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Труды Карельского научного центра РАН № 2. Петрозаводск, 2009. С. 91-102
УДК502.1(1-751.2) (1-924.14/.16)
ACHIEVEMENTS OF FINNISH-RUSSIAN RESEARCH COOPERATION IN FRIENDSHIP PARK RESEARCH CENTRE
R. Heikkila1, T. Lindholm2
1Finnish Environment Institute, Research Programme for Biodiversity, 2Finnish Environment Institute, Nature Unit
The basis for Finnish-Russian nature conservation research cooperation in the framework of Friendship Nature Reserve is shortly described. The most important achievements of the research especially on the Finnish side are introduced giving information about the most important projects and publications. The activities of the research and its applications have developed from inventories to high level academic research. The Friendship Park research framework has also given opportunity to prepare several master theses and doctoral dissertations. Also, the results have been popularised to be used in schools, ecotourism and decision making. The activities have increased the mutual understanding of Finnish and Russian scientists and nature specialists. Visits of scientists and excursions have increased the understanding of boreal nature widely internationally.
Key words: Nature conservation, conservation research, Finnish-Russian cooperation, publications, Friendship Park, Fennoscandian green belt .
Р. Хейккиля, Т. Линдхольм. ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ ФИ НЛЯНДСКО-РОССИЙСКОГО НАУЧНО-ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА НА БАЗЕ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКОГО ЦЕНТРА ПАРКА «ДРУЖБА»
Дано краткое описание основ финляндско-российского сотрудничества в области природоохранных исследований в рамках природного парка «Дружба». Представлена информация об основных проектах и публикациях, отражающих важнейшие результаты этих исследований, в особенности на финляндской стороне. Исследовательская деятельность и применение ее результатов прошли путь от инвентаризации объектов до академических исследований высокого уровня. Кроме того, научная структура парка «Дружба» позволила подготовить несколько магистерских и кандидатских диссертаций. Результаты исследований были переработаны в популярную форму для использования в школах, в экологическом туризме и управленческой деятельности. Проведенная работа повысила взаимопонимание между финляндскими и российскими учеными и специалистами в области природы. Посещения территории учеными и экскурсии позволили достичь более глубокого понимания бореальной природы в мире в целом.
Ключевые слова: охрана природы, природоохранные исследования, финляндско-российское сотрудничество, публикации, парк «Дружба», Зеленый пояс Фенноскандии.
Introduction
The nature reserve Friendship was established in 1990 on the basis of an agreement signed by the presidents of Finland and the Soviet Union, Mauno Koivisto and Mihail Gorbachew in 1989. The aim of the agreement was to promote Finnish-Russian cooperation in nature conservation, and especially nature conservation research.
Basically, the nature on different sides of the border is all the same. The area belongs to the Fennoscandian Archaean bedrock area with gently undulating terrain formed by several glaciations during the last two million years. The boundary has been in the same place since 1595, and due to different land use history, the human impact on the nature has been very different during the centuries. Nowadays the intact nature on the Finnish side is very fragmented due to intensive forest logging and mire ditching. On the Russian side there are still very large more or less intact forests, mires and lakes, but on the other hand also large scale industry and large clear cut areas in the forests. The nature reserve Friendship offers a globally unique and extremely interesting field for research of biodiversity and human impact on it. It is also an important part of the Fennoscandian Green Belt concept.
The nature reserve consists of six different parts in Russia and in Finland. Kostamus state nature reserve (zapovednik) on the Russian side is strictly protected and reserved mainly for ecological research. It was established in 1983, and it covers 47 500 hectares including the large Lake Kiitehenjarvi, numerous smaller lakes, pristine forests, small aapamires and bogs. The reserve was opened for guided tourist excursions along 8 routes in 1995, and recently also ecological education is one task of the reserve in addition to scientific research.
On the Finnish territory there are five nature reserves, which together form Friendship Park. Ulvinsalo strict nature reserve was established in 1956 covering 2500 hectares. In the 1990s it was extended up to 3000 hectares in connection with the old forest conservation programme. In Ulvinsalo there is a mosaic of pristine forests, small aapamires and small watercourses. It is reserved for ecological research and closed for the public. Elimyssalo nature reserve (established in 1990) is the largest protected area in Kainuu province, covering after recent extensions about 8000 hectares. There are old-growth forests, a large diversity of small mires, numerous small lakes and natural streams. Iso Palonen - Maariansarkat nature reserve (4000 ha) was also established in 1990. It consists of pine forests on eskers and oligotrophic lakes with very clear water. Lentua nature reserve (5100 ha), established in 1990, contains a part of the largest unregulated lake
in Kainuu province, and some islands with pine forests. Juortanansalo mire reserve (established in 1988) covers about 3000 hectares of relatively large aapamires and pristine forests on mineral soil islands. Thus, Friendship Park covers altogether 23 000 hectares in Kuhmo and Suomussalmi towns.
Results
In this article we concentrate on Finnish-Russian nature conservation research cooperation in the framework of Friendship Nature Reserve cooperation in such a manner that we deal with cross-border cooperation, and national and international activities connected with it mainly on the Finnish side. We mostly pay attention to the achievements on the Finnish side of the border, and hopefully our colleagues from Kostamus and Petrozavodsk would in the future write about the achievements on the Russian side (see list of publications in the Appendix).
Research cooperation and projects
Kostamus zapovednik was established already in 1983, and scientific research had been conducted for several years before the start of cooperation. On the Finnish side only scattered studies by researchers from the universities of Oulu and Helsinki had been done. Finnish and Russian scientists conducted also joint works about wild forest reindeer.
The continuous research cooperation was started in 1990, guided from the Finnish Environment Institute, but Friendship Park Research Centre was established only in 1993, when the building was constructed near the centre of the town of Kuhmo. At the moment, the staff of Friendship Park Research Centre in Kuhmo consists of 7 persons with permanent contracts, a few project researchers and approximately
10 assisting persons with temporary contracts with funding mainly from employment authorities. In Kostamus nature reserve there have lately been 3 researchers but no research assistants.
After the establishment of the joint Finnish-Russian Nature Reserve Friendship, the first meeting on the practical arrangements of Finnish-Russian research cooperation was held in July 1990 in Akonlahti in Kostamus nature reserve. Joint works and exchange of scientists started in the form of joint field works on bird fauna, mire ecosystems, coleopterans and small mammals during the same year.
Friendship Park Research Centre coordinates the cooperation on the Finnish side under the guidance of Finnish Environment Institute, and promotes the exchange of information across the border. The cooperation acts as a «gate between the
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east and the west» also more widely internationally. The research of the factors influencing biodiversity in Friendship Nature Reserve helps to understand the matter in whole East Fennoscandia and thus promotes the evaluation of nature reserve network in Finland and Northwest Russia, and supports the development of methods in forestry. Thus it gives a possibility to protect and utilize the boreal coniferous forests in a sustainable way. The ecological sustainability ensures the success of forestry products in international market. The research also promotes nature tourism, multiple use of forests, and helps to understand nontimber values of forests, including also cultural and historical values.
Due to different methods and paradigms in Finnish and Russian traditions of research, and some linguistic problems, a lot of work was needed in the beginning to learn to know each other, the ways of work, and make friends. The close cooperation, sometimes in difficult conditions during joint expeditions, has made the partners of research to feel real friendship according to the name of the reserve. Mutual understanding on the personal level has been a very positive feature in this cooperation, and it has also greatly improved the scientific cooperation.
Since the first symposium on the Finnish-Russian research cooperation in the framework of the Nature Reserve Friendship in 1994, a lot has happened. The research both in Finland and in Russia has turned more and more from basic inventories to analytical research on the functioning of ecosystems from regional to local scale. Special attention has been paid to the fragmentation of old-growth forests and the problems of threatened species. In 1997, a large project on conservation biology of old-growth forests was started together with Helsinki, Turku and Oulu universities in the Finnish Academy biodiversity programme (FIBRE) and funding from the Finnish Ministry of the Environment. The goal was to produce information and practical tools for the regional planning of the utilization of forests.
An important task has been compiling data to promote the ideas about forming a «Green belt» along the Finnish-Russian border. Large projects have been conducted with funding from the ministries of the environment and natural resources as well as from EU TACIS and LIFE foundations. There have been also large projects with EU Interreg funding to study the influence of the large wilderness areas on the Russian side on the animal populations in the fragmented network of small reserves on the Finnish side, to produce popular information about the nature on the basis of the research cooperation, and the impacts of
Kostamus mining plant on man and nature. The studies nowadays also aim at showing alternative economic possibilities to compensate the losses in forestry caused by the establishment of new large nature reserves.
Finnish-Russian cooperation has mainly been fruitful, and it has expanded quickly. In the beginning, cooperation partners were Kostamus nature reserve and Karelian Research Centre from Petrozavodsk. In the late 1990s and early 2000s also institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk as well as universities from Moscow, Petrozavodsk, St. Petersburg, Tula and Vologda have joined the cooperation. Cooperation with Russian partners has emphasized the biodiversity of mires and forests, geology, soil science and Holocene development of nature. Friendship Park Research Centre has also together with Finnish and Russian partners taken part in the evaluation and development of the nature reserve network in NW Russia, coordinated by the Finnish Environment Institute.
The most important projects in Friendship Park Research Centre for Finnish-Russian cooperation have been:
Inventories to promote Kalevala National Park and extension of Kostamus Nature Reserve (EU LIFE, 1998-1999) and three EU Interreg projects
• Impact of Russian Karelian forests on animal populations in the old-growth forests of Kainuu region (2001-2004)
• Enchanted by Nature - getting familiar with the boundary region nature (2005-2007)
• The influence of Kostamus mining plant on human environment in the boundary region (2007)
Nationally, the most important project has dealt with the ecological sustainability of old-growth forest conservation in northern Finland (1997-2001). It was funded by the Ministry of the Environment. In addition, there have been numerous smaller projects funded by the Ministry of the Environment and Metsahallitus (Forest and Park Service of Finland) natural heritage services in 1990-2008. The Ministry of the Environment has also funded the exchange of scientists in Finnish-Russian cooperation annually.
Seminars, workshops and symposia
Gradually it has become possible to put together the materials collected on different sides of the border. In 1994, the first Finnish-Russian seminar on the results of the research was arranged in Kuhmo. The presentations were compiled in the form of a publication in English, containing 364 pages, mostly articles about the biodiversity of flora and fauna in the territory.
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In October 2000, the 10 years anniversary symposium of the nature reserve Friendship was organized in Kuhmo and Kostamus jointly by the research centre of Friendship Park, Kostamus Nature Reserve and Metsahallitus. 140 participants from 8 countries gave altogether 65 oral presentations and presented 35 posters. The proceedings, containing 326 pages were published in August 2003.
In addition to the actual Friendship Nature Reserve symposia, Friendship Park Research Centre has also taken part in the arrangements of an International Mire Conservation Group workshop in Kuhmo in 1997 (35 participants from 15 countries), which was followed by a one-week field symposium in Solovetski, arranged by our Russian colleagues, Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forests Conference in Kuhmo in 2000 (200 participants from 21 countries), Habitat Contact Forum of the Barents Region in Kuhmo in 2003 (105 participants from 12 countries), Raptor workshop in Kostamus in 2005 (50 participants from 6 countries) and International Mire Conservation Group conference in Finland from Lapland to south coast (100 participants from 21 countries). In addition, numerous smaller meetings and workshops have been arranged in Kuhmo in Friendship Park Research Centre.
Publications
Over the years, numerous other scientific reports have been published both in Finland and Russia. Today the number of publications exceeds 350, including also popular articles and books.
The results of research have been published
as scientific articles, monographs and reports in the publication series of the environment administration in Finnish, Russian, English and German (See appendix). In addition, 11 doctor’s dissertations and some 30 M.Sc. theses and other diploma works have been prepared. The best way to measure the results of the work are the publications, so far altogether almost 400 (Tabl. 1). The scientific quality can be measured by taking separately into account refereed publications and publications in international journals. During latest years the amount of international publications has been relatively high when compared with the resources. In addition to the publications mentioned in the Appendix, numerous articles have been published in Finnish on the Finnish side, as well as mainly in Russian on the Russian side.
The results of research have been widely popularized in local, regional and national newspapers as well as in radio and TV programmes in Finland, Russia, France, Germany, and in the international ARTE TV satellite channel. In addition, tens of presentations have been held in Friendship Park Research Centre to the visiting student and other groups.
Academic studies
Friendship Park Research Centre has actively worked for giving possibilities for young scientists to make their master’s theses and doctoral dissertations conducting the field work in projects in Friendship Park (Tabl. 2, 3). Supervisors of the studies have usually come from different universities, but also the authors of this paper have supervised many theses.
Table 1. Numbers of different publications from Friendship Park Research Centre in 19902006. The columns are as follows: 1) Administrative reports in Finnish; 2) Popular publications; 3) Scientific non-refereed articles (e.g. conference proceedings); 4) Scientific refereed articles in national journals; 5) Scientific international articles; 6) Conference abstracts; 7) Dr dissertations; 8) M.Sc theses; 9) Books and edited volumes
Year 1 2 3 456789 Total
1990 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
1991 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
1992 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
1993 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
1994 5 0 3 3 2 0 0 2 0 15
1995 4 2 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 16
1996 5 2 1 1 0 0 0 4 0 13
1997 16 2 1 7 2 1 0 2 1 32
1998 1 0 3 4 2 0 1 4 0 15
1999 10 0 3 1 0 18 1 3 0 36
2000 1 2 5 2 7 29 0 2 2 50
2001 0 1 2 5 6 3 0 1 0 18
2002 15 0 15 0 7 3 0 3 1 44
2003 0 0 15 0 12 5 4 1 1 38
2004 0 1 7 0 4 1 3 0 1 17
2005 1 2 2 1 6 1 1 5 0 19
2006 0 0 23 7 4 4 1 2 2 43
Total 70 12 85 34 54 65 11 29 8 368
Table 2. Academic dissertations prepared in the framework of Friendship Park Research Centre
University of Helsinki
Mikko Kuussaari 1998 Department of Zoology
Raimo Heikkila 1999 Department of Geography
Paula Siitonen 2003 Department of Ecology and Systematics
Gergely Varkonyi 2004 Department of Ecology and Systematics
Juho Pennanen 2004 Department of Forest Ecology
Reijo Penttila 2004 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
Tuomo Wallenius 2004 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
Tarja Latva-Karjanmaa 2006 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
University of Joensuu
Atte Komonen 2003 Faculty of Forestry
Teemu Tahvanainen 2005 Faculty of Biological Sciences
University of Uppsala, Sweden
Tord Snall 2003 Faculty of Science and Technology
Table 3. Number of master’s theses prepared in the framework of Friendship Park Research Centre in different universities up to 2006
University of Helsinki 13
University of Oulu 8
University of Joensuu 2
University of Turku_____________________________1________________________
Network
The research units in Kuhmo and Kostamus are rather small, and their main task is to coordinate research conducted in the nature reserve Friendship. A great deal of the research is made in cooperation with scientists from Petrozavodsk, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Helsinki, Oulu, Joensuu and so on. During recent years, also scientists from other countries like USA, Canada, China, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Belgium and Germany have noticed the possibility for research here, and have started cooperation with us.
There has been a lot of fruitful cooperation with Finnish universities and research institutes like Finnish Environment Institute, North Karelia Regional Environment Centre, Forest Research Institute, Finnish Geological Survey and Game and Fisheries Research Institute. Among universities Helsinki University has been the most important partner.
In the framework of Friendship Nature Reserve cooperation, a lot of studies have been conducted also outside the nature reserve. Especially in the studies of mire ecosystems, the cooperation has extended far beyond the core area to reach better understanding of the geographical position of Friendship Nature Reserve. For example, studies have been conducted in Kauhaneva national park in western Finland, in Kolatselka area in southern Karelian Republic,Ypayssuo mire in Kalevala region and on the White Sea coast. This has also resulted in wider international contacts, especially in the framework of the International Mire Conservation Group (www.imcg.net).
The research has also resulted in arranging teaching in e.g. Kuhmo high school (special course
on forest ecology), two field courses of mire and forest ecology for Helsinki University in Kuhmo and education in forest institutes. In summer 2000 a group from Vienna University from Austria spent a week in Kuhmo having a field course on boreal nature supported by Friendship Park Research Centre, and in 2000 Friendship Park Research Centre arranged a field course in mire ecology for Greifswald University from Germany.
The influence of the studies
Scientific ranking of the publications
The main task of Friendship Park Research Centre is to conduct applied research. Its influence can be evaluated on the basis of the impact of practical activities on biodiversity, not so much by the scientific impact factors. The influence on practical activities can be evaluated only qualitatively, not quantitatively. To promote contacts in the scientific community, however, also high-quality international publications are needed to reach credibility.
The use of scientific knowledge in practice
Most concretely the influence of research can be seen in the landscape ecological planning of Metsahallitus, state enterprise of forestry. In the first plans in mid-1990s the forest patches to be left outside loggings to preserve biodiversity in managed forests were very small fragments. When research showed that small (less than
10 ha) forest fragments cannot preserve old-growth forest species sustainably, in more recent plans the forests to be left out of loggings have been much larger, which is obviously more effective to preserve biodiversity than to save the same area in small fragments.
Another important result has been the popularization of research results jointly with Metsahallitus natural heritage services to promote nature tourism and environmental education. In environmental education the cooperation across the border has been especially fruitful together with Kostamus Nature Reserve.
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An important result has also been to improve employment in a region where the unemployment rate has been very high. So far, over 300 persons, almost all unemployed, from Kuhmo have worked shorter or longer periods in Friendship Park Research Centre.
Conclusions and future
As a conclusion, our attitude is that when compared with the available resources, and long distances from universities and other research institutes, the research cooperation in the framework of Friendship Nature Reserve has been successful and productive. Useful knowledge has been produced for local, regional, national and international needs in scientific community and for practical purposes to develop the region. Exchange of knowledge across the border has been fruitful and beneficial for both parties, Finland and Russia. Friendship Nature Reserve concept has also been useful to serve scientists from numerous countries to conduct their studies at the Finnish-Russian border
When developing the Fennoscandian green belt concept, the role of future Friendship Park research is most essential. The information and scientific research during last two decades gives a good basis to continue and widen the scientific work and cooperation between Finnish and Russian scientists.
For the future, additional resources are, however, needed, since the funding from employment authorities is decreasing, and a critical mass of researchers has not been reached in Kuhmo or Kostamus. An interesting challenge for future is the recent establishment of Kalevala National Park on the Russian side. It gives new views, and hopefully additional resources for joint work. Below we summarize our proposals how Kalevala National Park could join the ongoing cooperation network.
Finnish-Russian nature conservation research cooperation in Kalevalaparks (Kalevala National Park on the Russian side and Kalevalapark in Finland, both adjacent to the border) is coordinated by the Ministry of the Environment of Finland and scientific institutions of Republic of Karelia. The coordinators of the practical cooperation on the Finnish side are Finnish Environment Institute and Friendship Park Research Centre.
The research cooperation is open to all interested parties, and the coordinators have a task to promote the research activities in both Kalevalaparks in Finland and Russia.
The research cooperation is to produce information used by the administration of the Finnish and Russian Kalevalaparks, Metsahallitus and Russian Ministry of Nature Resources,
respectively, as well as the municipalities of Suomussalmi, Kostamus and Kalevala, to promote the development of ecological education, sustainable use and sustainable ecotourism in Kalevalaparks.
The main topics of research should be:
• Geology, geomorphology and hydrography of the territories as a basis for the understanding of geodiversity and landscapes as the background of biodiversity.
• Biogeographical questions connected with this northern taiga area
• Development of the nature during the Holocene and in the future
• Human history of the area
• Biodiversity in forests on landscape, site and species levels with special emphasis on human impact on biodiversity
• Biodiversity of mires on landscape, site and species levels with special emphasis on ecohydrology and human impact on biodiversity
• Biodiversity of small watercourses taking into account the water framework directive of the EU
• Sociology and pedagogical sciences with special emphasis on the development of ecological education and sustainable ecotourism
Appendix
A selection of most important publications and other reports of Friendship Park Research Centre in 1990-2006. The publications of the staff of Friendship Park Research Centre are in italics. The list includes also publications of cooperative partners (plain text) in cases where Friendship Park Research Centre has significantly participated in the data collection, management or reporting.
ACADEMIC DISSERTATIONS
University of Helsinki
Kuussaari M. Biology of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). PhD thesis. University of Helsinki. Department of zoology. 1998. 149 p.
Heikkila R. Human influence on the sedimentation in the delta of the river Kyronjoki, western Finland // Monographs of the Boreal Environment Research 15. University of Helsinki, Department of Geography. 1999. 63 p.
Siitonen P. Reserve network design in fragmented forest landscapes. Ph.D. thesis. University of Helsinki. Department of Ecology and Systematics. 2003. 101 p.
Varkonyi G. Population biology of periodic Xestia moths. Ph.D. thesis. University of Helsinki. Department of Ecology and Systematics. 2003. 100 p.
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Pennanen J. Simulation of boreal forest landscape dynamics: modeling approaches and applications // University of Helsinki. Department of Forest Ecology Publications 33. 2004. 37 p.
Penttila R. The impacts of forestry on polyporous fungi in boreal forests. Academic dissertation. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences. Faculty of Biosciences. University of Helsinki. 2004. 35 p.
Wallenius T. Fire histories and tree ages in unmanaged boreal forests in Eastern Fennoscandia and Onega peninsula. Academic dissertation. Department of Biological and Environmentas Sciences. Faculty of Biosciences. University of Helsinki. 2004. 31 p.
Latva-Karjanmaa T. Reproduction and population structure in European aspen. Academic dissertation. Department of Biological and Environmental sciences, University of Helsinki. 2006. 25 p.
University of Joensuu
KomonenA. Insects in wood-decaying fungi: Ecology, diversity and response to forest management. Dr. Sc. (Agr. and For.) thesis. University of Joensuu, Faculty of forestry. 2003. 35 p.
Tahvanainen T. Diversity of water chemistry and vegetation of mires in the Kainuu region, middle boreal Finland. University of Joensuu, PhD Dissertations in Biology 33. 2005. 30 p.
University of Uppsala
Snall T. Distribution patterns and metapopulation dynamics of epiphytic mosses and lichens. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 918. 2003. 36 p.
REFEREED ARTICLES
Heikkila R. Soidensuojelu Suomessa (Summary: Mire conservation in Finland)//Terra. 1994.106. P. 226-231. Kuusinen M. Epiphytic lichen diversity on Salix caprea in old-growth southern and middle boreal forests of Finland // Annales Botanici Fennici 31. 1994. P. 77-92.
Kuusinen M. Epiphytic lichen flora and diversity on Populus tremula in old-growth and managed forests of southern and middle boreal Finland // Annales Botanici Fennici. 1994. 31. P. 245-260.
Virkanen J., Heikkila R. & Lind holm T. Kerrossammalten raskasmetallipitoisuudet Kuhmossa 1989 (Abstract: Heavy metal content in Hylocomium splendens in Kuhmo 1989). Vesi-ja ymparistohallinnon Julkaisuja. 1994. A 169. 38 p.
Aapala K., Lindholm T. & Heikkila R. Protected mires in Finland. Gunneria. 1995. 70. P. 205-220.
Heikkila R. Unprotected mires with conservation value in Finland / Heikkila H. (ed.) Finnish-Karelian symposium on mire conservation and classification // Vesi- ja ymparistohallinnon Julkaisuja. 1995. A 207. P. 61-69.
Koponen S. Ground-living spiders (Araneae) in old forests in eastern Finland // Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica. 1995. 71. P. 57-62.
Antipin V., Heikkila R., Lindholm T., Tokarev P. Vegetation of Lishkmokh Mire, Vodlozersky national park, Eastern Karelian republic. Suo 1997. 48(4). P. 93-114.
Heikkila R., Kuznetsov O., Lindholm T. Vegetation,
stratigraphy and dynamics of mires in Elimyssalo, Friendship Park / Lindholm T., Heikkila R. & Heikkila M. (eds.). Ecosystems, fauna and flora of the Russian-Finnish nature reserve Friendship// Suomen Ymparisto. 1997. 124. P. 63-82.
Heikura K. Some aspects on the recent changes in the Kuhmo - Lake Kiitehenjarvi subpopulation of the wild forest reindeer / Lindholm T., Heikkila R. & Heikkila M. (eds.). Ecosystems, fauna and flora of the Finnish-Russian nature reserve Friendship // Suomen Ymparisto. 1997. 124. P. 203-221.
Leinonen R., Itamies J. & Kutenkova N. Lepidoptera of the Nature Reserve Friendship / Lindholm T., Heikkila R. & Heikkila M. (eds.). Ecosystems, fauna and flora of the Finnish-Russian nature reserve Friendship // Suomen Ymparisto. 1997. 124. P. 235-256.
Leinonen R., Virkanen J. & Itamies J. Heavy metals in moths of Elimyssalo Nature Reserve, Friendship Park / Lindholm T., Heikkila R. & Heikkila M. (eds.). Ecosystems, fauna and flora of the Finnish-Russian nature reserve Friendship // Suomen Ymparisto. 1997. 124. P. 357-360.
Makirinta U., Sipola M. & Nuotio P. On the aquatic flora and vegetation of the northern half of the isoetid Lake Kiitehenjarvi in the Kostomuksha Nature Reserve / Lindholm T., Heikkila R. & Heikkila M. (eds.). Ecosystems, fauna and flora of the Russian-Finnish nature reserve Friendship // Suomen Ymparisto. 1997.124. P. 99-113.
Rutanen I. & KashevarovB. Coleoptera of the Nature Reserve Friendship with adjacent primeval forests / Lindholm T., Heikkila R. & Heikkila M. (eds.). Ecosystems, fauna and flora of the Finnish-Russian nature reserve Friendship // Suomen Ymparisto. 1997. 124. P. 257-294.
Kuussaari M., Saccheri I., Camara M. & Hanski I. Allee effect and population dynamics in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Oikos.1998. 82. P. 384-392.
Saccheri I., Kuussaari M., Kankare M. et al. Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation // Nature. 1998. 392. P. 491-494.
Sigurdsson A. Landscape ecological changes in the Kuhmo border area after 1940. A cumulative effects assessment approach // The Finnish Environment.1999. 275. 34 p.
Hanski I. Extinction debt and species credit in boreal forests: modelling the consequences of different approaches to biodiversity conservation // Annales Zoologici Fennici. 2000. 37. P. 271-280.
Kivisto L., Kuusinen M. Edge effect on the epiphytic lichen flora of Picea abies in middle boreal Finland // Lichenologist. 2000. 320. P. 387-398.
Komonen A., Penttila R., Lindgren M. & Hanski I. Forest fragmentation truncates a food chain based on an old-growth forest bracket fungus. Oikos. 2000. 90. P. 119-126.
Siitonen J. & Saaristo L. Habitat requirements and conservation of Pytho kolwensis, a beetle species of old-growth boreal forest // Biological Conservation. 2000. 94. P. 211-220.
Gu W., Kuusinen M., Konttinen T. & Hanski I. Spatial analysis of the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in boreal forests // Ecography. 2001. 24. P. 139-150.
Heikkila R., Lindholm T., Kuznetsov O. et al. Complexes, vegetation, flora and dynamics of Kauhaneva-Punttukeidas mire system, western Finland // The Finnish Environment. 2001. 489. 97 p.
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Komonen A. Structure of insect communities inhabiting old-growth forest specialist bracket fungi //Ecological Entomology. 2001. 26. P. 63-75.
Lindgren M. Polypore (Basidiomycetes) species richness and community structure in natural boreal forests of NW Russian Karelia and adjacent areas in Finland // Acta Botanica Fennica. 2001.170. 41 p.
Niemela T., Kinnunen J., Lindgren M. et al. Novelties and records of poroid Basidiomycetes in Finland and adjacent Russia. Karstenia. 2001. 41. P. 1-21.
Rost M. Varkonyi G. & Hanski I. Patterns of two-year population cycles in spatially extended host-parasitoid systems // Theoretical Population Biology. 2001. 59. P. 223-233.
Siitonen J., Penttila R. & Kotiranta H. Coarse woody debris, polyporous fungi and saproxylic insects in old-growth spruce forests in Vodlozero national park, Russian Karelia // Ecological Bulletins. 2001. 49. P. 231-242.
Varkonyi G. & Ahola M. Notes on the larval biology of Xestia borealis (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) // Entomologica Fennica. 2001. 12. P. 78-80.
Gu W., Heikkila R. & Hanski I. Estimating the consequences of habitat fragmentation on extinction risk in dynamic landscapes // Landscape Ecology. 2002. 17. P. 699-710.
Kankare M., Varkonyi G. & Saccheri I. Genetic differentiation between alternate-year cohorts of Xestia tecta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Finnish Lapland. Hereditas. 2002. 136. P. 169-176.
Pennanen J. & Kuuluvainen T. A spatial simulation approach to natural forest landscape dynamics in boreal Fennoscandia // Forest Ecology and Management. 2002.164. P. 157-175.
Rouvinen S., Kuuluvainen T. & Karjalainen L. Coarse woody debris in old Pinus sylvestris dominated forests along a geographic and human impact gradient in boreal Fennoscandia // Canadian Journal of Forest Research.
2002. 32. P. 2184-2200.
Tahvanainen T., Sallantaus T., Heikkila R. & Tolonen K. Spatial variation of mire surface water chemistry and vegetation in north-eastern Finland // Annales Botanici Fennici. 2002. 39. P. 235-251.
Wallenius T., Kuuluvainen T., Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. Spatial tree age structure and fire history in two old-growth forests in eastern Fennoscandia // Silva Fennica.
2002. 36. P. 185-199.
Varkonyi G., Hanski I., Rost M. & Itamies J. Host-parasitoid dynamics drive periodic occurrence of boreal moths. Oikos. 2002. 98. P. 421-430.
Baguette M., Mennechez G., Petit S. & Schtickzelle N. Effect of habitat fragmentation on dispersal in the butterfly Proclossiana eunomia // Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2003. 326. P. 200-209.
Burnett C., Fall A., Tomppo E. & Kalliola R. Monitoring current status of and trends in boreal forest land use in Russian Karelia // Conservation Ecology. 2003. 7(2). 8. 18 p.
Pitkanen A., Huttunen P., Tolonen K., Jungner H. Long-term fire frequency in the spruce-dominated forests of the Ulvinsalo strict nature reserve, Finland // Forest Ecology and Management. 2003. 176. P. 305-319.
SalmiT., Suvanto L., Leinonen K. & Rita H. Emergence and survival of Populus tremula seedlings under varying moisture conditions // Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2003. 33. P. 2081-2088.
Snall T., Ribeiro P. J. Jr. & Rydin H. Spatial occurrence and colonisations in patch-tracking metapopulations: local conditions versus dispersal. Oikos. 2003. 103. P. 566-578.
Tahvanainen T., Sallantaus T. & Heikkila R. Seasonal variation of water chemical gradients in three boreal fens II Annales Botanici Fennici. 2003. 40. P. 345-355.
Varkonyi G., Kuussaari M. & Lappalainen H. Use of forest corridors by boreal Xestia moths II Oecologia. 2003. 137. P. 466-474.
Tahvanainen T. Water chemistry of mires in relation to the poor-rich vegetation gradient and contrasting geochemical zones of the north-eastern Fennoscandian shield II Folia Geobotanica. 2004. 39. P. 353-369.
Wallenius T., Kuuluvainen T. & Vanha-Majamaa I. Fire history in relation to site type and vegetation in Vienansalo wilderness in eastern Fennoscandia, Russia II Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2004. 34. P. 1400-1409.
Lindholm T. & Heikkila R. Mires in Finland, their utilization and conservation. Stapfia. 2005. 85. P. 233-246.
Snall T., Pennanen J., Kivisto L. & Hanski I. Modeling epiphyte metapopulation dynamics in a dynamic forest landscape. Oikos. 2005. 109. P. 209-222.
Suvanto L. I. & Latva-Karjanmaa T. B. Clone identification and clonal structure of the European aspen (Populus tremula) II Molecular Ecology. 2005. 14. P. 2851-2860.
GalaninaO. Comparative application of two vegetation classification approaches to large-scale mapping of bog vegetation. Suo. 2006. 57. P. 71-79.
Kondelin H., Heikkila R. & Kouki J. Ecosystem services provided by Finnish mires I Lindholm T. & Heikkila R. (eds.). Finland - Land of mires II The Finnish Environment. 2006. 23. P. 215-228.
Lindholm T. & Heikkila R. Geobotany of Finnish forests and mires: the Finnish approach I Lindholm T. & Heikkila R. (eds.). Finland - Land of mires II The Finnish Environment. 2006. 23. P. 95-103.
Lindholm T. & Heikkila R. Destruction of mires in Finland I In: Lindholm T. & Heikkila R. (eds.). Finland -Land of mires II The Finnish Environment. 2006. Р 179192.
Penttila R., Lindgren M., Miettinen O., Rita H. & Hanski I. Consequences of forest fragmentation for polyporous fungi at two spatial scales II Oikos. 2006. 114. P. 225-240.
BOOKS AND EDITED VOLUMES
Lindholm T., Heikkila R. & Heikkila M. (eds.). Ecosystems, fauna and flora of the Russian-Finnish nature reserve Friendship II Suomen Ymparisto. 1997. 124. 364 p.
Heikkila R. (ed.). Biodiversity and conservation of boreal nature. Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium. Kuhmo, Finland 16.-
19.10.2000. Abstracts. Kainuu Regional Environment Centre. 2000. 58 p.
Heikkila R., HeikkilaH., Polevoi A. & YakovlevE. (eds.). Biodiversity of old-growth forests and its conservation in northwestern Russia. Regional Environmental Publications. 2000. 158. 206 p.
Heikkila H. (ed.). Pohjois-Suomen vanhojen metsien suojelun ekologinen kestavyys [Ecological sustainability of old-growth forest conservation in north Finland].
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Alueelliset Ymparistojulkaisut 277. 2002. 86 p. http://www. ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=13995&lan=fi
Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium II The Finnish Environment. 2003. 485. 325 p.
Lindholm T., Keinonen E. 2003Ц2004. Habitat Contact Forum in Kuhmo.
Heikkila R. & Varkonyi G. (eds.). Vienan Karjalan eramaa-alueiden vaikutus Kainuun vanhan metsan elainpopulaatioihin [The influence of wilderness areas in Viena Karelia on the animal populations of old-growth forests in Kainuu] II Alueelliset Ymparistojulkaisut. 2004. 347. 133 p.
Heikkila R., Lindholm T. & Tahvanainen T. (eds.). Mires of Finland - Daughters of the Baltic Sea II The Finnish Environment. 2006. 28. 166 p.
Lindholm T. & Heikkila R. (eds.). Finland - Land of mires II The Finnish Environment. 2006. 23. 270 p.
OTHER SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REPORTS
Keranen S., Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. Teeri-Lososuon ja Suoniemensuon soidensuojelualueiden rajausten ekologinen arviointi (Abstract: Ecological evaluation on the boundaries of Teeri-Lososuo and Suoniemensuo mire reserves in Kuhmo) II Metsahallituksen
Luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. 1995. A 53. 50 p.
Keranen S. & Mantyla M. Siikavaaran
luonnonsuojelualueen kasvillisuus ja kasvisto [Vegetation and flora of Siikavaara nature reserve]. Metsahallituksen Luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. 1997. A 79. 74 p.
Teeriaho J. & Tolvanen P. Murhinsalon luonnon yleispiirteet [Main characteristics of nature in Murhinsalo nature reserve] II Metsahallituksen
Luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. 1997. A 75. 114 p.
Teeriaho J. & Tolvanen P. Ulvinsalon luonnonpuiston biotoopit ja kasvillisuus [Biotopes and vegetation of Ulvinsalo strict nature reserve] II Metsahallituksen Luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. 1997. A 76. 137 p.
Tolvanen P. Luonnontilainen metsan ja suon reuna -tutkimus reunavyohykkeen leveydesta ja kasvillisuudesta (Abstract: An ecotone in a natural state between a forest and a peatland - a study of the width and vegetation of the ecotone)
II Metsahallituksen Luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. 1997.
A 84. 68 p.
Siitonen P. & Penttila R. Gone with the wind - spore dispersal study for landscape ecological forest planning
II Vaisala News. 1999. 149. P. 19-20.
Heikkila R. Toimijana vihrealla vyohykkeella: Ystavyyden puiston tutkimuskeskus (Abstract: The Nature Reserve Friendship) I Lyytikainen V., Luotonen H., Hokkanen T. J. & Kolstrom T. (eds.). Ilomantsi - vihrean vyohykkeen keskus, 39-40. Jyvaskyla, 2006.
Heikkila R. Suomen ja Venajan vihrean vyohykkeen suoluonto (Abstract: Mires in the Finnish-Russian Green Belt) I Lyytikainen V., Luotonen H., Hokkanen T. J. & Kolstrom T. (eds.). Ilomantsi - vihrean vyohykkeen keskus, 50-51. Jyvaskyla, 2006.
Heikkila R. & Kondelin H. Vihrean vyohykkeen metsien ja soiden tutkimus (Abstract: Forest and mire research in the Green Belt) I Lyytikainen V., Luotonen H., Hokkanen T. J. & Kolstrom T. (eds.). Ilomantsi - vihrean vyohykkeen keskus, 118-121. Jyvaskyla, 2006.
Hokkanen T. J., Ieshko E., Heikkila R. et al. Combining nature protection and local development in the southern part of the Green Belt of Fennoscandia / In: Terry A, Ullrich K. & Riecken U. (eds.) // The Green Belt of Europe: From vision to reality, 79-91. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 2006.
PROCEEDINGS
Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. The Nature Reserve Friendship: Boreal taiga forests, mires and lakes on the Finnish-Russian boundary / Lindholm T., Heikkila R. & Heikkila M. (eds.). Ecosystems, fauna and flora of the Russian-Finnish nature reserve Friendship // Suomen Ymparisto. 1997. 124. P. 7-9.
Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. Conservation of the biodiversity of mires in Finland / Rochefort L. & Daigle J-Y (eds.). Sustaining our peatlands. Proceedings of the 11th International Peat Congress, 1038-1043. Quebec, 2000.
Fedorets N. G. & Morozova R. M. Soil cover in the north-taiga Friendship Nature Reserve / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment. 2003. 485. P. 66-68.
Gorkovets V. & Rayevskaya M. Crystalline basement of Nature Reserve Friendship and its influence on biodiversity / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment. 2003. 485. P. 62-65.
Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. The Nature Reserve Friendship as a part of the Fennoscandian Green Belt / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment. 2003. 485. P. 11-12.
Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. Outlines for a GIS based assessment of nature reserve network in NW Russia / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment. 2003. 485. P. 32-36.
Kalliola R., Burnett C. & Suojanen I. Contrasting boreal forest landscapes in the central border region of Finland and Russia / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment. 2003. 485. P. 77-88.
Kashevarov B. N. Beetles of the Nature Reserve Friendship and their monitoring / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment.
2003. 485. P. 202-205.
Kashevarov B. & Heikkila R. Significance of international trans-boundary nature reserve Friendship in preserving game animals
0
// Proceedings of the international symposium [Dynamics of the populations of game animals in Northern Europe]. 10-14 June 2002. Sortavala, Republic of Karelia, Russia. 2003.
Kuuluvainen T., Kallio E. Structural characteristics and diversity of natural, selectively cut and managed old Pinus sylvestris -dominated forests in Kuhmo / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment. 2003. 485. P. 89-92.
Leinonen R. & Itamies J. The Lepidopterous fauna of Nature Reserve Friendship / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment.
2003. 485. P 187-192.
Rybalov L. Population of soil dwelling invertebrates of the old-growth spruce forests in the Nature Reserve Friendship / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment. 2003. 485. P 206-211.
Sallantaus T., Kondelin H. & Heikkila R. Hydrological problems associated with mire restoration / Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium // The Finnish Environment. 2003. 485. P 256-261.
Fedorets N. G., Morozova R. M., Bahmet O. N. & Heikkila R. Soils and cover along the Russian-Finnish border // Proceedings of EUROSOIL 2004 Symposium September 04 to 12 in Freiburg, Germany, 2004. 6 p.
Heikkila R. & Kondelin H. Threatened biotopes in Finland - example of rich fens / Volkov A. D. & Gromtsev A. N. (eds.). Proceedings of International Conference: Anthropogenic transformation of taiga ecosystems in Europe: environmental, resource and economic implications, 146-147. Petrozavodsk, 23rd to 25th November, 2004.
Kashevarov B. N. & Varkonyi G. Invertebrate studies in the framework of Finnish-Russian scientific cooperation // International Conference «Environmental Safety: Nature and Society». St. Petersburg, Russia, 2-3 April 2004. Extended abstracts, 213-215.
Федорец Н. Г., Бахмет О. Н., Морозова Р. М., Хейккиля Р. Почвы северной тайги на территории России и Финляндии // Актуальные проблемы сохранения биоразнообразия растительного и животного мира Северной Фенноскандии и сопредельных территорий. Доклады Междунар. конф. Апатиты, 26-28 ноября 2002 г М.: т-во научных изданий КМК, 2005. С. 226-238.
Галанина О. В. Опыт использования двух основных классификационных подходов для крупномасштабного картографирования растительности болот (Abstract: Results of application of two main classification approaches to large scale mapping of bog vegetation.) // Материалы симпозиума «Болотные экосистемы севера Европы: разнообразие, динамика, углеродный баланс, ресурсы и охрана» 30 августа-2 октября 2005 г., 60-73. Петрозаводск, 2006.
Heikkila R., Kuznetsov O., Lindholm T. et al. Biodiversity and Holocene development of Ypayssuo mire, northern Karelian Republic / Kuznetsov O., Djatshkova T. & Znamenski S. (eds.). Mire ecosystems in Northern Europe: Diversity, Dynamics, Carbon Balance, Resources and Conservation. Proceedings of an international symposium. Petrozavodsk, August 30 -September 2, 2005. 282-296.
Laitinen J., Huttunen A., Rehell S., Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. Towards a Finnish typology for classifying boreal mire complexes and systems: a morphological approach / Kuznetsov O., Djatshkova T. & Znamenski S. (eds.). Mire ecosystems in Northern Europe: Diversity, Dynamics, Carbon Balance, Resources and Conservation. Proceedings of an international symposium. Petrozavodsk, August 30 - September 2, 2005.296-304.
Lindholm T. & Heikkila R. The mire protection process in Finland during the 20th Century / Kuznetsov O., Djatshkova T. & Znamenski S. (eds.). Mire ecosystems in Northern Europe: Diversity, Dynamics, Carbon Balance, Resources and Conservation. Proceedings of an international symposium. Petrozavodsk, August 30 -September 2, 2005. 304-313.
CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS
Heikkila R. 1999: Different ways of maintaining the biodiversity of boreal forests // From Arctic to Boreal Ecosystems. Northern Dimension to Biodiversity. Abstracts, 16.
Kuznetsov O., Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. Genesis i stratigrafija bolot rossiisko-finljandskogo parka «Druzhba». Biological basis of the study, management and protection of flora, fauna and the soil cover in Eastern Fennoscandia. Petrozavodsk 6-10 September, 1999.P 34-35.
Penttila R., Siitonen J. & Kotiranta H. Loss of polyporous fungi from fragments of old-growth boreal forest // Habitat Loss: Ecological, Evolutionary and Genetic Consequences. Helsinki, 7-12 September, 1999. P 34.
Penttila R., Siitonen P., Korhonen K. et al. Dispersal of Phlebia centrifuga, a wood-rotting fungus specialized on old-growth forests // Nordic Symposium on the Ecology of Coarse Woody Debris in Boreal Forests. Umea, Sweden 31 May - 3 June 1999. Abstracts from Posters and Presentations, 26-27.
Varkonyi G., Kuussaari M., Lappalainen H. et al. Species richness in small fragments of old-growth forest // Habitat Loss: Ecological, Evolutionary and Genetic Consequences. Helsinki, 7-12 September, 1999. 39.
Heikkila R. Present situation of mire conservation in Finland // Heikkila R. (ed.). Biodiversity and conservation of boreal nature // Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium. Kuhmo, Finland 16.-
19.10.2000. Abstracts, 16-17.
Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. A multi-level analysis of Kauhaneva mire, western Finland // Millennium Wetland event. Program with abstracts, 252. Quebec, 2000.
Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. Conservation of the biodiversity of mires in Finland // Millennium Wetland event. Program with abstracts, 379. Quebec, 2000.
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Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. Structure of tree stands in state forests clear cut in Kuhmo in 1995. Conservation of Biological Diversity in Fennoscandia. International conference March 30 - April 2, 2000. Petrozavodsk, Karelia, 2000. 127.
Kashevarov B. & Heikkila R. Scientific co-operation in the Nature Reserve Friendship during a decade / Heikkila R. (ed.). Biodiversity and conservation of boreal nature. Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium. Kuhmo, Finland 16.-19.10.2000. Abstracts,
23-24.
Leinonen R. & Itamies J. The lepidopterous fauna of the Finnish-Russian Nature Reserve Friendship / Heikkila, R. (ed.). Biodiversity and conservation of boreal nature. Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium. Kuhmo, Finland 16.-19.10.2000. Abstracts, 27-28.
Makarova O., Khlebosolov E., Kashevarov B. & Heikkila R. Species diversity of plants and animals in the Friendship and Pasvik Nature Reserves / Heikkila, R. (ed.). Biodiversity and conservation of boreal nature. Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium. Kuhmo, Finland 16.-19.10.2000. Abstracts, 30-31.
Martikainen P. & Penttila R. Retained aspens on clearcuts: important habitats for threatened beetles and polypores / Karjalainen L. & Kuuluvainen T. (eds.). Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forests. Restoration and management of biodiversity. Kuhmo, Finland, August 21-25, 2000. Abstracts, 33.
Penttila R., Siitonen J. & Kotiranta H. Comparison of polypore flora in old-growth forests of eastern Finland and Russian Karelia / Heikkila R. (ed.). Biodiversity and conservation of boreal nature. Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium. Kuhmo, Finland 16.-19.10.2000. Abstracts, 37-38.
Pirinen H., Miettinen E., Heikkila R. et al. Cloudberry cultivation and strain selection / Heikkila R. (ed.). Biodiversity and conservation of boreal nature. Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium. Kuhmo, Finland 16.-19.10.2000. Abstracts, 39.
Salmi T., Suvanto L., Hanski I. et al. Population biology and genetics of Populus tremula and the taxa associated with it / Karjalainen L. & Kuuluvainen T. (eds.). Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forests. Restoration and management of biodiversity. Kuhmo, Finland, August 21-25, 2000. Abstracts, 86.
Tahvanainen T., Sallantaus T., Heikkila R. & Tolonen K. 2000: Spatial variation in surface water chemistry on a sloping aapa-fen, northeastern Finland. In: Quebec 2000: Millennium Wetland event. Program with abstracts, 454.
Varkonyi G., Hanski I., Rost M. & Itamies J. Host-parasitoid dynamics drive periodic occurrence of boreal moths / Heikkila R. (ed.). Biodiversity and conservation of boreal nature. Nature Reserve Friendship 10 years anniversary symposium. Kuhmo, Finland 16.-
19.10.2000. Abstracts, 47.
Varkonyi G., KuussaariM. & Lappalainen H. Dispersal behaviour of boreal Xestia moths in old-growth forest corridors / Karjalainen L. & Kuuluvainen T. (eds.). Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forests. Restoration and management of biodiversity. Kuhmo, Finland, August 21-25, 2000. Abstracts, 54.
Varkonyi G., Kuussaari M., Lappalainen H. et al. Species richness in small fragments of old-growth forest / Karjalainen L. & Kuuluvainen T. (eds.). Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forests. Restoration and management of biodiversity. Kuhmo, Finland, August 21-25, 2000. Abstracts, 55.
Gu W., Heikkila R. & Hanski I. Estimating the consequences of habitat fragmentation on extinction risk in dynamic landscapes // The First Workshop on Information Technologies Application to Problems of Biodiversity and Dynamics of Ecosystems in North Eurasia (WITA 2001). Abstracts, 362. Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch. Novosibirsk, Russia.
Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. Ecohydrological basis to protect Kauhaneva mire system, western Finland / Veselov A. E., Danilov P. I., Ieshko E. P., Kitaev S. P., Kuznetsov O. L. & Nemova N. N. (eds.). Biodiversity of the European North (theoretical basis of the study, socio-legal aspects of the use and conservation): Abstracts, presented to the international conference September 3-7, 2001, Petrozavodsk, 2001. 242.
Varkonyi G., Hanski I., Rost M. & Itamies J. Periodic occurrence of boreal Xestia moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and a host-parasitoid hypothesis. Parasitic Hymenoptera: Taxonomy and biological control. 14-17 May 2001, Koszeg, Hungary. 2001. Abstract.
Heikkila R. & Heikkila H. Threatened mire bryophytes in Finland / Vergne V., de Foucault B. & Julve P. (eds.). IMCG Biennial International Symposium France 2002 (Excursion, congress and conference) 10th - 22nd July 2002. Abstracts.
Laitinen J., Heikkila R. & Rehell S. 2002: Habitats of Sphagnum molle in Finland - manifestations of seasonal drought and disturbance / Sastad S. & Rydin H. (eds.). Third international symposium on the biology of Sphagnum, Uppsala - Trondheim August 2002: schedule and abstracts, 16. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Vitenskapsmuseet. Rapport Botanisk Serie 2002-3.
Varkonyi G., Hanski I., Rost M., Itamies J. 2003: Periodic boreal moths: Population dynamic consequences of interaction with natural enemies. Abstracts from the XIII International Entomophagous Insects Workshop. 30pp. Journal of Insect Science, 3:33, Available online: insectscience.org/3.33
Lindholm T., Heikkila R., Kuznetsov O. & Makila M. Ypayssuo, a huge East Fennoscandian proposed RAMSAR mire site in Russian Karelia / Barry M. (ed.). IMCG Scientific Symposium in South Africa
24-25 September 2004. Management Challenges for Wetlands, Mires and Peatlands in the 21st Century. Abstracts, 13.
Heikkila R. GIS analysis of nature reserve network and key biotopes in Kainuu province, eastern Finland / Taskaev A. I., Loskutova O. A., Ponomarev V. I., Rapota I. V. & Tjupenko T. I. (eds.). International Contact Forum on Habitat Conservation in the Barents Region, Syktyvkar 19th to 25th September 2005. Abstracts, 182-183.
Galanina O. & Heikkila R. The impact of forestry on springs and spring fens on the Green Belt of Fennoscandia / Hokkanen T. J. (ed.). Seminar on the Green Belt of Fennoscandia, biosphere reserves and model forests: Can the interests of forestry, local people and nature conservation be combined? Ilomantsi, North
Karelia, Finland, 18.-19.10.2006. Presentation and poster abstracts: 25.
Heikkila R. & Lindholm T. 2006: Research activities in Friendship Park Research Centre / In: Hokkanen T. J. (ed.). Seminar on the Green Belt of Fennoscandia, biosphere reserves and model forests: Can the interests of forestry, local people and nature conservation be combined? Ilomantsi, North Karelia, Finland, 18.19.10.2006. Presentation and poster abstracts: 27.
Heikkila R., Varkonyi G., Rajasarkka A. & Leinonen R. 2006: The influence of Russian Karelia wilderness areas on the animal populations of old-growth forests in Kainuu / In: Hokkanen T. J. (ed.). Seminar on the Green Belt of
СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ:
Raimo Heikkila
Finnish Environment Institute, Research Programme for Biodiversity
Tulliportinkatu 1 (Regia), PL 111 FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland e-mail: raimo.heikkila@ymparisto.fi tel.: +358503520888
Fennoscandia, biosphere reserves and model forests: Can the interests of forestry, local people and nature conservation be combined? Ilomantsi, North Karelia, Finland, 18.-19.10.2006. Presentation and poster abstracts: 26.
Hyvonen J. & Isokaanta O. 2006: Enchanted by nature - getting acquainted with the border area nature I In: Hokkanen T. J. (ed.). Seminar on the Green Belt of Fennoscandia, biosphere reserves and model forests: Can the interests of forestry, local people and nature conservation be combined? Ilomantsi, North Karelia, Finland, 18.-19.10.2006. Presentation and poster abstracts: 29.
Tapio Lindholm
Finnish Environment Institute, Nature Unit Michelininkatu 34a, P.O. Box 140 Fi-00251, Helsinki, Finland e-mail: tapio.lindholm@ymparisto.fi tel.: +35820610123
