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13ECONOMIC SCIENCES
AGRARIAN SECTOR OF UKRAINE: GOALS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FURTHER
DEVELOPMENT
Shubravska O.
head of the department, professor Institute for Economics and Forecasting NAS of Ukraine
Moldavan L. chief researcher, professor Institute for Economics and Forecasting NAS of Ukraine
Paskhaver B.
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to determine the strategic guidelines and assess the prospects for the agricultural production development in Ukraine, taking into account the numerous problems existing there and strengthening the role of the country in the world food security. Based on the official statistical analysis, the range of the industry's problems is demonstrated. In particular, its low effectiveness (especially against developed countries), insufficient financial support (which also significantly decreased in crisis for the country years 2014-2015), structural imbalance (the crop production prevalence to the detriment of livestock development), inadequate level of workers skills for the modern needs of agricultural production modernization, the rapid natural resource potential reduction within the background of adverse climate change, etc. There is also no need to expect that abolishing the current agricultural land-sale moratorium in Ukraine will significantly improve the financial situation in the industry. However, despite all this, it was concluded with the high probability about the preserving of the high growth rates of agricultural production volumes and its export in the coming years in Ukraine (nowadays agricultural export is about 40% of the national ones). At the same time, the necessity of ensuring the effective use of all kinds of resources and national food security is emphasized. In the process of achieving these results in the Ukrainian agrarian sector, the relevant experience of developed countries, in particular, the EU should be used.
Keywords: agrarian development, personnel supply, agricultural production, financial resources, export.
Agriculture is traditionally an important component of the Ukrainian economic complex. Trends and prospects for the industry development are determined by the general national economy state, which, in turn, is largely influenced by the main agrarian indicators dynamics. The agrarian sector of Ukraine has a considerable impact on global food market development, especially its separate sectors, in particular, grain and fat-and-oil.
In this context, inevitably there is a contradiction between the resource potential of agricultural production in Ukraine, the domestic market needs and the dynamics of world food demand. This is especially relevant due to the fact that the current successful agricultural development, especially in comparison with other sectors of the Ukrainian economy, did not eliminate the number of important systemic problems. They are the structural imbalance in the industry, low effectiveness and provision of financial resources (especially compared to developed countries), land reform incompleteness [Lerman et al. 2007], insufficient level of employees' skills and the presence of significant environmental problems, etc. Moreover, all this is against the background of a high degree of domestic agrarian sector involvement to the world agri-food system, the corresponding strengthening in their interaction within the global competition increasing [Zinchuk et al. 2017]. By delaying the process of solving such problems, the gradual degradation of production, the export positions loss and even the national food security threat in the long term could be possible.
All the above determines the feasibility of the development prospects evaluating based on the available resources dynamics and the need to ensure competitive positions in the domestic and world agricultural markets. At the same time, it is obvious that in the modern world, the agricultural production development must be consistent with the principles of sustainability [Pretty 2008], to which the national agrarian systems of many countries are now directed.
Given this, it is important to substantiate the priority goals of the Ukrainian agrarian development and determine its most significant limitations. Comprehensive analysis and official statistics data generalization on the state and main trends in the resource provision field in Ukrainian agricultural production (including comparison with the developed countries indicators) allows us to make reasoned conclusions about the industry development prospects by the national and global dimensions.
The main modern agrarian development goals.
Today, the agrarian sector is the leader of the national economy in terms of profitability (24% in 2017), output growth rates (4.6% annually in 2010-2018), and shares in total export (almost 40% in 2018). However, the successes of the domestic agricultural sector cannot guarantee the maintenance of the trends stability in its growth, and even more so its efficiency. Actually, the efficiency, sustainability, inclusiveness, quality are the main modern criteria of economic development and growth. With regard to agriculture, this means that the production increase in the industry should be ensured by increasing the efficiency of all types of resources
use1 based on the innovations introduction. And such growth should be accompanied by a structural balance of production, food safety, improved environment indicators, rural infrastructure, and the like. This is a guarantee to the efficiency and agricultural production sus-tainability and this is what should serve as key guides for the further industry development.
Ukraine is a state with a shortage of water resources. This situation is worsening due to the adverse effects of climate change [USAID 2016]. The developed agricultural Ukrainian territory is more than 70%, the land plowed is almost 54% (scientifically validated level is up to 35-40%). Currently, the ecological land resources condition in Ukraine is close to the critical one. According to the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, 57.5% of the territory is eroded land (most of it is agricultural land), there is a steady trend of deterioration in the soil quality: their acidification (14%), salinization and alkalinization (4%), over compaction (about 39%), etc. About a third of Ukraine's arable land is threatened by water and wind erosion. This means that the main precondition for long-term preservation of high levels of national food security and strong export positions is compliance with environmental restrictions on agricultural production. Without this, its development in the near future cannot be carried out on an adequate scale due to the soil and water degradation and depletion.
Equally important for the Ukrainian agrarian sector is the problem of providing it with skilled personnel. The system of agrarian specialists' preparation, which was rather well developed in Soviet times, has considerably degraded over the past years. But the technical equipment of a significant part of the modern Ukrainian agricultural production is close to the world level. Therefore, in order to further protect agrarians' competitive positions in the fast-moving world, it is necessary to ensure the agrarian workers' skills level to the needs for its constant technical and technological modernization.
It is known that solving most of the above problems of the Ukrainian agrarian sector is in the plane of its financial support. In this regard, let's consider the state and prospects for replenishing the financial resources of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine.
Financial resources of agricultural production. Traditionally, the main source of financing for the Ukrainian agrarian sector development is the own funds of producers, which they receive as revenue from the products sold on the domestic and world markets [Zinych and Odening 2009].
In recent years, the industry financial condition has improved; the amount of profits has increased. The decisive factor in this rise is the revenue (net income) dynamics, the size of which determines the physical volumes of products sold and the price on it at the domestic and foreign agro-products markets.
The price parity dynamics was favorable for agricultural producers since between 2013 and 2017 prices
for agricultural products increased by 2.1 times, while prices for material and technical resources grew by 1.8 times [SSSU 2018].
The share of households' production in Ukraine (the average land size is about 2 hectares) approximately twice as much as their share in marketable agricultural products. But this category of agricultural producers is steadily taking the leading position in the domestic market of milk, wool, potatoes, vegetables and fruits. While the agrarian corporate segment (average land size is 1346 ha) provides the larger half of grain, oilseeds, and sugar beets production.
The situation on the domestic food market is caused by the "explosive" devaluation rate, which generates high inflation rates. In turn, inflation limits domestic demand and stimulates the movement of commodity masses from the domestic market to the external one. The proof of this conclusion is the Ukrainian food exports dynamics. The sharp Ukrainian national currency depreciation in 2014-2015 led to the fact that in
2016, compared to 2013, the index of physical volume of export grew by more than 37%, while the value index decreased by almost 10%, and the price index by 34%. If Ukraine fails to curb the inflationary and devaluation trend, national food production will increasingly shift from the Ukrainian consumer to the trader. In
2017, there was another decrease in the productive livestock number and, as a result, grain exports reached 67% of its gross crop.
Devaluation stimulates exports. In 2017, the volumes of agricultural products external sales and the domestic agricultural market were about the same. For comparison: in the USA, the proportion between the domestic and external agrarian markets is approximately 3:1 [ProQuest 2019]. In the case of a significant increase in household incomes, the domestic market capacity will grow at a faster pace, so this indicator can be used as an important indicator of national well-being.
The high profitability of agricultural enterprises (in 2015 - 43,0%, in 2016 - 32,7%, in 2017 - 24%) allows to consider a significant level of financial self-sufficiency of the industry. But agricultural production is characterized by high seasonality: more than 80% of the production is created in the second half of the calendar year, generating the need for credit resources.
In the initial period of Ukrainian statehood (after 1991), credit banking activity was paralyzed by hyperinflation and total loss-making. Later, a law was passed on subsidizing a percentage of the interest paid by the state budget for the use of loans by agrarians. This form of state support has gained the greatest development in 2008, when three-quarters of all loans for agriculture were preferential.
The crisis of 2009 and of 2014-2015 have considerably reduced the real credit resources of the national economy as a whole and agriculture, in particular (table 1). Thus, between 2013 and 2017, the amount of loans granted to agricultural enterprises increased nominally
1 Now the efficiency of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises is significantly lower than the corresponding indicator of developed countries. So, in 2017, gross agricultural production per
1 ha of agricultural land in Ukraine was more than twice lower than in Poland and more than four times lower than in France [WB 2017].
by 46%, but the acquisition prices of agricultural pro- that is, the purchasing power of the credit resource deduction inputs simultaneously increased by 2.3 times, creased by more than a third.
Table 1.
Credit resources of agriculture in Ukraine
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Loans balances granted to business entities by the end of the year, in bln USD
- all sectors 86.6 65.5 36.1 32.2 31.2
- agriculture 5.0 4.6 2.2 2.2 2.3
- share of agriculture, % 5.9 7.1 6.1 6.7 7.2
Interest rates on loans, %
- all sectors 15.2 16.7 21.4 16.2 14.0
- agriculture 18.0 22.0 22.0 17.0 17.8
Overdue loans in all sectors
- in bln USD 16.1 20.1 12.4 11.0
- share of overdue loans, % 18.6 30.7 34.4 34.3
Overdue loans in agriculture
- in bln USD 0.30 0.50 0.27 0.24
- share of overdue loans, % 5.9 10.9 12.3 11.1
Source: [NBU 2017].
Comparison of overdue loans at the macroeco-nomic and industrial levels indicates a high debt security of agricultural production, whose share of overdue debt is three times less than the aggregate indicator of all economical branches. This suggests to deem the based on risk differentiation of interest rates advisable (for the time being, unlike in world practice, there are no privileges in the agrosphere).
The main resource of bank credit activity is deposits. Between 2013 and 2017, deposit funds nominally (in hryvnias) increased by 26%, but due to the hryvnia devaluation, their dollar equivalent decreased by 2.7 times. Restoration of the deposit resource is a long process, so in the near future, the main source of financial revenues in the agrosphere, as noted, will be revenue in the domestic and foreign agrarian markets.
Until recently, a significant factor in the financial provision of agrarian production was state support, which was carried out in many areas. Significant influence on the financial condition of the industry was made by the funds received from agricultural enterprises as budgetary subsidies and VAT privileges. In 2007-2008 these funds accounted for more than 7% of all products value in agricultural enterprises and were almost equal to the size of their profits2. In the following years, the share of state support in the agricultural production volume and its profits decreased significantly.
Direct foreign investment in the Ukrainian
As is known, the financial resources of investment activity have their sources such as depreciation, attracted funds (foreign and domestic), profit. It is depreciation charges that take into account physical deterioration and obsolescence should be the main source of fixed assets reproduction. But for this, it is necessary for accounting to correctly reflect their original cost. Ukrainian agriculture is characterized by a significant underestimation of the fixed assets. If in 1990 the share of agriculture in the fixed assets of the national economy was 16.2%, in 2017 it was 4.3%. This underestimation of the industry fixed assets leads to an insufficient level of depreciation charges. In 1990, the agricultural enterprises of Ukraine counted 3.7 billion rubles of depreciation, which, according to then exchange rate, amounted to 6 billion US dollars. At present, the depreciation charges for the agricultural enterprises are 0.7 billion US dollars, which is much less than the reproduction needs.
A substantial investment financial resource is foreign investment in the Ukrainian economy. By the end of 2017, all accumulated foreign capital in Ukraine amounted to more than 39 billion US dollars at current prices, which was equal to three years of its own investments in the national economy. The dynamics of foreign investment is shown in the table 2. The loss of territory, military actions have significantly reduced foreign capital, in particular, in agriculture by 20%.
Table 2.
economy (at the end of the year, mln USD)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
All sectors 45,370.0 53,704.0 40,725.4 36,154.5 37,655.5 39,144.0
Agriculture, forestry and fishery - mln USD 719.5 776.9 617.0 502.2 586.2 621.9
- share in total, % 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6
Production of foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco products - mln USD 1,976.9 3,228.0 2,706.4 2,419.0 2,530.5 2,785.1
- share in total, % 4.4 6.0 6.6 6.7 6.7 7.1
Source: [SSSU 2018].
2 In the United States, state support for agriculture is about 20% of the products value [ProQuest 2019].
The small share of agriculture in foreign capital attracts attention. Such a phenomenon is characteristic not only for Ukraine. In modern developed countries, agriculture has a farmer rather than a shareholder structure, and therefore attracts relatively few foreign investments.
At the same time, a significant increase in incomes of agricultural enterprises provided a rapid increase in their own investments. Already in 2015, investments in agriculture exceeded the level of 2013, and in 2017 they doubled the level of 2013, while investment in the national economy for the four-year period increased by only 7%. This trend, if it continues, will allow agriculture to reduce the significant difference between the sectoral and the average of national economy capital-labor ratio.
One of the most promising sources of replenishing the industry financial resources and accelerating the agricultural production development is the introduction of a full-fledged land market which is noted by many experts, not only Ukrainian, but also foreign ones [Ag-roBerichten 2018]. We are less optimistic in this regard. First of all, we believe that the land sale in the current conditions, namely: in the absence of the agricultural land and its owners true register, real safeguards for increasing the land concentration and depletion, as well as process control, can bring much more problems than the benefits for most Ukrainian agrarians. In addition, there are some doubts as to the possible significant
amounts of the country's budget replenishment in this context. Let's focus on these issues.
Land capital and modern rental relationships. Ukrainian legislation recognizes the possibility of the agricultural land market (purchase and sale), the advantages of which are detailed in particular in [Deininger 2004]. However, for now the realization of this possibility is constrained by a moratorium mechanism. The Parliament of Ukraine adopted such a ban for a limited period, but it is constantly ongoing. At the same time, the second important form of agrarian land market is actively developing which is rental relationships. Modern and likely future forms of agrarian land market relations development in Ukraine actualize the problem of productive lands price determining and its annual implementation - the rental.
Now in Ukraine, rental relationships in the agrosphere are regulated by the official monetary valuation of agricultural land, according to which lease payments and land taxes are determined.
The information shown in the table 3, gives an idea of the rental relationship development in Ukrainian agricultural production for the period 2005-2017. Attention is drawn to three trends. Indexation of normative monetary valuation of land is below inflation. The rental grows much faster, and as a result, its percentage to the land valuation increased more than threefold over 12 years. But the rental percentage to the crop production value has decreased. Such dynamics is the result of high growth prices rates for crop production.
Table 3.
Land plots rental of agricultural enterprises
2005 2010 2017
Normative monetary valuation of 1 ha of agricultural land, USD 1,798 1,462 1,163
Rental per 1 ha of agricultural land, USD 21.7 34.3 51.5
Rental in % to normative land valuation 1.21 2.35 4.43
Indices of productivity increase of agricultural land, % 100.0 137.4 230.8
Gross crop production per ha of agricultural land (at current prices), USD 171 397 602
Land rental share in gross crop production, % 12.7 8.6 8.6
Source: author's calculation.
Thus, rental relationships in Ukraine transformed in a direction that would be beneficial for tenants. The question arises: what theoretically reasonable should be the proportions of profit sharing between agricultural land tenants and landlords? If economic theory recognizes the rent as a super profit, then what proportion of its profit can be considered natural?
In our opinion, in the modern Ukraine conditions, with its high agricultural land endowment, tenant rent to the lessor should be equal to 10-12% of crop production value, which, depending on the profitability level, can be 30-40% of profit. It is clear that these averaged particles can fluctuate under the influence of specialization and geography.
The official Ukrainian agricultural land monetary valuation (1.1 thousand US dollars per hectare3) is much lower than the agrarian land prices in developed countries, for several reasons. Firstly, Ukraine is a
multi-land country and the agricultural land area per capita here is more than in France twice, in Great Britain - three times, Germany - four times [FAO 2013]. Secondly, the agricultural land productivity (yield) in Ukraine is much lower than in developed countries. Thirdly, crop products prices in Ukraine are significantly lower than the world ones, which stimulates their export.
In addition, it should bear in mind that the land rental and purchase markets compete with each other. At a relatively low rental rate level, the purchase price will not be high either. But this is subject to the prohibition by national legislation of foreign investors access to these markets. Therefore, we believe that at the initial stage of the land market development in Ukraine, the average agricultural land price will not be significantly higher than its current official monetary valuation. At the same time, the further integration of
3 This estimate in 2017 provided landlords with 4.4% of the lease. The average deposit interest in Ukrainian banks during that period was significantly higher.
Ukraine into the world economic space will form a tendency for a gradual increase in the agricultural land rental prices and the purchase in dollar terms.
According to the Eastern Europe countries that have become EU members, the agricultural land market restoration leads to relatively restrained (not explosive) annual land sales and the land prices gradual increase [Eurostat 2016]. In Ukraine, it is likely that the same patterns should be expected.
However, ensuring the expected positive trends implementation as a result of the agricultural land purchase market introduction is possible only under the condition of building appropriate legislation, which convergence the mechanisms for regulating the agricultural land circulation with the EU countries and world practice [Swinnen et al. 2008]. First of all, it concerns the application of such principles: establish the right of land use for the rural population in order to preserve its employment and resettlement; land concentration prevention to ensure sustainable agricultural develop-ment4; speculation avoidance in the agricultural land market.
Agricultural staffing. The importance of agricultural staffing was mentioned above. In this regard, it should be emphasized once again that the personnel policy in the industry does not meet the needs. The agrarian education system is slowly reforming the educational processes, in particular, there is a gap between the theory of learning, agrarian science and practical skills. Critically limited funding allocated for the material and technical base development during the last decades has led to the fact that educational institutions practically do not have modern technology, equipment, laboratories necessary for the highly skilled specialists training. Large Ukrainian agrarian companies are only focused on "consumption" of professional staff trained by the state budget. At the same time, such enterprises do not have any obligations regarding farmers' financial participation in the training, as is common in world practice. The problem of land provision for research farms managed by the agricultural universities remains unresolved. During the reforms period, the land area in such institutions has decreased by three times and the tendency to decrease continues.
In such conditions, the problem of the agricultural universities graduates' employment in agricultural enterprises becomes more acute. According to various estimates 5-9% of them are involved into the agrarian sphere. The rural youth share from among the students of agrarian educational institutions decreases annually. This will inevitably lead to a reduction in the graduates number who can go to work in the countryside. The contractual training system for agriculture at the state budget with the obligatory work during the established period by profession has been canceled.
So, Ukraine needs fundamental changes in the agricultural staffing training system. Such changes should
concern, first of all, the professional organization education of chairmen and members of corporate farms and households, for which a identifying policy in the family farms status has been established using the experience of European countries.
Conclusions.
The conducted studies show a high probability of high production and export growth rates preserving in Ukrainian agriculture in the nearest years. This will preserve the status of the industry as a leading component of the national economy and sphere of development, which is very attractive for investing financial resources.
However, the current financial industry condition is not satisfactory. Thus, real credit resources have significantly decreased, state support as the VAT privileges form has been canceled, the amount of established budget subsidies and foreign direct investment are relatively small, etc. Now the production sales revenue (net income) dynamics is a decisive factor in financial resources creation of domestic agricultural producers. Therefore, the financial condition of Ukrainian agrarians will depend on the inhabitants' solvency and the dynamics of world food market prices.
Hopes for a significant expansion in the industry financing right after the abolition of the agricultural land-sale moratorium are unlikely to come true. At the same time, the market relations development in Ukraine will gradually raise prices in the agricultural land market and rental payments for them, as international experience demonstrated. At the same time, the necessary condition for the effective functioning of the land market in Ukraine is the relevant legislation construction, bringing together the mechanisms for regulating the agricultural land circulation with the EU countries and world practice. This is particular relevance for Ukraine, given the catastrophic ecological status of agricultural land and the lack of control over their use by all producer groups.
Personnel policy in the sector does not meet the present needs. In order to ensure the sustainable development in agrarian sector, Ukraine needs fundamental changes in the training system for agricultural human resources, primarily based on European countries experience.
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СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ
МАЛОГО БИЗНЕСА
Алехина Е. С.
доцент, Институт сферы обслуживания и предпринимательства (филиал) ДГТУ
г. Шахты Ростовской области, Малинина О.Ю.
доцент, Институт сферы обслуживания и предпринимательства (филиал) ДГТУ
г. Шахты Ростовской области Федоркова А.В.
доцент, Институт сферы обслуживания и предпринимательства (филиал) ДГТУ
г. Шахты Ростовской области, Запорожец М.В.
магистрант, Институт сферы обслуживания и предпринимательства (филиал) ДГТУ
кафедра «Управление и предпринимательство» г. Шахты Ростовской области
IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT IN SMALL BUSINESSES
Alekhina E.
assistant professor, Institute of the Service Sector and Entrepreneurship (branch) of the DSTU
in the city of Shakhty, Rostov Region, Malinina O.
assistant professor, Institute of the Service Sector and Entrepreneurship (branch) of the DSTU
in the city of Shakhty, Rostov Region, Fedorkova A.
assistant professor, Institute of the Service Sector and Entrepreneurship (branch) of the DSTU
in the city of Shakhty, Rostov Region, Zaporozhets V.
undergraduate, Institute of service and entrepreneurship (branch) DSTU in Shakhty, Rostov region, Department of «Management and entrepreneurship»
Аннотация
В статье раскрываются теоретические аспекты исследования эффективности работы персонала, раскрываются технологии управления персоналом в агентствах риэлтерского профиля. Изученные особенности управления персоналом в риэлтерском агентстве актуализировали рекомендации по повышению методов и способов управления кадрами.
