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0УДК 33 Owezberdiyeva A., Charyyev G., Deryayev M.
Owezberdiyeva A.
teacher of the department of Economic management in enterprises Turkmen State Architecture and Construction Institute (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Charyyev G.
student faculty of Economics and Management Turkmen State Architecture and Construction Institute (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Deryayev M.
student faculty of Economics and Management Turkmen State Architecture and Construction Institute (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
ADVANCES IN MANAGEMENT SCIENCE: ANCIENT BUSINESS PRACTICES AND NEW DIRECTIONS
Аннотация: this article provides a brief overview of the development of management science: ancient business practices and emerging areas of science. It also discusses management and organizations up to the 20th century and the differences between ancient and modern organizations.
Ключевые слова: economics, management, business economics, protections, formal, informal, legal claims, competitiveness.
For an organization to function successfully, someone has to perform managerial functions in it. Practical management emerged along with organizations, that is, at a very early age. In the 3rd millennium BC, archaeologists found
information about the commercial transactions of the ancient Sumerians - this is clear evidence that practical management was used. Archaeological research has allowed us to obtain evidence of the existence of organizations, of people joining organized groups even in ancient times.
But the management and institutions of ancient times were very different from those described today. Although management itself has existed since ancient times, its concepts as a scientific field and professional work are somewhat new. As we will discuss later, only the 20th century was recognized as an independent field of study. But first, we offer you a brief overview of the history of the organization and management.
Management and Organizations to the 20th Century. The enormous success of ancient organizations clearly testifies to the fact that they used formal management and that there were levels of management. Alexander the Great's Macedonia, Persia, and Rome occupied a vast area from Asia to Europe, and their kings and generals were unique "managers" of those entities. There were also warlords, slave overseers, governors and treasurers, and these institutions of ancient times continued to thrive thanks to their efforts.
But over the years, management has become an increasingly complex and well-defined business, and organizations have become strong and stable structures. The best example of this is the Roman Empire, which lasted for several centuries. The Roman legions, with a precise administrative structure and strict discipline, were able to easily defeat the weakly organized countries of Europe and the Middle East. The conquered territories were governed by governors subordinate to Rome. Roads were built to improve communication with Rome. Communication is a critical element of any organization's success.
In these hugely prosperous ancient organizations can be found almost all the ways of doing business that are characteristic of modern management, but the overall structure is different from that of today. For example, there were very few managers, especially middle managers. Early organizations typically had a very small core of top-level managers who made all the important decisions. It was not uncommon for
there to be only one person leading the way. If he (he was almost always a man), like Julius Caesar and Hadrian, for example, was a useful leader, then everything was fine, but when a leader like Nero came to power, life was bad for his subjects.
There are also organizations whose management has remained unchanged since those times. A clear example of this is the Roman Catholic Church. The modern army has a lot in common with the military structures of Ancient Rome.
Differences between ancient and modern organizations: Ancient organization: Few large organizations, almost no very large organizations. Managers, especially middle managers, are in short supply. The division of managerial work is imprecise and often not separate from non-managerial work. The granting of high positions in the organization, as a rule, was based on origin or was carried out by means of violence. There were few people capable of making important decisions for the organization. Special attention is given to medicine and medicine.
Modern organization: There are many large, powerful organizations, both commercial and non-commercial. There are many managers, especially middle managers. Management teams are clearly divided, management work is clearly separated from non-management work. As a rule, the assignment of senior positions in the organization is based on merit and is done through regular rotation of employees. There are many people who are capable of making important decisions for the organization. Emphasis is placed on teamwork and logic.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Law of Turkmenistan "On State Support of Small and Medium Entrepreneurs". - Ashgabat, 2009;
2. Law of Turkmenistan "On Enterprises". - Ashgabat, 2000
