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A VARIANT OF ORGANIZING A WIRELESS NETWORK FOR TRANSMITTING PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF THE PILOT'S HEALTH ON BOARD AIRCRAFT BASED ON MIDLLE INFRARED BAND LASER RADIATION
DOI: 10.36724/2072-8735-2020-14-4-47-56
Dmitry S. Koptev,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Southwest State University" (FSBEI of Higher Education "SWSU"), Kursk, Russia, d.s.koptev@mail.ru
Keywords: medical operational monitoring, physiological indicators of the pilot's health, wireless data transmission, optical radiation, ultra-wideband signal, electromagnetic interference, interference immunity, semiconductor laser, signal spectrum
According to the strategy for aircraft industry development up until 2023, the main efforts of the aviation industry are aimed at creating high-speed and maneuverable aircraft by means of increasing the power of propulsion units, implementing complex flight control systems, navigation, and improving the details of technical equipment [1]. However, the physiological capabilities of an aircraft operator (pilot) are beginning to lag behind the technological capabilities of state-of-the-art aircraft technology in terms of effective and operational management of it, carrying out military tasks and significant overload capacity. More than 70% of aviation accidents are related to the flight activity of crews, a third of which is caused by breakdown of the functional status of a pilot due to the impact of extreme flight factors. The system of medical operational monitoring (SMOM) is designed to register physiological indicators of the pilot's health.
The goal of the present paper is to develop a variant of organizing a wireless network for transmitting data about the physiological status of a pilot on board aircraft in a high interference signaling environment. The research methods are based upon a sequential analysis of the mechanisms of wireless technologies operation for transmitting data over short distances (Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), UWB (IEEE 802.15.4 z), IrDA), using various principles of information exchange (frequency range, signal-code structures, level of radiated power). Evaluating the possibility of using a particular technology was carried out in order to ensure correct operation directly during the flight on board aircraft affected by electromagnetic interference, noise, vibrations, and interference from devices operating in the adjacent frequency range. We used common methods of spectral analysis of signals, as well as the methods for evaluating the potential interference immunity of optical radiation reception.
Results. A variant of the wireless network for transmitting physiological indicators of the pilot's health based on middle infrared band laser radiation has been developed in the given paper. The source of radiation used is a semiconductor laser based on the InGaAsP heterostructure with monochromatic emission at a wavelength of 1.55 micrometers, high- power output of optical radiation, and narrow (1-3 nm) spectral band width, which minimizes the influence of interference from natural and artificial light sources on the transmitted optical signal. The choice of emission wavelength is due to the lower amount of scattering and absorption, as well as safety for the operator's eyes. The emission direction is maintained by equipping the laser with a thin spreading lens that increases the area of possible reception. The elimination of side emission is carried out using a multi - layer interference filter made of GaSb gallium antimonide films which has a high refractive index, high wear resistance, and narrow bandwidth (1.25-2.1 micrometers). The evaluation of interference immunity of wireless optical transmission line being carried out in the final part of the paper has shown that the use of such a filter does allow one to increase a signal-to-noise ratio at the input of photodiode.
Information about authors:
Dmitry S. Koptev, post-graduate student, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Southwest State University" (FSBEI of Higher Education "SWSU"), Kursk, Russia
Для цитирования:
Коптев Д.С. Вариант организации беспроводной сети передачи физиологических показателей здоровья пилота на борту воздушного судна на основе лазерного излучения среднего инфракрасного диапазона // T-Comm: Телекоммуникации и транспорт. 2020. Том 14. №4. С. 47-56.
For citation:
Koptev D.S. (2020) A variant of organizing a wireless network for transmitting physiological indicators of the pilot's health on board aircraft based on midlle infrared band laser radiation. T-Comm, vol. 14, no.4, pр. 47-56. (in Russian)
Introduction
The problem of ensuring the safety of aircraft operations is one of the most important issues on the agenda of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). One of the most important activities of this organization is the development of theoretical methods and technical tools and systems that monitor the functional status of a pilot.
The system of medical operational monitoring is designed to register physiological indicators of the pilot's health directly in the process of performing operators1 activities (during the flight). This system uses a pulse oximetry module of the "clip" type to collect and transmit primary physiological information via a wired interface, and then, with the help of a physiological indicators processing unit, converts primary signals and calculates the values of physiological health indicators, such as: pulse rate (PE), blood saturation level (SpOV), and respiratory rhythm. The results obtained are transmitted via a wireless communication channel to a data collection unit, where the estimated data is stored in the internal non-volatile memory.
The system includes:
- pulse oximetry module;
- unit for processing physiological indicators;
- data collection unit [1].
The general schematic and functional diagram of medical operational monitoring system for assessing the functional status of an aircraft pilot is shown in Figure 1.
The goal of the present article is to develop a variant of a wireless data transmission network between the physiological indicators processing unit and the data collection unit. We shall discuss in detail transmission mechanisms, features and characteristics of wireless technologies concerning their use on board aircraft.
Analysis of short-range wireless data transmission technologies for use on board aircraft.
Bluetooth is a technology for transmitting data over a radio channel over short distances (up to about 10 m) that does not require direct visibility between devices [2J.
The Bluetooth specification regulates the use of ISM band (2400-2483.5 MHz) with packet data transmission and with time division of channels. The method of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is used, when the entire frequency band available for transmission is divided into a certain number of subchannels (usually 79) with a width of 1 MHz each. The duration of time interval of one channel is 625 microseconds [2].
There are three classes of Bluetooth devices which are graded by the level of radiated power and radio communication range provided in accordance with Table 1.
Table 1
Features of Bluetooth device classes
Bluetooth device class Maximum radiated power, mW lîadio communication range, m
Class 1 100 up to 100
Class 2 2,5 up to 10
Class 3 1 up to 1
In accordance with time division channeling for arrangement of duplex transmission in the Bluetooth standard, it is assumed that during odd time segments packets are transmitted by the basic transmission unit and during even time segments by the ancillary device (Figure 2).
I*u1sc Ojiimutnc Module
Radial ion stmrec 1 <M0±Jnmp
I
Radiation source 2 (940 ± 10 nm)
I
Broadband Photodiode (350- 1100 nm)
Current source
gum control
Amplifier
Signal transmission
ntdio moduli' Tolk;
Computing device +—
Red detector and infrared radial ion
Processing unit physiological indicators
acquisition unii
Signal receiving radio module
Control 1er CC2650
Power Supply
Onboard power supply
\ . .'In 1 usw
DMmry bluck HART
Data acquisition unit
Figure 1, General structural and functional diagram of an operational medical control system for assessing the functional state of an aircraft pilot
Basic transmission unit
Ancillary device
ilk) I vans mission
fïk+1) reception
fÎfc+2) transmission
JL
reception
transmission 1
reception
625 fis
Figure 2. Time division duplex
In work [5], a procedure for studying mutual interferences when two Bluetooth systems operate simultaneously on board the aircraft has been described. When providing distance between devices of around 1.0 meter, there were no failures in operation. However, at a distance of less than 0.5 meter, single failures began to occur in the communication channel of the basic unit. The oscillograph chart is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Results of mutual interferences1 studies when two Bluetooth systems are operating simultaneously on board aircraft
Thus, Bluetooth data transmission technology is not very effective in terms of ensuring interference immunity and reliability of the information transmitted under the conditions of its application on board aircraft.
Let us consider ultra-wide band short-range transmission technologies that have low power consumption and high interference immunity, and evaluate the possibility of optimal operation on board aircraft.
The operating principle of ultra-wideband short-range transmission radio systems is based on information exchange using pulses of very short duration, which have a very wide spectrum of about ten gigahertz, respectively.
The key features of this technology are:
— high data transfer rate (up to 1.3 Gbit / s);
- high energy efficiency;
— relative simplicity of modern implementation;
- low cost of systems;
— very low power consumption;
- extremely low spectral power density (-40...-50 dBm / MHz), which provides good transmission secrecy;
- technical simplicity of hardware implementation of receiving and transmitting devices;
— short range - up to ten meters [6].
Ultra-wideband short-range transmission systems provide a high level of electromagnetic compatibility when operating in conjunction with existing communication systems. This is facilitated by the Sow level of signals, the use of noiseless coding, and the noise-like structure of ultra-wideband short-range transmission radio systems' signals (Figure 6),
Having considered the main mechanisms of UWB (Ultra Wide Band) technology operation and described its main advantages, we will assess the possibility of its optimal functioning on board aircraft.
Figure 6. Ratio ot frequency bands of known technologies and ultrawideband short-range transmission technologies
In accordance with the standard «Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Methodology for the achievement of the functional safety of technical equipment with regard to electromagnetic disturbance» of 2007 [7], as well as works [8] and [9], the evaluation of external and internal electromagnetic factors' influence includes consideration of the following issues:
- providing intra-system and inter-system electromagnetic compatibility;
- ground loops and circuits;
- metallization;
- lightning discharges;
- occurrence of electrostatic discharges (also during precipitation);
- influence of an ultra-short electromagnetic pulse (short-duration puise interference);
- radiation level monitoring;
- threats of electromagnetic irradiation of weapons, fuel, and personnel;
- appearance of high-intensity electromagnetic fields [7,8, 9J.
Given that information transmission in UWB technology is
carried out using ultra short pulses, it is advisable to consider the effect of ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses to assess the possibility of its application on board aircraft. Those ultrawideband electromagnetic pulses penetrate an aircraft cabin from outside as a result of aircraft fuselage contact w ith lightning discharges, as well as areas of high concentration of ions in the airspace.
The standard [7] considers powerful electromagnetic effects of artificial origin with a peak electric field strength of 100 V/m in the frequency range from 200 MHz to 5 GHz. In particular, the influence of an ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulse is considered.
To assess the potential impact of an ultra-short electromagnetic pulse, it is necessary and sufficient to perform a spectral analysis (to determine the areas of frequency overlap) of desired information signal and interference pulse at the receiving point. Figure 7 schematically shows the spectra of an ultra-wideband, wideband, narrow-band radio signals, as well as an ultra-short electromagnetic pulse.
Light-emitting diode (AX=30-50 um)
Wavelength, noi
I Multimode laser (AX=l-3 tint)
I Monomode laser (AX-0.1-0.4 mu)
Wavelength, nm
Wavelength, nm
a) ----------------b) —...........C)
Figure 9. Spectral characteristics of optical radiation: a - led radiation; b - multimode laser radiation; c - monomode laser radiation
Next, you should focus on choosing the type of laser. Currently, the most common are semiconductor lasers, which have a number of advantages over other types of lasers:
- wide range of generation wavelengths (0.3-30 microns);
- low power consumption;
- direct conversion of electrical energy to optical energy with high efficiency (more than 60%);
- rapidity;
- simplicity of modulation processes;
- smooth adjustment of generation Wavelengths;
- ability to function effectively at room and higher temperatures;
- easy integration of modem laser designs into integrated circuits;
- high strength;
- high reliability (the resource of semiconductor lasers reaches 100,000 hours);
- small dimensions, low weight, compactness;
- low price [14].
The main advantage that allows semiconductor lasers to be used as sources of data transmission on board aircraft is that they are small in weight and low in power consumption.
It should be noted that one of the most significant disadvantages of semiconductor lasers is low output power. However, this disadvantage is not critical in relation to the possibility of data transmission in the system of medical operational monitoring, since the transmission distance is very small (less than 1 m),
A laser based on the InGaAsP heterostructure with radiation at a wavelength of 1.55 microns was selected as a semiconductor laser for operation in the medical operational monitoring system. We should say that the requirements for the energy component and, consequently, for the power of tlie laser emitter pumping sources in this spectral region are significantly reduced. Radiation at a wavelength of 1.55 microns is characterized by a smaller amount of scattering and absorption and is absolutely safe for the eyes of an operator, meeting the necessary condition for the introduction and operation of many optical systems.
The technical characteristics of this laser are shown in Table 2.
For now, the domestic optoelectronic industry has developed optical radiation receivers in a wide spectral range (from ultraviolet to deep infrared), operating in the range of reception speeds of about 2.5 Gbit/s. The p-i-n photodiode was selected as the receiving module with the following characteristics as shown in Table 3.
Table 2
Technical characteristics of a semiconductor laser
Characteristic, units of measure Unit value
Radiated power, mW 1 - 10
Wavelength, microns 1,55
Line width, nm 3
Threshold current, mA 15
Operating current, mA 30
Operating voltage, V 2
The feedback photocurrent, pA 40
Operating temperature range, V from -40 lo +50 (+25 nominal value)
Table 3 Characteristics of the receiving photodiode
Characteristic, units of measure Unit value
Wavelength, microns 1,2-1,6
Dynamic range, dbm from -39 to +3
Photodetector sensitivity, A/W 0,9
Supply voltage, V 5
Operating temperature range, "C from -40 to +70 (+25 nominal value)
Photodetector capacity, pF 0,7
Dark current, nA 2
Inherent noise power spectral density, W'Hz 3-10"15
It should be emphasized that these semiconductor devices have a very large range of operating temperatures, which allows us to talk about the system availability under the conditions of aircraft cabin depressurization.
A block diagram of organizing data transmission from the pilot's physiological parameters processing unit to the data collection unit based on optical infrared radiation in medical operational monitoring system is shown in Figure 10.
The byte to be transmitted is sent to the transmitting module block, where the start and stop bits are added to it. The character is passed sequentially, starting with the lowest bit value. The encoded octet includes a start bit (a logical zero represented by the presence of an optical pulse), followed by 8 data bits, and a stop bit (a logical unit represented by the absence of an optical pulse).
taferference infrared fill
In-flight catering +5 V
Dala collection
_ml_
utp cat Se
Interface
Flight dala recorder of aircraft.' helicopter
Z^f
Octet !i .'ii it' UART
h :..i!. ' ocict franc
Stnri üii
Stop bit
Jl
Jl
o
Bit (hunt] on
Piüsc width - 3/16 of bit dural ion
value and bandwidth capacity of the wireless communication channcl according to the Shannon - Hartley theorem ( 1 ):
C = B log2
jV
(1)
Figure 10. A variant of organizing a wireless data transmission network from the pilot's physiological parameters processing unit to [lie data collection unit
Each bit containing a logical zero is represented by an optical pulse with a maximum duration equal to 3/16 of bit duration (Figure 11).
Figure 11. 3/16 data encoding for IrDA
When the bit encoding is complete, the transmitted data is modulated. In semiconductor lasers, radiation modulation is carried out by modulating pump current. In the diagram shown in Figure 11, the infrared pulses start in the middle of each transmitted bit's period, which is the optimal time for the encoder to encode the output from data bus [13, 14].
The transmitted pulses are sent to a photodiode that converts light pulses into current pulses, which are amplified and compared with the threshold level for conversion to logical levels ("0" if there is light pulse, "1" if there is no pulse) in the data collection unit
The photodiode that receives the infrared signal is fixed to the wall of the cockpit opposite the pilot's chest as much as possible to maintain radiation direction. Since the pilot is mobile during the llight and radiation direction conditions may not be met at certain limes, a semiconductor laser is equipped with a thin scattering lens that increases the area of possible infrared radiation reception. As it was mentioned above, laser radiation is not affected by various types of radio frequency interference, but the photodiode input, in addition to the "wanted" infrared radiation will get natural light, as well as radiation of artificial origin. To eliminate these side-effects, a multi-layer interference filter is placed in front of the photodiode. If a fault occurs in the data collection unit, the signal from the photodiode is transmitted to the "black box", bypassing the faulty unit
Evaluation of interference immunity level
and methods for its improvement
It is possible to estimate interference immunity of the proposed transmission network based on determining the immunity
Where C — channel bandwidth capacity, bit/ s; B — channel bandwidth, Hz; 5- total signal power, W\ N- total noise power, W [15].
The photodiode input receives a signal that is a mixture of encoded wanted data, and continuous random data that is an interference signal. Further, we shall calculate data transmission channel bandwidth.
B=-= 3'10\ =1}935-10K Hz, X 1,55-10
After that, you need to determine a signal-to-noise ratio. A semiconductor laser is the source of a signal. Signal power S is light power in the corresponding radiation stream estimated by the light stream <t> [16].
The main sources of interference and noise in wireless optical transmission networks are natural and artificial lighting, luminosity (reflection of light by surfaces, also due to light interference). Signal strength can he estimated in watts, while the power of noise generated by ambient light is unlikely to be represented in watts. That is why the effect of noise can be fairly estimated by illumination level £ [16].
Illumination is directly proportional to light intensity of the source and inversely proportional to square of the distance to the illuminated surface. If there is an oblique incidence of rays relative to the illuminated surface, illumination volume decreases in proportion to angle cosine of incidence of rays. Thus, illumination E from a point source can be calculated from expression (2) [16]:
E-—r- cos(i),
(2)
where / — light intensity, kJ; r — distance to light source, m; i— angle of incidence of light rays relative to the surface, rad. Noise power N is defined as the ambient illumination E(XP,
which contains not only natural EIIT and artificial illumination, but also the total luminosity of objects, which we will call the reflected illumination ¿'OTP, taking into account multipathing due to light scattering on the surfaces of an aircraft cabin and objects in it (3) [15]:
N E o KP Eect + E HCK + EOTP = -^COS (/£cr) +
HCK
) + %^cos(ion>)
' F.CT
' HCK
'OTP
(3)
In the daytime, when flying at medium altitudes, natural light is sufficient for normal operation in the cockpit. In some cases (for example, when Hying on a bright sunny day over an area covered with snow), one even has lo reduce the intensity of lighting by using protective curtains and light filters. During night flights, it is necessary to use artificial lighting.
Results and discussion
In the present paper, a variant of organizing a wireless network for transmitting physiological indicators of the pilot's health based on mid-infrared laser radiation (IrDA technology) has been developed. The selected variant is not affected by radio frequency interference, which makes it the most applicable for use on board aircraft. The paper proposes to use a semiconductor laser based on InGaAsP heterostructurc with monochromatic radiation at a wavelength of 1.55 microns, high output power of optical radiation, and narrow (1-3 11111) spectral band width, which minimizes the effect of interference from natural and artificial light sources 011 the transmitted optical signal. The choice of radiation wavelength is due to the lower amount of scattering and absorption, as well as safety for the operator's eyes. Radiation direction is maintained by equipping the laser with a thin scattering lens that increases the possible reception area. Eliminating side radiation is performed using a multi-layer interference filter made of GaSb gallium anlimonide films which has a high refractive index, inertness to aggressive media, high wear resistance, and narrow bandwidth (1.25 - 2.1 microns). The evaluation of interference immunity of the wireless optical transmission line showed that the use of such a filter does allow you to increase a signal-to-noise ratio at the input of photodiode. The pass bandwidth was 1,935 -1014 Hz. A backup line is provided. In case of data collection unit malfunction, the signal from Hie photodiode is transmitted to an aircraft's flight data recorder.
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References
ВАРИАНТ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ БЕСПРОВОДНОЙ СЕТИ ПЕРЕДАЧИ ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ
ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ЗДОРОВЬЯ ПИЛОТА НА БОРТУ ВОЗДУШНОГО СУДНА НА ОСНОВЕ ЛАЗЕРНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ СРЕДНЕГО ИНФРАКРАСНОГО ДИАПАЗОНА
Коптев Дмитрий Сергеевич, Юго-Западный государственный университет" (ФГБОУ ВО "ЮЗГУ"), г. Курск, Россия,
d.s.koptev@mail.ru
Аннотация
Согласно стратегии развития авиастроения вплоть до 2023 г., основные усилия авиационной промышленности направлены создание высокоскоростных и маневренных самолетов за счёт увеличения мощности двигательных агрегатов, реализации сложных систем управления полетом, навигации, повышения характеристик технического оснащения. Однако, физиологические возможности оператора воздушного судна (пилота) начинают отставать от технологических возможностей новейшей авиационной техники в плане эффективного и оперативного управления ею, выполнения боевых задач и переносимости существенных перегрузок. Более 70% авиационных происшествий связано именно с лётной деятельностью экипажей, треть которых обусловлена нарушением функционального состояния пилота, вследствие воздействия экстремальных факторов полёта. Система оперативного медицинского контроля (СОМК) предназначена для регистрации физиологических показателей здоровья пилота.
Ключевые слова: система оперативного медицинского контроля, физиологические показатели здоровья пилота, беспроводная передача данных, оптическое излучение, сверхширокополосный сигнал, электромагнитная помеха, помехоустойчивость, полупроводниковый лазер, спектр сигнала.
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Информация об авторе:
Коптев Дмитрий Сергеевич, аспирант, федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Юго-Западный государственный университет" (ФГБОУ ВО "ЮЗГУ"), г. Курск, Россия
T-Comm ^м 14. #4-2020
