CC BY
17
ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ НАУЧНОЙ РАБОТЫ
ACOUSTIC POLLUTION IN COLOMBIAN CITIES 2019
Leonardo Proaño Mena, Universidad de Caldas, Quito, Ecuador E-mail: [email protected]
Beatriz del Carmen Peralta-Duque, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
E-mail: [email protected]
Liliana María Villescas Guzmán, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The problem of noise pollution has gained importance in recent decades globally, mainly in the large cities of Colombia; at the national level, the norms formulated for coexistence and noise control remain precarious in their application and the municipal governments do not design public regulatory policies to overcome social and environmental stress in the central areas. The article is an interdisciplinary understanding of Social Design, Tics and Social Sciences. The approach is interpretive and the method is the case because it documents the experiences of citizens regarding noise pollution in 23 of the city of Manizales (unit of analysis) that reflects the phenomenon at the national level. The research was developed in three stages: contextualization, practice research and analysis stage. The instruments used were: the semi-structured interview, the survey of citizen perception, participant observation and sound mapping. Among the results are: guidelines for the design of municipal public policy, the importance of interactive sound maps that serve as an instrument of memory and citizen awareness of the problem of noise in citizen centers and the proposal to design an application digital as an interactive technological tool for controlling and monitoring noise and sound that are easy for residents to use.
Key words: noise pollution, sound environment, sound mapping, App design, noise map, social design.
This scientific and technological research article presents the results of the research entitled: "el ambiente sonoro y el ruido urbano de la zona centro de la ciudad de Manizales, 2018 " developed by Leonardo Proaño Mena to qualify for the
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
Master's degree in design and interactive creation, University of Caldas, Colombia. The research in reference developed categories of the teaching research project: Urban Social Image, public space and citizenship of the researchers Beatriz Del Carmen Peralta Duque and Liliana Maria Villescas Guzman. University of Caldas. 2017-2018.
Introduction. Methodology. Result. Final consideration. Reference's list.
Introduction
The conformation of modern cities in particular in Latin America, express a dual and fragmented condition of their formal state of law in real law to transgression (Borja, 2004), is then a condition proper to modern cities. The accelerated technological changes that have occurred in last decades, population growth, urban traffic and the overflowing growth of large cities, has brought with it multiple problems and one of them is pollution. Environmental pollution, large quantities of solid waste, pollution of rivers and seas, are highly incident factors in the deterioration of the quality of life and the right of citizens to enjoy a healthy environment. In addition, visual and hearing pollution is mainly concentrated in city centers and affects passers-by in their daily use of public space.
Thus, public space is a social construction that is presented under a double condition: sociability or conflict (Ramirez, 2007) expressing contradictory situations that characterize modern cities. It is a complex reality of contemporary society even more considering that we live in a world that tends to generalized urbanization and Colombia is no exception.
From the above, this article addresses the acoustic pollution and noise in the city of Manizales, Department of Caldas as a case study to reflect this phenomenon of acoustic pollution at the national level; as has been raised, it is indeed a collective problem that attacks the collective and individual rights of the enjoyment of soundscapes typical of the cultural memory of traditional cities, as is the locality in reference. Among the results of the research, alternatives of Social and interactive design that involve technological innovation of easy use are proposed so that citizens can exercise their rights in their condition of active agents and contribute to improve the environment of the city. The sound dimension involves us understanding that not only are cities emitting and creating sources of noises and sounds, but those who inhabit them are receivers and interpreters of these.
1. Methodology
The study in question was developed within the framework of mixed research because it combined qualitative and quantitative techniques. From the qualitative approach, - which for Sampieri and Fernandez (2014) moves between facts and interpretation - it was possible to describe, understand and interpret the phenomena, through the perceptions and meanings produced by the experiences of the study participants.
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
The quantitative approach, on the other hand, allowed the approach to objective reality, which facilitates the researcher to describe, explain, verify and predict the phenomena. The field work was oriented to acoustic measurement: noise level, sound level, using the sound recording technique. The research was developed in three stages: contextualization, research in practice and the analysis stage. The instruments used were: semi-structured interview, citizen perception survey, participant observation and sound mapping.
2. Problem
According to the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, (2016), about five million inhabitants, or almost 11% of the total population, suffer from hearing problems due to the excessive noise experienced by cities. The entity estimates that among the working population aged 25 to 50 years, the prevalence of hearing loss due to noise exposure is 14 %. This problem of noise or hearing pollution ends up breaking the natural balance of activities and cause stress by understanding noise as an undesirable sound that harms the well-being of people (Alfie and Salinas, 2017, p. 2).
On the other hand, the environmental pollution of noise in public space violates the right to public tranquility (judgment T-359/11) which inquires citizens for a public policy for the protection and guarantee of this right.
Manizales city (Manizales is the capital of the Department of Caldas, Colombia, with a population of approximately 400,000 inhabitants - DANE, 2018), according to the Ministry of Environment, Housing and territorial Development (2006), the Centre is classified as a commercial area of category C and belongs to the Sector of Noise Intermediate Restricted, the establishments in this category include: shopping centers, warehouses, facilities or premises of a commercial nature, workshops, automotive and industrial, sport and recreational centers, gyms, restaurants, bars, taverns, nightclubs, bingo halls, casinos. These spaces according to the Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development, resolution 627 of 2006, have a maximum permissible standard of noise emission levels of 70dB (decibels) in the morning and 60dB at night. Values that are below the average of 79db recorded in the noise map of Manizales made in the year 2013-2014 by the public entity Corporation Autonomy Regional de Caldas-Corpocaldas.
For the specific case of the Manizales city (capital of Caldas's Department ) despite its social representation in the national level of "quiet " city presents conditions typical of the contemporary city such as noise pollution in the downtown area meaning the absence of comprehensive public policy in the use of public space with appropriate regulations for noise regulation.
RESULTS
3. Urban soundscape
There is probably no place in the world without sounds, where absolute silence reigns. The concept of soundscape emerged in the 70's, to refer to the totality of sounds that exist in a certain place and time, and that are perceived and valued by people. Later this definition was expanded, attributing a semantic component to sound,
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
in the sense that the soundscape is more than a sound composition, since sounds have a symbolic charge, that is to say that in a given space all sounds have an interaction either intentional or accidental with a specific logic inside:
In terms of perception field, it is possible to refer to the soundscape as the space carrying sound dialogues, which constitute or make up the majority of social, cultural and ideological meanings, from which the subjects establish their identity (Cárdenas-Soler & Martínez-Chaparro, 2015, p. 131).
The ecology of the soundscape, emerged in 1987 as the science that analyzes all the sounds heard in a location, whether of biological, geological or anthropic origin (Cárdenas-Soler & Martínez-Chaparro, 2015, p. 131). For this purpose, acoustic mapping is used, that is, the survey of a sound map in a given place, in order to globally assess the exposure to noise in a given area, due to the existence of different sources of noise, or to make global predictions for said area.
Urban environments usually contain sounds with considerable spectral and temporal differences, saturated with signals that carry little or no information and which in many cases is considered an unwanted sound or noise. This sound saturation in space causes sounds to be difficult to identify due to masking thus attributing it the category of low-quality soundscape, as expressed Pulido (2015):
A soundscape is considered balanced, balanced or high-quality when all sounds can be easily recognized, as opposed to sounds that, because they are superimposed, are difficult to differentiate, which is considered an out-of-balance, unbalanced or low-quality soundscape (p. 3).
However, the soundscape depends on the relationship between the environment and the individual, since the latter is surrounded by sounds, which shape the sound identity of the subject. On the other hand, in the social context there are sound marks, which refer to sounds (with symbolic and affective value) that more faithfully describe the sociocultural qualities of a community, that make the acoustic life of each place unique, that is, that give it an imprint (Cárdenas-Soler & Martínez-Chaparro, 2015, p.132). This is the soundscape that with the help of sound mapping, can be better perceived and recognize its quality.
The idea of soundscape has been worked on from different perspectives and disciplines becoming an ambiguous concept, that is why it appears the ISO 129131:2014, (European Union) -with the aim of establishing a base that facilitates the dialogue between the different disciplines - to set an International Standard, the sound landscape, to be understood as a construction perceptual, related to a physical phenomenon.
The standard distinguishes the construction perceptual (soundscape) of the physical phenomenon (acoustic environment), and clarifies that the soundscape exists through human perception of the acoustic environment, which explains the complexity and subjectivity in the levels of measurement noise and disturbance in people, since the response to noise is complex, and the noise level is only one of the variables involved in it.
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
Different are the circumstances that can make some people perceive noise more than others, where it includes extreme ages of life and even genetic predisposition in the formation of the cochlea in the middle ear. Children, being in the age of growth and development, are the most susceptible to the harmful effects that noise produces in the body. [...] noise pollution is one of the main causes of complaints from the population in all territories (Amable, et al, 2017, p. 642).
This explains that for some people, noise may be too annoying while for others, it is not, that there is a tendency to adapt to noise due to social or cultural habituation, and that consequences such as hearing loss, health conditions, mental disorders and problems of coexistence in Colombian cities, which have not been given sufficient attention by the rulers. On the other hand, the inherent subjectivity regarding the perception of sounds, their intensity and discomfort, is part of the complexity for the treatment of the problematic.
3.1 Noise in public space
One form of degradation of public space is noise pollution that leads to exclusion. Borja, emphasizes in a concept that has been established: the "right to the City", understood as an area of citizenship is a Democratic response that integrates both the rights of citizens and the urban criteria that make possible their exercise, especially the conception of public space (Borja, 2012, p. 44).
The public space is today the space for the materialization of conflict in dual and fragmented societies; and from its proper treatment can emerge good examples of integration and coexistence (Bernal & González, 2009). It is to be considered that sound pollution requires three elements: the subject that produces and / or receives the sound, the public or private space in which it affects and the instruments with which it is executed. Indisputably, noise pollution affects the public space, the citizens who use it and who are in their right to enjoy a healthy sound environment.
The public spaces we frequent for leisure, sports, recreation and daily displacement raise important aspects in the relationship physical space-social space, in which mediate reasons and logics of both intrapersonal and socio-cultural and physical-environmental (Cardona, 2008 p. 39).
Noise pollution can generate a fear of public space and the citizen may feel that "it is not a protective or protected space" (Borja, 2012) consequently, noise drives away the citizen and prevents the full enjoyment of public space. Therefore, it is the duty of the administrations (municipal or district) the recovery of public space and the control of noise.
3.2 Noise pollution
Now a day, noise is one of the main sources of pollution in large cities. However, despite being a form of pollution harmful to health, noise pollution is a phenomenon little studied in the city-environment relationship, and few cities have initiated campaigns or public policies, to reduce and alleviate the effects caused by noise. (Alfie & Salinas, 2017). Thus, in today's world with the accelerated technological changes that have occurred in recent decades, population growth, urban traffic and the overflowing growth of large cities, has brought with it multiple
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
problems and one of them is pollution.
4. System of emerging categories and emerging subcategories-semantic networks
The qualitative information that is then exposed was processed through the Atlas computer program.it. The collection of information is obtained with the instruments of direct observation, perception survey groups and in-depth interviews. Data are recorded, information is systematized and six (6) semantic networks emerge as a result: 1. Source, 2. sound environments, 3. fundamental and collective rights, 4. Sound sources 5. quality of life in public spaces and 6. Design and social commitment.
Chart 1
System of categories and emerging subcategories
Emerging Categories Emerging subcategories
1. Source Noise zones Urban noise Business Practices Bars and canteens Vehicular flow High volume music Seller's cry
2. Sound Environment Sounds of the place Public Space Sounds of memory: cultural heritage, nature, art and culture
3. Fundamental and collective rights Law enforcement Penalty Public Policy Knowledge of the law
4. Sound Source Annoying sounds: scream, sound equipment, cars. Pleasant Sounds Adaptation to noise
5. Quality of life in public spaces Needs of the Centre Scenarios of tranquility Image of the city Conflicting Relationships Health conditions
6. Design and social commitment Communication needs Fear Motivation Appropriation of space Using Tics: Digital App
Source: own production, 2019.
»
45
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
4.1 Semantic network No. 1: Source
Borja (2012), emphasizes in a concept that has been established: the "right to the City", understood as an area of citizenship is a Democratic response that integrates both the rights of citizens and the urbanistic criteria that make possible their exercise, especially the conception of public space. The public space is today the space for the materialization of conflict in dual and fragmented societies; and from its proper treatment can emerge good examples of integration and coexistence (Bernal & González, 2009).
The source that the studio identifies in the city of Manizales comes fundamentally from the vehicular flow, high-volume music and the cry of the seller. In this network of broadcasting source, the voices of the inhabitants and passers-by emerge:
(1:51) - Because you do not know how to handle the poetics or aesthetics of a day without a car.
(1:64) - People are crying out for selling, for surviving on trade.
(1:62) - The intentionality that the center of Manizales has is pure Rough Trade.
(1:113) - the speaker if it bothers me because it becomes very popular and this attracts many thieves.
The citizens demand from the municipal administration policies of use of public space and real application of noise control policies. However, the urban area of Manizales prevails noise pollution and the inhabitant or passers-by feel that "it is not a protective or protected space" (Borja, 2012). Therefore, it is the duty of the administrations (municipal or district) the recovery of public space and consequently the vindication of poetics, aesthetics for coexistence and good community living.
It is important to note that social actors do not respond in a passive way to the conditions of the sound environment, but that these responses are mediated by a series of non-acoustic variables related to the situation and context where noise is perceived (Barrio, 2000). This can trigger that for those who are impacted by this type of noise are more likely to naturalize it, and within their imagination transform it into a sound element that corresponds and represents that particular place.
4.2 Semantic Network No. 2: Sound Environment
In this semantic network (No. 2) sound environment, the prevailing subcategories refer to the public space where the sounds of the place or sounds of memory are resigned (Cultural Heritage, the natural, art and cultural). A center where there are quiet scenarios to "chat", cultural cafes that in the past was typical of the Calle De La Esponsión or carrera 23. The inhabitants and passers-by claim that the local government, count this abrupt public space with interventions that rescue the cultural and architectural heritage:
(1:11) - public space is rough and the other thing is that there is no public space
(1: 46) - is that the 23 should be pedestrian because there are too many people and too many cars and you have to give priority to people.
(1:18) - already the cultural manifestations are almost not seen, previously the groups met to talk about politics and other things, that is already practically lost.
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
(1:14) - then nature is gone, nature is the most pleasant, that mentally healthy part of us is gone to feel completely content with space.
Certainly, the city space or urban space, rather than an isolated physical-material manifestation, is above all a social expression: "space is a material product in relation to other material products-including people - that participate in historically determined social relations and that assign space a form, a function and a social meaning" (Castells, 1997, cited by Cardona, 2008 P.40). The fact that "the cities in which we live are a mirror of the society we have" (Bernal & González, 2009 p. 41), explains the existing problems in citizen coexistence and tensions in the use of public space: one of them is derived from noise pollution.
4.3 Semantic Network No. 3: fundamental and collective rights
Jordi Borja, for his part, has another position. In the book, "The city conquered" (2004), raises the need to overcome the vision that is negative or pessimistic about the city is characterized by the accumulation of social problems, aggression, or fear, and suggests the urgency of making a city understood as the affirmation of a new active citizenship, with specific rights, which by the reappropriation of public space and set the foundations for a new form of urban life.
In the present semantic network (No. 3), fundamental and collective rights categories arise from the voices of social actors: law enforcement, sanction, public policy and knowledge of the law:
(1:3) - here is the weight of the law, here is not the legislative spirit, but the weight of the law.
(1: 4) - the law has always ended things and what it produces is the lack of coexistence, otherness and recognition of the person.
(1:12) - I go is for pedagogy because first there is the culture of the weight of the law and precisely the police code speaks of coexistence.
(1:8) - just the only thing it produces is a fine or a bribery for the policeman and things like that. But it is not the solution.
(1:22) - even the municipal government thinks it is very good, it makes the road pedestrian and it turns out that it is more abrupt because it becomes chaos.
The above is understood because the Municipal Administration of Manizales and, as has been expressed before, does not have local public policies of public space and the way to control it, is only punitive in nature. The lack of productive plans and projects contributes to the proliferation of street sales making this urban space precarious with all its environmental connotations and coexistence. In this sense, the Constitution of Colombia of 1991, as part of its constitutional guarantees in Chapter 3, Article 79 says:
Everyone has the right to a healthy environment. The law shall ensure the participation of the community in decisions that may affect it. It is the duty of the state to protect the diversity and integrity of the environment, preserve areas of special ecological importance and promote education for the achievement of these purposes (Const., 1991).
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
4.4 Semantic Network No. 4: Sound Sources
"The city is first and foremost the public space, the public space is the city. It is both a condition and an expression of citizenship, of citizens ' rights. The crisis of public space is manifested in its absence or abandonment or in its degradation, in its privatization or in its tendency to exclusion" (Borja, 2012, P. 38). One form of degradation of public space is noise pollution that leads to exclusion.
From the above, the semantic network under discussion of sound sources, delivers as emerging subcategories: annoying sounds: scream, sound equipment, cars. Pleasant sounds and adaptation to noise.
(1:67) - No, it doesn't seem to me, the noise is normal from the city and the
center.
(1:68) - I'm getting used to it, it's an everyday sound and I'm focused on my
own.
(1:47) - The problem with this city center is that there is shouting to be heard.
(1:54) - Wherever you go there are noises, even the neighbors themselves put the equipment to bother people with the sound.
The adaptation to noise, it is one of the phenomena that can be seen between the citizens, and is configured as a part of your everyday life, as indicated by Dominguez Ruiz (2014) habituation is a process that is considered almost as a biological response of adaptation to an environment that is foreign or potentially dangerous to the individual. However, it is undeniable that urban, suburban, rural and even natural areas have become, by human intervention, unpleasant soundscapes, inhospitable, due to the amount and volume of noises generated. The uncontrolled development and growth of cities, leads to an excessive increase in noise produced by multiple sources emitted during daily activities generating noise pollution, with serious repercussions on the health and quality of life of people. "Sonic pollution is one of the big problems in modern society on a global scale. The recognition of noise as a health hazard is recent and its effects have become considered an increasingly important health problem" (Amable, et al, 2017, p. 641).
The above is understood because the Municipal Administration of Manizales and, as has been expressed before, does not have local public policies of public space and the way to control it, is only of a punitive nature. The lack of productive plans and projects contributes to the proliferation of street sales making this urban space precarious with all its environmental connotations and coexistence. Thus, the involvement of local government entities in participatory environmental monitoring can help improve project design, implementation and use of the data obtained in decision-making (Rachel, 2016, p.46). In this sense, the Constitution of Colombia of 1991, as part of its constitutional guarantees, establishes in Chapter 3, Article 79:
Everyone has the right to a healthy environment. The law shall ensure the participation of the community in decisions that may affect it. It is the duty of the state to protect the diversity and integrity of the environment, to preserve areas of special ecological importance and to promote education for the achievement of these purposes (Const., 1991).
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
4.5 Semantic Network No. 5: quality of life in public spaces
Manizales, due to its geographical location and its natural wealth is recognized for its forests, great variety of birds and close to the Nevado del Ruiz where its Hot Springs attract international tourism configuring a "green and cultural urban landscape" in a unique way. The sounds typical of this environment imprint the character of a quiet and friendly city for the inhabitants. Its status as a university city makes Manizales a cultural city.
The emerging subcategories of this semantic network are: needs in the center, scenarios of tranquility and image of the city, which respond to the emergence of new action plans in the city for a panificada intervention with social actors and legitimize that image of a quiet city and with the best quality of life in Colombia.
(1:10) - being a historic center the perception of every citizen is that it requires tranquility.
(1:18) - We are a very beautiful city and if we start from there it would be a more cultural city.
(1:19) - calm is necessary to be able to live more calmly, a healthier environment.
(1:119) - calm is necessary in order to live more calmly, in a healthier environment.
Citizen and government intervention is therefore needed to recover the scenarios of coexistence and encounter that allow recreating the memory of the inhabitants ' childhood from the soundscape of the city of Manizales, today. Auge (1993) argues that in each new space new relationships are woven and new meanings are configured through the relationships of the people who constitute that space.
4.6 Semantic Network No. 6: design and social commitment
The emerging subcategories of this semantic network are: the communication needs, fears, motivations, appropriation of space and the use of TICS (App digital) constitute a strategy for addressing the problem of noise pollution that compromise of the local administration and based on a holistic view and interdisciplinary, involving the design of public policy considering dimension of urban planning more human (peatonalizar career 23), design social, interactive design, among others. They express the social actors who:
(1:181) - I think the 23rd should be pedestrian because people and Commerce respond, look that the cart does not buy.
(1:170) - you have to take advantage of the technology that is now super advanced and you can take advantage of many means to make people aware.
Therefore, it is relevant to look for alternatives from other perspectives such as design, which link public-private institutions, academia and professionals from different areas, as well as citizens in general. The issue is currently being approached from other paradigms such as social design, with novel proposals that are expected to have an impact on society and contribute to generating significant change in it. To do this, you first need to change the idea about the user's role through training programs, which include active participation; awareness of the consequences of noise pollution
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
and the solutions that arise in consultation with the different public and private entities interested in the problem (Manzoni 2006).
5. Strategy
5.1 About public policies
It is essential to ratify in an institutional, governmental, collective and individual way, the importance of noise as a form of pollution, and from this to advance in a more effective way in the attention to the problems derived from noise pollution in Colombian cities with actions such as (Orozco & González 2015):
Monitor compliance with action plans, once compliance with minimum levels is required in critical areas.
Require critical sectors to comply within the scope of their competence in which it makes, for example, partial urban development plans and POT, the construction of houses and buildings with acoustic materials, road network and public transport efficient and environmentally sound.
Considering acoustic quality in cities as a priority issue, to which resources are allocated and given an equally important scheme than other forms of environmental pollution, will lead to a healthier acoustic environment and a more supportive society.
5.2 About Digital App
Design a cultural agenda App, which allows to motivate the consumption of these activities in the city. This application should be able to compile all the information of cultural events of public and private institutions, as well as collectives and independent groups. In addition to being free to use so it will have a second objective, which is to run a real-time noise measurement of the places through which the user travels, of course this option will be considered by the user and can be activated or deactivated at any time that the user wishes.
When the user installs the application for the first time a screen will appear in which he will ask the user if he wants to help monitor noise in the city (this will not require the user to do anything extra in his daily activities, he just has to accept and the App will do the rest). This option can be turned on or off later and information on the use of noise measurement will also be available.
For this it is planned to use the technological resources that smartphones have integrated. As a first input, it is planned to use the microphone of the phone which will be linked to a decibel meter of the application that in turn will be running in the background without affecting the use of the phone or the application. This decibel measurement will be accompanied by the geo-location system of the phones, which will help to make a real-time noise map, identify noise zones and generate a database that helps the control action and decision-making of the authorities.
The noise control option of the application must be connected to the National Police system, where the police can view the noise map, establish constants and peaks of noise and in this way know which part of the city to pay more attention to with their units. In addition, the generation of all this information will serve to make urban and planning analyses, it may also be an indicator to consider in the public agenda of the authorities.
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
It has also been considered that the application must transcend the functionalism of it and contribute to generate greater citizen awareness about the noise pollution that lives the city.
Conclusions
The sound dimension and the issue of environmental noise has been widely addressed by researchers and governments, among which are studies conducted by the who, which has a strong act in terms of studies and awareness campaigns in conjunction with European governments, through public policy and make efforts to provide a healthy environment for its inhabitants to have a full development of their activities. In our country, strategies to reduce urban noise pollution are not yet established, except for precarious punitive measures that have not shown their effectiveness against the problem so far.
However, maintaining a discourse on sound and noise, and addressing it from an integral perspective, is complex, requiring the rapporteur to opt for a position that is consistent according to a particular social group. The conceptual difference between the two terms may in principle be linked to a perceptual phenomenon and as such may come into conflict of interest. From the public administrations, the predominant speech is sound as noise as a problem of health condition, a position that makes sense if we consider the indices of people with problems, among others, noise discomfort, stress, anxiety, headaches and hearing loss.
Some authors make the exercise of addressing the sonic dimension of cities from a wider look and inquire in the way in which the urban sounds knit relationships with their environment, where understanding these dynamics requires not only a strong commitment of the researcher, but the ability to have a look more sensitive and holistic approach to the problems faced by modern societies, since the way that the city sound, as well as the reality of the sound environment is dependent on a complex web of social factors, cultural and experiential of those who inhabit and transit through the city.
Currently, Colombia has two resolutions and a whole article of the police code dedicated to noise and coexistence. However, the solution to this problem seems to be still far away, and the lack of political will and the inability of current governments to enforce existing laws, as well as protect and ensure the rights of the inhabitants, are evident. Likewise, we perceive a disarticulation between the actions carried out by the government, the academy and Society, Three edges of the social network that are the engine that leads to a good life.
The effects of noise on people require further study in a systematic way and the results must be socialized to advance awareness, and thus minimize risk behaviors precursors of damage from exposure to high levels of noise pollution in Colombian cities, (Orozco & Gonzales 2015). The dissemination of the effects of noise requires a scheme of dissemination at the scientific and community level, in order to create greater awareness and influence personal and collective sensitivity about the harms of noise and its effects.
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
References:
1. Alfie Cohen, M., & Salinas Castillo, O. Ruido en la ciudad. Contaminación auditiva y ciudad caminable. Estudios demográficos y urbanos, 2017. - 32 (1), 65-96.
2. Amable, I, et al. / Rivera, S. P. 1-3, / Cárdenas-Soler, R.N., 2007-2008. - 643644.
3. Barrio I.L. Medio ambiente sonoro y su valoración subjetiva. Física y sociedad, 2004.11, 12 p.
4. Bernal, M. y Mensa González, A. Algunas reflexiones sobre ciudad, espacio público y ciudadanía. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. En Provincia N° 22, julio-diciembre 2009.
5. Borja, J. La Ciudad Conquistada. EURE, vol. XXX, núm. 90, septiembre, 2004, pp. 124-126. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile, 2000.
6. Borja, J. Espacio público y derecho a la ciudad. Expresión de Richard Ingersoll en "Tres tesis sobre la ciudad", Revista de Occidente n° 185, 1996. Barcelona, 2012.
7. Cardona, B. Espacios de ciudad y estilos de vida. El espacio público y sus apropiaciones. Revista Educación física y deporte, Funámbulos Editores. Universidad de Antioquia, 2008. - 27-2, 39 p.
8. Cárdenas-Soler, R.N., & Martínez-Chaparro, D. El paisaje sonoro, una aproximación teórica desde la semiótica. Rev. Investig. Desarro. Innov, 2015. - 5 (2), 129-140.
9. Constitución política de Colombia / Santafé de Bogotá, Ediciones J.R. Bernal,
1991
10. Corporación Autónoma Regional de Caldas - CORPOCALDAS (2013) // Medición del Ruido Ambiental en la Ciudad de Manizales. Recuperado en: http:// www.corpocaldas.gov.co/publicaciones/543/Medicion%20Ruido%20Ambientl% 20Manizales%20-%20Parte%201
11. Corporación Autónoma Regional de Caldas - CORPOCALDAS (2014) // Medición del Ruido Ambiental en la Ciudad de Manizales. Recuperado en: http:// www.corpocaldas.gov.co/publicaciones/543/Medicion%20Ruido%20Ambiental% 20Manizales%20-%20Parte%202
12. Corte Constitucional Derecho a la tranquilidad // Sala Cuarta de Revisión de la 20119. expediente T-2.815.439. Bogotá, D.C., 2014.
13. DANE (2018). Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018. - URL: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/ censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018/donde-estamos
14. Domínguez Ruiz, A. L. M. Vivir con ruido en la Ciudad de México. El proceso de adaptación a los entornos acústicamente hostiles. Estudios demográficos y urbanos, 2014. - 29 (1).
15. Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. Metodología de la investigación. Sexta Edición. Editorial Mc Graw Hill. México. 2014. Hernández, R. Metodología de la Investigación. 6a Edición, Mc Graw Hill, México, 2014.
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
16. ISO 12913-1:2014. Acoustics - Soundscape - Part 1. Definition and conceptual framework. Recuperado en. - URL: https://www.iso.org/ standard/52161.html
17. Manzini, E. Design, ethics and sustainability // Yrjo Sotamaa Cumulus President, 2006. - 9 c.
18. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Colombia (2016). 5 millones de colombianos tienen problemas de audición // Boletín de Prensa No 033 de 2016. 03/03/2016. Recuperado de: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/5-millones-de-colombianos-tienen-problemas-de-audicion.aspx
19. Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial.// Por la cual se establece la norma nacional de emisión de ruido y ruido ambiental. Resolución N° 627. Colombia. 07 de abril de 2006.
20. Mulbry, Rachel.// Datos Ambientales de Impacto: El Rol del Gobierno Local en el Monitoreo Ambiental Comunitario. Letras Verdes. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Socio ambientales, n. ° 20 (octubre), 44-67. 2006. -URL: https://doi.org/10.17141/letrasverdes.20.2016.2195
21. OMS. Escuchar sin riesgos. Marzo 3, 2015. Available at: http:// www.who.int/topics/deafness/safe-listening/es/
22. Orozco Africano, J. M. Evaluación de la aplicación de políticas públicas de salud en la ciudad de Cartagena. 2006. - Recuperado de: http://www.eumed.net/libros-gratis/2006c/199/index.htm
23. Pulido R.C. La ecología del paisaje sonoro de la ciudad: un aporte a la sostenibilidad urbana. Dearq. Revista de Arquitectura, 2015. - 16, 90-103.
24. Ramírez, P. La ciudad, espacio de construcción de ciudadanía. Revista Enfoques, No. 7. Segundo semestre 2007.
25. Sáenz Cosculluela, I. Conferencia inaugural del I Congreso Nacional contra el Ruido: ruido, salud y convivencia, Peacram, Plataforma Estatal contra el Ruido, Zaragoza, España, 2004.
26. Schafer, R.M. Le paysage sonore / París, JCLattés, 1979.
