from the members of the Committee. He was responsible for monitoring the conditions of living and work of the squad, transfer to the place of work, helping the members of the squads during first 1-2 days after arrival and then attending them at least 1 time a week [12, p. 90]. Each member of a squad had to have the identification document, the permission from the doctor and parents. In case of wishing to leave the squad the member needed to make written declaration to the Committee the week before leaving, explaining the reasons in there [4, p. 56].
The committee asked the General Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture and the Petrograd governor for the permission to organize squads, for appro and for financial support. The minister of Education has approved the initiative by issuing the circular mentioned above on the 6th of June, 1915. This document though ordered trustees of educational districts to search for the finances needed in local sources: in the related Zemstvo and charity funds [19, p. 18; 21, p. 438]. The Ministry of Railways has also refused to provide members of squads with free of charge railway transfer to the work place. Only in the end of July after the second appeal of the Committee the Ministry permitted to use a discount: the fourth class wagon tickets were valid for travel in the third class wagon. However there was few time to use this benefit [8, p. 13-14].
There were letters written to provinces, zemstva and local landlords in order to find out where the help of the labor squads is needed most of all. One of the Committee members, S. Lebedev, noted that they had received a single answer, it was from a landlady. She was ready to shelter the squad to get some help with her own farm and because “she was scared to live alone” [8, p. 12-13].
On the 13th of June, 1915, the trustee of the Petrograd educational district has issued the circular № 219 that proclaimed: “the duty of those who don't bear the severity and danger of the military service is to help the families of the Homeland defenders and to provide them with a subsistence” [8, p. 11]. Although the Committee was really supported only in the end of June: the governor of Petrograd gave it “the carte blanche”, which contained the information that all local authorities are welcome to assist labor squads organized by the Committee. This made possible to apply to the volost' patronage organizations, agricultural associations and cooperations with an offer of labor squads' help. This time the organizers have received 16 responses with an agreement [8, p. 13].
Obviously the strongest need for squads' help was concentrated in the remote villages “where is much more of penury and poverty” and “where is far less of charity benefits given by different county committees, county funds and patronages” [28, p. 4]. But due to the lack
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of financial support, the high cost of a horseback transfer, the problems with deliver of supply in such villages and squads' supervising organizations, the Committee had to choose the villages located close to railway stations. The loss of time was another problem. Due to this, only a little more than a half of 100 pre-enrolled students [12, p. 91] were actually sent to the villages (the rest students have gone on vacation or have found another work).
The main data about the work of labor squads in Petrograd province in 1915 are known thru the members of the Committee: S.N. Petropavlovskaya, who has presented the report about this on the Petrograd Parents' Association meeting on the 19th of September [12], S. Lebedev, who has published the article in the magazine “Russkaya shkola” [8]. Lebedev not only inspected the work of two squads, but has carried through the survey among the members of the squads (36 responses received), and also has analyzed their diaries and reminiscences. The newspapers published articles about Petrograd squads as well [13; 17; 23; 28; 29].
The first squad has been working from the 5th of July to the 14th of August, 1915, in the village Tosno, Tsarskosel'skii county. It was consisted of 14 students of a private secondary school. The school paid the piper for supplying the squad, providing the tools needed, and also provided the squad with servant.
On the 7th of April the squad consisted of 8 students from different educational organizations has gone to the village Pargolovo, Petrogradskii county. Due to the multiple requests of the local authorities this squad was increased to 19 members. As a result, there was lack of both work and tools formed, so the members of the squad had to work day through the day. The overage of a free time and the relaxing atmosphere (Pargolovo is the place for out-of-town vacation) have led to the discipline decline and pranks. This caused disfavor and this squad has completed the work earlier than others, on the 27th of July - as soon as the haying time has gone to an end. There is a remarkable fact about this squad: this was a single squad where each member paid for his supply by himself - 15 rubles per month [8, p. 14].
Only on the 15th of July the Soviet of the “Narodnaya pomoshch'” association decided to transfer 1000 rubles to the Committee. These money were intended for members' of the squads supply, thus four more squads were organized [8, p. 14]. Three of them worked in the Yamburgskii county, close to the stations of the Baltiiskaya railways (as it turned out, the peasants of this region needed help of the squads more than peasants of other regions). On the 19th of July 8 gymnasium pupils with their attendant arrived in the village Opol'e. On the 1st of August the squads started working in the villages Khotynitsy (10 people) and Syaglitsy (8 people). Both od them were mobile and permanently
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traveled between the villages of this region. These squads included also 14 members of the Pargolovo squad. On the 14th-15th of August members of the squads returned back to the city.
The last squad has been working from the 9th to the 22nd of August in the village Ruch'i, Tsarskosel'skii county. It consisted the teacher and four guys and provided with help only one family: the peasant woman with six little children.
The most of members were 15-16 years old, only 4 people were 12-13 years old [8, p. 16]. There is no authentic data about social status of the squad members, but it is known that there were children of the officials and businessmen in one of the squads that was consisted of the students from one of the Petrograd gymnasiums [28, p. 11]. There was an intension to organize a female squad but there was not enough of enrolled girls. The Committee “couldn't provide girls with good enough conditions and did not want them to face too many difficulties” [12, p. 98].
Living conditions of the squads were not the same. Thus three squads have settled in the comfortable accommodations: the cottage of a wealthy farmer (Tosno), the building of a ministry school (Pargolovo) and the house of the agricultural association (Opol'e). They also had their own servant or hired local women for cooking or cleanup. The squad in the Ruch'i lived together with the woman whom they helped, they did all everyday routine by themselves. As for the two mobile squads that worked in the Yamburgskii county, they didn't have constant accommodation and often had to stay in the cottages that “were not adapted to living at all” and kept house by themselves. The members of the moloskovitskaya squad even cooked by themselves [12, p. 92-98].
Some aspects should be taken into account assessing the results of the labor squads activity. At first, the members of the squads had no background of the agricultural work. At best they were warned about possible difficulties to face. Some of the students even had no idea of what kind of a lifestyle they gonna face and how they will spend the time. “I thought that, - confessed one of the students, - that we would work for 2 hours, then we will go for a row or go picking flowers. But it turned to be the whole day of work!..” [28, p. 5]. However S. Lebedev pointed that after some days 8 of the fourteen students worked in Tosno have proved themselves as a good mower and worked alongside with peasants, the others teded the hay and helped to make stacks. The reports of the tosno squad elder point out: “39 tithes of the meadow have been mowed, the hay gathered from the 28 tithes has been dried, 7 stacks of hay have been maken, 91 wagons of hay have been transferred from the meadow to the farmsteads, 1 tith of bush has been cleaned up for mowing, 8 sazhen's of woods and 18 logs were prepared. Moreover members of the squad have cleaned up the brushwood in the forest and did some kinds
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of a routine work” [8, p. 10]. In Pargolovo the squad has mowed the hay from the 32 tithes [12, p. 94; 13, p. 181].
In the questionnaires the squadmen marked that they've got their hand after a short time. As well as doing the works mentioned above, they also took part in a rye harvest and helped to fertilize the soil with manure. The duration of the working day was 8-12 hours, often despite the rain. One of the members of the squad noted in his diary: “Today is the holiday but we keep working, we are sick of holidays. It is harder to sleep all day long than to work all day long ...” [8, p. 21]. In Yamburgskii county and Pargolovo the teenagers used agricultural machines but often those machines were impossible to use or just useless.
Secondly, the productivity of work could be much higher if it was better organized by the local authorities. But the squads felt lack of help and support from zemstvas and local intellectuals. For example, in Pargolovo they even couldn't find the head of the volost' patronage. There was no unified directional center for distributing the workers on the provinces (let us remember that there were squads not only from schools but from agricultural educational institutions either). As a result, at fist the work of squads was often used by wealthy peasants. Later the suqadmen had to search for the destitute families by themselves and refuse to work on the fields of wealthy peasants. After such refuse they were ignored by the local authorities [12, p. 94]. There was a case when a soldier's wife used the help of two squads in different days: the local one and the one from Petrograd [28, p. 4]. Sometimes peasants even did not know about the arrival of a squad. The squadmen noted that the place of work often was far from their accommodation, so it took a lot of time to get there [8, p. 18]. They also complained of the lack of tools.
A curious situation happened with the squad sent to Tosno. The newspaper “Vechernee vremya” received the letter from a peasant from Tosno. He complained of the fact that the squadmen worked for a wealthy peasant instead of helping really destitute families. On the 11th of July the newspaper published the article under the catchy headline “The abuse of youth labor” [29]. Later the head of the labor squads Committee revealed real situation in his letter. As the squadmen had no mowing experience, that wealthy peasant gave them not only an accommodation, but also an opportunity to get new skill while working on his farm (such practice existed in other provinces, and the owner could hardly get benefit from the incompetent work of the squadmen). The refutation was published in the “Vechernee vremya” a week later [17].
Thirdly, peasants' attitude to the “city strangers” often changed very slowly. There was either distrust and consumer attitude (as long as a guy is here - he is to work for me). The members of the squads wrote: “the amaze, the disbelief and the gratitude have mixed up” [8, p. 18]. Furthermore the peasants supposed that squadmen “made a slip” and
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did not believe that they take no advantage of their work. There even was the following opinion: “There is a colony for juvenile criminals in Petrograd and the gymnasiums are exactly those criminals, but they conceal this fact. They are to work for free because of it” [28, p. 9].
The members of the squads themselves were willing to do the larger scope of works than they were ordered to. They took up very hard or nasty, dirty work (to unlade heavy agricultural machines and spread manure). The members of the squads successfully coped with all the trials, that made the peasants respect them (at least those peasants, whom they helped). One of the squadmen wrote: “At first the peasants thought that those who arrived were “white-handed”, but they changed their point of view when they saw squadmen spreading manure. They could not believe, told that even among the peasants there was almost impossible to find the man who would agree to do it” [8, p. 23].
The members of the squads noted that heaven knows who got the most from this experiment, because the work in a squad has changed each of them: “the work has reeducated us and have found out the real labor, we've got the willingness to work”; “earlier we did not know that labor has an attractive power, now we languish without work” [8, p. 2223]. Special attention was paid to “the beneficial effect, made by teachers' trust taking into account full freedom and independence”.
The great variety of labor squads types showed that northern provinces, as Petrogradskaya, need small-numbered squads (10-15 people), this could help to organize their work better. During the report of the squads' work results in 1915 the members of The Parents Association suggested to prepare future squads in advance. This could not only help to build a team, but also to give squadmen some agricultural background. The squads were supposed to work in countryside during the whole summer and in winter they were supposed to work in the city [27].
According to the estimations of the contemporaries, in the 1916th organization of labor squads in Russia turned into the global movement [8, p. 1; 20, p. 301]. There were 20 labor squads working in Petrogradskaya province, 15 of them worked on the farms, 3 - in the gardens, 2 (female) - organized nurseries and kindergartens in countryside [4, p. 60]; other sources tell us about 35 agricultural squads accounted 575 people and 13 squads that worked in the infirmary gardens of Petrograd [16, p. 6; 3, c. VII, 1-4]. The difference in numbers can be explained with not only absence of the official statistics but also with the fact that not all of the squads worked in Petrogradskaya province in 1916. Some of them were willing to help the peasants from chernozem and steppe regions because they needed help more than others; some moved to the neighbor provinces [1, p. 40, 46].
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Estimating the organization of the work process in the squads, its management and preparing of the squadmen, contemporaries noted either pros and cons. The considered the educational component to be the most important point in this movement. Thats why labor squads were likely to find support among the schools, the parents and the society. However in 1916-1917 the society focused on the financial component more because the efficiency of labor squads' activity was evident. There even was an idea to take fees from the peasants that used the help of the squads. Thus the educative and charity aspects of the squads' organization idea went to the wayside.
The short history of the labor squads in the period of The First World War approved their future potential but as “a journey to another social world” [28, p. 19]. The movement of the labor squads was filled with the deep ideological incentive motive of helping the wifes of soldiers, widows and the families of disabled. Taking part in the work of a labor squad involved the youth in the collective defense of the Homeland.
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