71РАЗДЕЛ 3. ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПЕРЕВОДА И ПОДГОТОВКИ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКОВ В СФЕРЕ МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ
Batsuren Renchin, Dolgorsuren Amgalan
National University of Mongolia School of Arts and Sciences Faculty of Humanities
УДК 811.111-26
A STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF IDIOMS IN THE NOVEL "DAVID COPPERFIELD" BY CHARLES DICKENS
Abstract. The subject for consideration in the article is the work "David Copperfield" by Charles Dickens. The purpose of this article is to examine the classification of translation methods of phraseological units, and to highlight the main types of translation. The main task to achieve this goal is to consider a number of techniques for translating idioms and analyze their application in practice, taking as the basis the work by Charles Dickens "David Copperfield" and its translation into Mongolian by Sh. Ochirbat. In the conclusion of the paper the main findings, based on the goal and objectives, are presented and summarized.
Keywords: idioms, methods of translation, equivalent, analogue, descriptive translation, antonymic translation, combined translation.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПЕРЕВОДА ИДИОМ В РОМАНЕ «ДЭВИД КОПЕРФИЛД» ЧАРЛЬЗА ДИККЕНСА
Аннотация. Предметом рассмотрения в статье является произведение Чарльза Диккенса "Давид Коперфилд". Цель данной статьи - рассмотреть классификацию способов перевода фразеологизмов и выделить основные типы перевода. Основная задача для достижения этой цели - рассмотреть ряд приемов перевода идиом и проанализировать их применение на практике, взяв за основу произведение Чарльза Диккенса «Дэвид Коп-перфилд» и его перевод на монгольский язык Ш. Очирбат. В заключении сформулированы основные выводы, исходя из цели и задач, и подведен итог данной работы.
Ключевые слова: идиомы, способы перевода, эквивалент, аналог, описательный перевод, антонимический перевод, комбинированный перевод.
Idioms not only reflect the way of life and traditional customs of different nations but also convey the same meaning in different ways, depending on the way the language is thought and expressed, and represent certain things with different manners. Therefore, studying idioms is crucial for the study of the language, culture, traditions, and history of a nation; also it plays an important role in the research of students and scientists.
Much attention is paid to the translation of phraseological units in theoretical works, in each translation manual, especially on the translation of fiction, journalistic, socio-political literature, in many publications on the theory of phraseology and comparative linguistics. The problems associated with this one are
considered in different ways, different translation methods are recommended, and there are disagreeing opinions. Mongolian linguist R. Gurbazar states in his book "Fundamentals of Translation Theory and Practice" that idioms cannot be directly translated into foreign languages. They are one of the main means of clear language expressions; therefore they create an unforgettable image in one's mind [1, p.115]. We find it interesting when individual words come together; they lose their original meaning and express a new meaning, which creates a lot of problems in translation. It is very important to correctly interpret, use and acquire knowledge of specific expressions and idioms. Mona Baker notes that "one of the two difficulties in translating an idiom is the ability to correctly recognize the idiom, and the other is the difficulty in translating the various meanings of an idiom into a foreign language [2, p.115].
In addition, when translating a phraseological unit, the translator's task is not only to correctly convey its meaning, but also to reflect emotionally expressive characteristics, evaluative connotation, functional and stylistic features. Also, the main reason of most difficulties in translating phraseological units can be connected with a high degree of its national specificity. In such cases, the task of the translator will be to adapt it to the culture and language of the target audience. Still one of the difficulties is the external similarity of phraseological units in lies in the fact that their source and translation languages have different semantics, which can also lead to false associations and incorrect translation.
The purpose of our research is to analyze the translation classification methods of idioms in Charles Dickens's novel "David Copperfield" and to reveal the principles of translation skills [3]. In our article we have considered the first chapter of the novel (the research work will be continued further along through our study period). We have done our research based on the translated version of "David Copperfield" which has been created into Mongolian in 1958 by Sh. Ochirbat [4].
Our master's thesis study is based on the unique idiomatic translation method developed by A.V. Kunin, a well-known Russian scholar who made significant contributions to the field of idiomatic linguistics [5]. He suggested 5 types of translation:
1. Equivalent, i.e., a Russian idiom coinciding with the English in meaning and in imagery, e.g., as cold as ice - холодный как лед; the salt of the earth -
соль земли.
2. Analogue, i.e., Russian idiom that is equivalent to the English in meaning but differs completely or partially in its imagery, e.g., a drop in the bucket -
капля в море; a fly in the ointment- ложкадегтя в бочке меда.
3. Descriptive translation, i.e., translation by conveying the meaning of the English idiom with a free word combination. Descriptive translation is used when no equivalent or analogue is available in Russian, e.g., accept the Chiltern
Hundreds - слагать с себя полномочия члена парламента; cross the floor of the house - перейти из одной партии в другую.
4. Antonym translation, conveying the meaning of a negative construction by means of a positive construction or vice versa, e.g., hold cheap - не дорожить; keep one's head methods - не терять головы.
5. Combined translation. In cases when the Russian analogue does not fully convey the meaning of the English idiom or has a different specific colouring of place or time, it is given a loan translation, followed by a descriptive rendering and the Russian analogue for comparison, e.g., carry coals to Newcastle -—возить уголь в Ньюкасл", ехать в Тулу со своим самоваром, i.e. to carry something to where it is enough.
Our analysis on the English-Mongolian idiom translation of the given novel appears as follows:
I. Translation based on the use of equivalents:
1. EYES HAD CLOSED (Oxford Dictionary of Idioms 2004).
Eyes had opened - to be born хорвоод мэндлэх[6].
Eyes had closed - to pass away Нас барах.
Mng idiom: hya нээх (to open one's eyes) - to be born; hya аних (to close one's eyes) - to pass away [7].
SL: My father's eyes had closed upon the light of this world six months when mine opened on it. (His father had been dead for six months when he was born).
RL: Намайг щдээ нээхээс (to open one's eyes) 6 сарын емне аав минь hy6 аньсан (to close one's eyes).
2. COMING ALIVE OUT OF THE TRIAL - to become energized, especially after period of inactivity or difficult. /Farlex Dictionary of Idioms 2015 / [8].
Mng idiom: Амьд мэнд туулж гарах - to survive the trial.
SL: March afternoon, very timid and sad, and very doubtful of ever coming alive out of the trial that was before her, when, lifting her eyes as she dried them, to the window opposite, she saw a strange lady coming up the garden.
RL: Гуравдугаар сарын жихYYн салхитай тэр нэг едер ээж минь тул-гарч уй сорилтыг амьд мэнд туулж (to come alive out of the trial) чадах болвуу гэсэн гунигт бодолд дарагдан нулимсаа арчин цонхоор хартал Yл та-них бYCГYЙ айсуй.
II. Translation using analogues:
1. ON THE FIRST HEAD - first of all /Farlex Dictionary of Idioms
2015/
Mng idiom: юуны тYPYYнд, юуны емне - before doing anything else
SL: I need to say nothing here, on the first head, because nothing can show better than my history whether that prediction was verified or falsified by the result.
RL: Би юу ч хэлэх хэрэггYЙ байх гэхдээ юуны mYPYYHd (first of all) миний амьдарлын тYYх аяндаа тэр зегнелийн Yнэн, худал алин болохыг ха-руулах юм.
2. SETTLE WITH ONE HAND - not comparable /Farlex Dictionary of Idioms 2015 /
Mng idiom: чигчий хурууны чилээ гаргахгуй - not vigorous, easy to get defeated.
SL: My poor dear mother, I suppose, had some momentary intention of committing an assault and battery upon my aunt, who could easily have settled her with one hand, even if my mother had been in far better training for such an encounter than she was that evening.
RL: Хеерхий ээж минь, хичнээн бэлтгэл хийж яаж ч хичээсэн авга
Эгчийн чигчий хурууных нь чилээг ч ¿apzax¿YÜ (not to be able even to relieve a little finger's fatigue) гэдэг нь тун тодорхой харагдах бегеед би хуч хавсарсан ч ямар ч тусыг олохгYЙ мэт санагдана.
3. THE WEEKEST AND THE MILDEST-humble and mild in manner or spirit /Farlex Dictionary of Idioms 2015/
Mng idiom: их мерен делгеен, эрдэмтэй хYн даруу-.
SL: He was the meekest of his sex, the mildest of little men
RL: Эрдэмтэй хYн даруу, их мерен двлгввн (scholars are modest like a huge ocean is quiet)
4. TO HAVE A WORD TO THROW AT A DOG - Spoke slowly /Farlex dictionary of Idioms 2015 /
Mng idiom: Амнаасаа алт унагах гэж буй мэт- not talkative, short-spoken SL: He hadn't a word to throw at a dog
RL:Амнаасаа алт унагах мэт (as if going to drop gold from one's mouth)
5. HELD BY SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING - to grip or grasp someone, something in particular, such as a body part. /Farlex Dictionary of Idioms 2015/
Mng idiom: Гарта аатгах, зуурах, шYYрэх- to hold in one's hand (to have one's control).
SL: Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show.
RL: Би еерийнхее амьдарлын баатар болох уу эсвэл хэн нэгний гарт атгаастай (to be held in someone's hand) байна уу гэдгий гэнэхYY романы хуудаснуудаас олж уншаарай.
6. BREAK DOWN AGAIN - to lose control of emotions, especially sadness or grief. /Farlex Dictionary of Idioms 2015 /
Mng idiom: сэтгэлээ, биеээ барьж чадахгYЙ байх - to lose control of one's emotions.
SL: "I kept my housekeeping -book regularly, and balanced it with Mr. Copperfield every night," cried my mother in another burst of distress, and breaking down again.
RL: Би тооцооныхоо дэвтрийг нямбай хетелж, орой бYP Копперфилд гуай бид зарлагаа боддогсон гээд ээж биеэ барьж дийлэлгYй (not to be ableto hold one's body), улам эгшин уйлав.
III. Descriptive translation:
1. WAX DOLL - especially one who is considered attractive /Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms,2004:303/
Хеерхен залуухан - beautiful women
SL: My father had once been a favorite of hers, I believe; but she was mortally affronted by his marriage, on the ground that my mother was 'a wax doll'.
RL: Аав минь ээжид маш их хайртай байсан гэдэгт би итгэдэг гэхдээ тэр эмэгтэй энэхYY гэрлэлтэнд дургYЙ байсан юм ээж минь маш дур булаам (very attractive) байсан.
2. DEAD LOSS (Complete loss failure, usually financially /Farlex dictionary of Idioms 2015 /
СанхYYгийн алдагдал- finance loss
SL: Consequently the advertisement was withdrawn at a dead loss.
RL: Yр дунд нь зар сурталчилгаа нь санхYYгийн алдагдалд (finance loss) оруулав.
3. "I BEG YOUR PARDON"-Please excuse me /Farlex dictionary of Idioms 2015 /
Эршеегеерэй намайг -I am sorry i don't understand
SL: I beg your pardon, ma'am faltered my mother.
RL: Оршввгвврэй (excuse me) авхай би таны хэлсэнийг ойлгосонгYЙ гэж ээж амандаa бувтнав.
We have completed our research on the translation methods of idioms identified by the Russian linguist A.V. Kunin concerning translation of the novel of Charles Dickens's "David Copperfield" into the Mongolian language by the Mongolian translater Sh. Ochirbat, 1958.
Having analyzed and classified the selected idioms by A.V. Kunin's method of idiom translation we came to some conclusion. Thus, out of 11 selected idioms, 2 English idioms are translated by their Mongolian equivalent idioms. There are 6 English idioms translated by analogue idioms. The descriptive translation method is used for translating 3 idiom expressions. Also it must be noted that the remaining 2 methods such as antonymic translation and combined translation were not used by the translator.
Phraseology is a complex phenomenon that requires special attention of translators, since phraseological units are not simple phrases with free meanings of components and when translation can face a number of difficulties. Our analysis made it possible to make sure that in each specific case the translation strategy varies and a number of factors may affect the translation resolution. Depending on the situation and features of the phraseological unit, the translator can find an equivalent, an analogue, use a descriptive, antonymic or combined translation. To perform translation of high quality, the translator needs to be familiar with the above-mentioned translation techniques of phraseological units.
References
1. Gurbazar R. (1996). Fundamentals of translation theory and practice. UB, 1996.
2. Baker M. (1992). In Other Words A Coursebook in Translation. London, 1992.
3. Dickens Ch. (1850). David Copperfield. London, 1850.
4. Ochirbat Sh. (1950). David Copperfield (translation). UB, 1950.
5. KuninA.V. English - Russian Phraseological Dictionary. Moscow, 1984.
6. Farlex Dictionary of English Idioms, 2015.
7. Dashdondov Ts. (2016). Mongol English Dictionary of idioms. UB, 2016.
8. Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms, 2004.
T.V. Khanzhina
Penza branch of the Military academy of logistics
(Russia, Penza)
УДК 378.14
FEATURES OF CADET TRAINING FOR ADDITIONAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME
«INTERPRETER IN PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATIONS»
Abstract. The need for linguistic support for military activities has increased the requirements for the language training of military specialists. Currently, an active search is underway for ways to increase motivation to learn a foreign language in a non-linguistic military university and improve the quality of language training of cadets. Such methods are multimedia technologies and authentic audio-visual resources. The author shows the possibilities of using these methods, analyzes their advantages, and examines tasks that can be used in teaching a foreign language at a military university.
Keywords: communicative competence, motivation, multimedia technologies, visuality, authentic audio-visual resources.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОДГОТОВКИ КУРСАНТОВ ПО
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЙ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ ПРОГРАММЕ «ПЕРЕВОДЧИК В СФЕРЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ»
Аннотация. Необходимость лингвистического обеспечения военной деятельности повысила требования к языковой подготовке военных специалистов. В настоящее время ведется активный поиск способов, позволяющих повысить мотивацию к изучению иностранного языка в неязыковом военном вузе и улучшить качество подготовки курсантов по программе «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации». Такими способами являются мультимедийные технологии и аутентичные видеоматериалы. Автор показывает возможности использования указанных способов, анализирует их преимущества, рассматривает задания, которые могут быть использованы при обучении иностранному языку в военном вузе.
Ключевые слова: коммуникативная компетенция, мотивация, мультимедийные технологии, визуальность, аутентичные видеоматериалы.
At present, great requirements are imposed on the professional training of a future specialist. He must have professional skills, be ready to improve professional qualifications, be able to communicate with other people, be a highly cultured person and speak a foreign language. Knowledge of a foreign language al-
