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Kotsiumbas O. R.
Postgraduate student of the Historical Faculty Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
ACADEMIC GIMNASIUM IN LVIV: STRUCTURE, TEACHING STAFF AND STUDENTS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES
Summary. The article highlights little-known pages of the functioning of Academic Gymnasium in Lviv in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The main attention is focused on the direction of the gymnasium, the dynamics of the number of teachers, their professional and social activities. Also, the article pay attention to the students of the gymnasium: the total number, their national and confessional affiliation, social origin.
Key words: Academic Gymnasium, teachers, teaching process, students, social origin.
Problem statement. The history of Academic Gymnasium reaches its roots in the distant past. This is the first gymnasium in the Eastern Galicia where Ukrainian language was taught. The history of its formation and development is an interesting example of the formation of the Ukrainian secondary school, in the context of secondary education during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Analysis of recent research and publications. In modern historiography in relation to this topic of research one can highligt the I. Kurlyak's monograph "Ukrainian Gymnasium Education in Galicia (18641918 yy.)", in which he shows the preconditions for the foundation and main stages of the development of the Ukrainian Galician Gymnasiums as part of Austria-Hungary; S. Shah - "Lviv is the city of my youth. Tsisarskoy-Korolivska Academic Gymnasium" where a well-known public figure told about the oldest Ukrainian gymnasium. The source of the article became the annual reports of the gymnasium directorate.
Selection of previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The history of Academic Gymnasium in Lviv is covered fairly concisely, in particular in the works related to the history of education, as well as in the memoirs of contemporaries. The number of scientific works that would fully restore the functioning of Academic Gymnasium in the historical perspective of educational processes in the Eastern Galicia are not enough.
The purpose of the article. To highlight little-known aspects of the functioning of Academic Gymnasium. To characterize the direction and teaching staff of the gymnasium, their contribution to the establishment of an educational institution with Ukrainian language. To analyze the students' composition of the gymnasium, its national and confessional affiliation, and social origin.
Presentation of the main material. Academic Gymnasium in Lviv was founded on October 24, 1784,
according to the Diploma of Emperor Joseph II at Lviv University [1, p.16]
Initially, the gymnasium was at the university building, later in the Bernardine Monastery, and from 1862 - in the National House (today at Teatralna Str. 22). In 1907 the main institution of the gymnasium was transferred to a new building on. L.Sapigy Str.8 ( now S. Bandera Str. 14), and there was also a branch in the National House.
Starting from 1863/1864 academic year in gymnasium, while teaching mathematics, geography, Latin language and nature, was allowed to use the Ukrainian language. From 1867/1868 studying in all disciplines in four junior classes was conducted in Ukrainian. According to the decision of the National School Board on May 31, 1873 and the corresponding rescript from September 2 of that year, the Ukrainian language as a language of teaching was introduced in the fifth grade of the gymnasium[2, p.35]. Gradually, from 1874 in all classes the teaching was conducted in Ukrainian. Since 1850, studying in the gymnasium lasted for eight years[3, ark. 26].
The gymnasium consisted of 13 parallel classes of the main department, which had in 1907 year - 705 students; and the six classes of the branch with 357 students. Teachers in both institutions were the same people. Since 1907/1908 had been formed a new teaching staff (director of the branch and 6 permanent teach-ers).The head of the branch in 1907-1918 was Sidir Hromnitsky, who taught classical languages [4, p.53]
From 1849 the school had eight classes. At first, teaching in the gymnasium was mostly in Latin, from 1848 - in German, from 1867. in four junior classes - in Ukrainian, in four seniour - in Polish, and from 1874 in all classes-in the Ukrainian language [5, p. 124].
The high level of gymnasiums education and upbringing of students was provided by the diligent selection of teachers and the competence of the heads of the gymnasium.
Directors of the gymnasium in the second half of the nineteenth century - at the beginning of the twentieth century. were Franz Brugger (1848-1858), Ivan Pi-ontkovsky (1858-1868), Vasil Ilnitsky (1868-1892), Edward Kharkevitch (1892-1911), Ilya Kokorudz (1911-1927).
In 1848 -1858yy. the director of the gymnasium was German Franz Brugger. According to Edward Harkevich - "... A man is honest and intelligent. The times when he was in charge of the institution were very restless, which required a great deal of his tolerance and energy." Under the directorship of F. Bruggger, he began to write a chronicle of the gymnasium, in which he recorded the number, nationality and religious affiliation of the students[6, p. 19]
In July 1858, Ivan Piontkovsky, a man of rare character who worked tirelessly for the benefit of an educational institution, was appointed to the post of director of the gymnasium.
In 1868 the priest Vasyl Ilnitsky was appointed as a director of the gymnasium. He headed the gymnasium during the educational process of the gradual introduction of the Ukrainian language as a language of teaching. He initiated the creation of a special commission that stydied new school textbooks in the Ukrainian language and developed Ukrainian terminology for all educational subjects. Thanks to the efforts of V. Ilnitsky and the People's Commision "Russka Chitanka" was published for junior high school in 1871 [7, p.25]. During guidance of V.Ilnitsky since 1874 all classes of the gymnasium were tought inUkrainian, and in 1878 the first graduation exam was conducted in Ukrainian.
V.Ilynitsky was a historian by specialty, wrote a number of historical essays, in which popularized particular pages of Ukrainian history and historical figures.
At the turn of the centuries the gymnasium was headed by Edward Kharkevitch (1892-1911), who obtained higher education at Lviv and Innsbruck universities. In gumnasuim he taught German, Greek and French [8, p.5].
E. Kharkevitch was among the founders of the first Ukrainian private school for girls named after Taras Shevchenko of the Ukrainian Pedagogical Society in 1898. E. Harkevich also organized the "Ruslan" society, which provided material assistance to students from poor families [9, p.35].
The next director was Ilya Kokorudz, a student of the philosophical faculty of Lviv University. In 1896 he received the post of a professor of the academic high school, taught Old Slavic grammar, Ukrainian language and literature [10, p.176]. In Lviv, he participated actively in educational work in the "Ruska Besida" , the Russ Pedagogical Society, the Scientific Society named after Taras Shevchenko and "Prosvita". On his initiative was built a hostel for the students on Pototsky Street.
The selection of teachers to the gymnasium was quite diligent. In the mid-nineteenth century, the eight-year high school had the right to take examinations for candidates for the position of a teacher, as well as to issue qualifying certificates for a term of six years. Without a certificate, you could not work in the gym-
nasium, and even provide private lessons. Examinations for candidates for the position of teacher were in oral and written form. In order to pass the oral examination, the candidate held a demonstration session before the entire teaching assembly. The written exam was assessed by the Teacher's Commission of the gymnasium [11, p.25]. This allowed the management of the educational institution to select the best specialists when filling vacancies.
In the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. the dynamics of the teaching staff of the gymnasium was as follows: in the 1875/76 academic year - 17 teachers (9 professors among them) [12, p.1-2], in 1899/1900 - 23 lecturers (15 of them were professors) [13, p. 1-5], in 1913/14 - 25 teachers (21 professors), 18 teachers' deputies, 7 teachers' assistants worked in the gymnasium, 20 teachers (including 16 professors), and 19 deputies of teachers - in the branch[14, p.3-11 ]
Most of the teachers of the high school were characterized by a high professional level of knowledge and general erudition. Thus, at the high professional level conducted classes teachers of the German language Meletii Gladyshovsky and Mykhailo Podolynsky; teachers of Latin and Greek languages Konstantin Lu-chakovsky and Sidor Khromnytsky; of the Ukrainian language Yulian Dolnytsky and Peter Skobelsky. Many high school students attended the compulsory subjects, in particular drawing, conducted by Ivan Tsybulsky, as well as the French language teacher, Michael Podolin-sky [15, ark.15].
In different years, the teachers of the gymnasium were well-known pedagogs in Galicia, in particular I. Verhratsky, V. Levytsky, M. Pochovsky, E. Makarushka, V. Kuchera, S. Rudnitsky, I. Ter-shakovets and others. Due to their diligence, the Ukrainian educational terminology was developed, as well as Ukrainian textbooks. At the same time, the theoretical development of separate problems of the content of education in the pedagogical press (in particular, in the "Shkilny Chasopys" [16, p.170], "Gazeta Shkolna"), as well as in teaching meetings and conferences [17, p.195].
The teachers of the gymnasium were also actively involved in the development of a program for the study of the native language, the creation of visualization (geographical and historical maps, portraits of Ukrainian scientific and cultural figures), as well as reference literature, in particular dictionaries, textbooks, collections of grammatical exercises, etc. It is important that the educational process in the gymnasium at the end of the nineteenth century was provided with the majority of Ukrainian textbooks and manuals.
In the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the teachers of Academic Gymnasium in Lviv were well-known Ukrainian public-political figures, scholars, and artists.
In 1868, Omelian Partytsky, who later became a scholar, a linguist, an ethnographer, a historian and a public figure, began his pedagogical activity in the gymnasium. O. Partytsky prepared a textbook on
Ukrainian language and literature, the German-Ukrainian dictionary. In 1894 he published the "Ancient History of Galicia." [18, p.558].
In 1871-1914, mathematics and physics in the gymnasium were taught by Omelyan Savitsky, who became the author of the first textbooks in Galicia on mathematics and physics for the gymnasium written in the living folk language. The teacher worked successfully on the Ukrainian physics and mathematics terminology [19, p.705].
During 1875-1892, Julien Tselevitch taught history at the gymnasium, who showed himself not only as a teacher but also as a scientist. He became the author of essays on the Opryshkiv movement in the Carpathian region and published a monograph entitled "The History of the Maniavsky Skate" [20, p.1032].
More than 30 years (1868-1901) Anatol Vakhnya-nin taught history and geography in high school. He worked closely with the commission for the preparation of the Ukrainian textbooks for folk and secondary schools. Subsequently, he proved himself as a talented public-political figure. In 1868, he was elected the first head of the "Prosvita", which turned into a mass cultural and educational organization that spread across Galicia.
Citizens' devotion was combined in A. Vakhnya-nin's life with a great artistic gift. He was known not only as a politician, but also as the organizer of the Lviv folk music societies "Torban" (1870) and "Boyan" (1890), that became an example for musical centers not only in Ukraine, but also abroad. In 1903 A. Vakhnya-nin headed the Union of Singing and Music Societies. He also founded the school. In 1907 A. Vakhnyanin renamed the school at the Higher Musical Institute named after M. Lysenko. He remained director until the end of his life in 1908 [21, p.292].
Life and activity of one of the most prominent politicians of Galicia Julian Romanchuk is closely connected with Academic Gymnasium (1869-1901). As a member of the school commission, he set up the publication of the first school textbooks in Ukrainian, in particular, 1879 — two readers for high school pupils. J. Romanchuk belonged to the community of Ukrainian teachers "Ukrainian community", whose activity was aimed at the development of Ukrainian gymnasium education in Galicia. In 1912-1914 he managed the work of this society.
J.Romanchuk's public vocation and the talent of the organizer were fully disclosed in his political activities as a deputy of the Galician Sejm (since 1883) and the Austrian Parliament (since 1891); the leader of the People's Council founded in 1885; the head of National Democratic Party established in 1899 together with Ivan Franko. Due to his undisputed authority, J. Ro-manchuk for many years headed the Ukrainian parliamentary club in the Galician Sejm, led the Ukrainian faction in the Austrian Parliament, and in 1910 he was elected its vice president [22, p.416].
Teachers, who worked in the gymnasium at the beginning of the twentieth century, made a significant contribution to the development of the theory and practice of physical culture and sports. Among them was Ivan Bobersky, who became one of the organizers of
the Sokolsk-rifle movement in Galicia and in 19101914 was elected as a head of "Falcon-Father" [23, p.858].
Students of the high school studied under the traditional Austrian program, which was transformed according to Galician local conditions since 1867. Students studied the following subjects in this program: religion, Latin, Greek, German, Ukrainian, Polish, history, geography, mathematics, physics and chemistry, nature, philosophy — 12 obligatory subjects in general. To the optional belonged: calligraphy, drawing, stenography, singing and French. As far as the students registered for the optional subjects, they had to learn them with the same responsibilities as obligatory ones. [24, p.55].
During 1875 - 1895, the proportion of disciplines in the curriculum of the gymnasium was as follows: more than 60% of studying time was spent on language learning, including more than 34% of the classical languages. The natural-mathematical cycle consisted of less than 25%, and purely mathematical disciplines -11%. [25, p.39].
Changes in the list of compulsory academic disciplines took place in 1909 when new plans for Galician classical gymnasiums were issued. In this regard, the reform was progressive, since it streamlined the content of secondary education, in particular the discipline of the natural-mathematical cycle, the material of which was brought in line with the level of development of university science. In 1909 year 1307 students enrolled in the gymnasium. In the main building 17 classes were formed (722 students), and in the branch of 12 classes from I to VI (585 students) [26, p.47].
The academic year consisted of two semesters: the autumn (September-January) and spring (February-June). Every year, students were given extra holidays for Christmas and Easter holidays.
To prepare students for studying in high school and passing entrance examinations to the first class in 1877 was opened a preparatory class in the structure of the gymnasium. It functioned in the structure of the gymnasium for seventeen years. During this time 593 students passed it. [27, p.35].
When entering the first gymnasium class, students were demanded a certain level of knowledge that they had to possess, after completing their studies in four-class public schools. Since 1888, examination commissions were established for admission of entrance examinations in the first grade of the gymnasium [28, p.25].
Entrance examinations consisted of religion, language of teaching, German language and mathematics. For mathematics, for example, it was necessary to know four mathematical actions, a multiplication table, and basic metric measures[29, p.39].
The graduates passed the examinations of maturity (maturia) in the beginning of July each year. [30, p.59]. For the final examinations, a special examination committee was created, which included the director and all the teachers who held classes in the graduation class. The commission was headed by an inspector of secondary schools of the National School Board. The exams'
procedure was long and exhaustive for students. Written examinations were held every day, with the count of 5 hours of working time for each natural subject. After the written examination, the students were allowed to take an oral one, which were given to groups of 4-5 people. If the knowledge of the graduate was unsatisfactory only on one subject, the commission could give him the right to re-pass the exam after the holidays [31, p.31]. Best graduates were given certificates of maturity with honors.
Obtaining a certificate of maturity meant the readiness of high school graduates to university studies.
Among the students of the gymnasium dominated those from Eastern Galicia. A small number was from Bukovina. Saved reports of the Directorate allow us to follow the dynamics of the number of students who studied in the gymnasium. In the 1870s this figure ranged from 250 to 350 people; in the 1880s - 400; in the 1890s. - 450, and in the beginning of the twentieth century - 500 - 600 students. In general, from 1875 till 1914, 2122 students finished high school.
Over the years, the social origin of the students in the gymnasium has changed. Thus, in 1888, the largest number of students were from the families of priests -132 students; from the families of employees - 33; national teachers - 39; merchants and artisans - 65; from the peasants - 67; servants -18; orphans were 52 students. [32, p.44].
In 1897, the situation had changed. Children from peasants' families were 175; priests' -134; teachers' -47; employees' - 58; artisans' - 18; lawyers and doctors' -7; laborers' - 3; military' - 2 students [33, p.46].
So, there was a process of a democratization of the students of the gymnasium.
The education in the gymnasium was paid. At the beginning of the twentieth century tuition fee was 40 kroons for each semester. Students from poor families, who were successfull in studying, were allowed to pay only a half of the school fees [34, p.31].
Some students were completely exempted from paying tuition fees.
The material assistance to the needing high school students was provided by various funds, institutes, societies, individual benefactors and philanthropists.
The conclusions. During the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Academic Gymnasium in Lviv turned into an important Ukrainian educational institution. In those years, mostly Ukrainians, Greek Catholics from the Eastern Galicia were studying at the gymnasium. At the turn of the century, children of different social strata studied here. Directors of this educational institution were experienced teachers, skilled administrators. Teachers at a high professional level conducted classes, created original textbooks in their native language, literature, history, geography. National motifs were one of the bases that enriched the content of manuals on arithmetic, natural sciences, classical philology. According to their scientific and methodological level, they met the requirements of the European standards of that time.
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