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СИМОНЯН ГАРНИК АЙКАРАМОВИЧ, - доктор экономических наук, вице-президент НИИ истории экономики и права (sgar@yandex.ru).
SIMONYAN, GARNIK A. - Doctor of Economics, Vice-President History, Economics and Law Research Institute (HELRI).
УДК 334.021(510+569.4) DOI: 10.24412/2308-264X-2021-2-175-181
ЛЯН СЮЭЦЮ
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ НОВОГО РАЙОНА ХАРБИНА, ПРИВЛЕКАЮЩЕГО ИЗРАИЛЬСКИЕ ИНВЕСТИЦИИ1
Ключевые слова: Новый район Харбина, Израиль, китайско-израильское сотрудничество, инвестиции, технологии.
Благодаря своему превосходному географическому положению, диверсифицированной промышленной структуре и благоприятной политической среде, новый район Харбина, будучи 16-м новым национальным районом Китая, стал местом притяжения для инвесторов со всего мира. Значительные успехи в Харбине были достигнуты в последние годы и в сотрудничестве с Израилем - одной из важных для Китая целевых стран - доноров иностранных инвестиций, которые закладывают основу для взаимовыгодного двустороннего сотрудничества. Разрабатывая преференциальную политику, Harbin New Area стремится привлечь глобальных инвесторов, включая Израиль, в надежде на продвижение экономического сотрудничества, презентуя Харбин как второй родной город для еврейского народа.
LIANG XUEQIU
A STUDY ON HARBIN NEW AREA ATTRACTING ISRAELI INVESTMENT Key word: Harbin New Area, Israeli, Sino-Israeli cooperation, investments, technologies.
With its excellent geographical location, diversified industrial structure and favorable policy environment, Harbin New Area, as China's 16th national new area, has become a huge attraction for investors from all over the world. Considerable achievements in the Harbin have been made in the previous cooperation with Israel - one of target countries important for China - donors of foreign investment, which lay the foundation for mutually beneficial bilateral cooperation. By developing preferential policies, the Harbin New Area seeks to attract global investors, including Israel, in the hopes of promoting economic cooperation by presenting Harbin as a second home city for the Jewish people.
Despite being one of the hub cities of northeast China, Harbin has suffered an overall economic, social and cultural decline in recent years, partly due to economic development itself and partly due to lack of momentum. In view of this, the government has introduced a series of preferential policies to try to revitalize the city. As the 16th national new area in China and the second national new area in northeast China, Harbin New Area has served as a pilot area and foreign trade pilot zone for China's major development and reform and opening up tasks with its unique location advantages. This implies greater rights to independent development and a favorable environment for reform and innovation, thus
1 Статья подготовлена в рамках проектов: 1. Молодежный проект Хэйлунцзянской академии социальных наук, 2020 г. (№ 2020-Q14); 2: Молодежный проект Национального фонда социальных наук, 2017 г. (№ 17CGJ023); Undertake Project: 1: 2020 Youth Project of Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences (No. 2020-Q14); 2: 2017 Youth Project of National Social Science Fund (No. 17CGJ023).
stimulating the northeast China's pioneering role and effectiveness in foreign trade. In this regard, to drive the economic development of Harbin New Area and northeast China, this is expected to attract foreign investment, including from Israel, by expanding the opening of Harbin New Area to the outside world.
1. Empirical analysis of Israel's investment in China.
The technical cooperation between China and Israel dates back to 2013. As one of the world's high-tech powers, Israel has a strong technological reserve in medical care, energy conservation, environmental protection and new material manufacturing. China's economic transformation towards high-quality development over the years has stimulated a huge demand for market and industrial transformation. As a result, the two countries have cooperated more closely than ever before. In terms of Chinese enterprises' "going out" strategy and foreign trade structure, on the one hand, Israeli advanced technology should be introduced by means of purchase, and on the other hand, efforts should be made to continuously optimize the investment environment to attract and retain more advanced technologies from Israel. China's current cooperation with Israel is mainly in the following modes.
1.1. China-Israel Changzhou Innovation Park.
The China-Israel Changzhou Innovation Park, established in 2015, is the first national experimental economic cooperation zone jointly built by the two countries. Based on the innovation modes and experience of Israel, the Innovation Park brings together the advantages of capital, resources and human resources to create a high-end medical technology incubator with high technology content, great market prospects and a wide range of cooperation, which maximizes the advantages of Israel's innovation technology information base. Thanks to the joint efforts of Israel investment bank and the Changzhou Innovation Park team, a large number of innovators and entrepreneurs have been attracted and cultivated. Since its establishment, more than 100 Israeli high-tech enterprises have settled in the park, including world-renowned enterprises such as Laichuang Refrigeration and Tengshi Medical, as well as leading technology enterprises such as Lycored. So far, the park has set an example in China-Israel cooperation in terms of agglomeration density of enterprises, industrial development policies and operational management mechanism, making it one of the four China-Israel cooperation demonstration zones in China. Apart from China-Israel Changzhou Innovation Park, the two countries have jointly set up multiple other industrial parks, such as China-Israel Fozhou Industrial Park and China-Israel Shandong Modern Agriculture Demonstration Park, as further cooperation has brought remarkable results.
1.2. China-Israel cross-border investment in 2019.
In 2019, the China-Israel Cross-border Investment Forum entitled "Towering towards Israel" was held in Jinan. At the forum, the two countries conducted in-depth discussions in the fields of new material manufacturing, biomedical technology, 3D printing technology, modern agriculture and environmental protection based on foreign trade cooperation and cross-border investment. The signing of 9 projects to be settled in Jinan and Liaocheng was completed on the spot, suggesting that China's superior investment environment and sound investment policies, as well as the complementary fields between the two countries are a great attraction for Israeli investors. While providing greater space for foreign enterprises, including Israel's, the forum has accelerated the transformation of old and new drivers of growth in Shandong Province and promoted the complementarity of the two countries in technology, human resources and information. In this way, it empowers and provides more room for growth for companies across the industry chain.
2. Opportunities for Harbin New Area to attract Israeli investment.
In the field of foreign trade, Harbin New Area is believed to have broad prospects for cooperation with the world, including Israel. With its outstanding R&D strength, Israel is known as the "startup country" and the "Silicon Valley of the Middle East". Further cooperation between the two countries will surely contribute to China's economic development, given Israel's leading scientific and technological capabilities in big data, modern agriculture, artificial intelligence, and network applications.
2.1. Policy advantages of Harbin New Area.
As China's first and only national new economic development zone with the theme of cooperation with Russia, Harbin New Area undertakes national strategic tasks concerning major development and reform, including the strategic positioning of "three areas and one pole". Also, it shoulders a major mission to promote North-South interaction and the construction of an international modern ecological new urban area. Since its establishment, the New Area has attracted outside investment by innovating and optimizing its development perspective, thinking and planning. With the introduction of more than 20 supportive
policies on investment attraction, domestic and foreign investment are guided and promoted to form a joint force to facilitate the contact between enterprises in the high-tech zone and financial capital for further growth, thus promoting the development of the New Area. By making ecological environment construction a feature of the New Area, the effect of an ecological demonstration zone that integrates industry and city has been highlighted.
2.2. Reform advantages of Harbin New Area.
The government has always placed a high emphasis on the industrial and economic development in northeast China. Since the strategy of revitalizing the old industrial base in northeast China was put forward in 2003, a number of economic support policies have been introduced and achieved initial results. With sustained economic growth and steady industrial restructuring, there has been an overall improvement in the competitiveness of enterprises, social development, major equipment manufacturing and agricultural modernization, which brings greater benefits to the people. As one of the crucial starting points of the revitalization strategy, Harbin New Area has made great progress in the aspects of target positioning, policy guarantee and system implementation since its establishment. First of all, the marketization degree of enterprises in Harbin New Area has been continuously improved. The revitalization of private enterprises and private economy has created favorable conditions for opening up and attracting foreign investment. Secondly, by virtue of its significant regional advantages in the reform and opening up, Harbin New Area has established and reached in-depth economic cooperation and exchanges with Israel, Russia and other countries, which has laid a foundation for regional and national cooperation. Thirdly, the superior economic supporting facilities and target positioning of the New Area is a huge driver of foreign investment and economic growth.
2.3. Supply advantages of Harbin New Area.
As the cradle of China's industry and a national industrial and grain base, northeast China is home to a large number of industries that are vital to the national economy and strategic security. Harbin, one of the major cities in northeast China, has built up its resource advantages in industrial industry, science, education, culture, talent training and infrastructure construction since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Along with the social development and function transformation in the new era, Harbin New Area, which consists of parts of Songbei District, Hulan District and Pingfang District of Harbin and has a planned area of 493km2, has further expanded its potential. With its superior geographical conditions, solid scientific and technological and industrial foundation, excellent ecological environment, historical cooperation with Russia and key strategic position, the New Area is a critical economic growth pole in Northeast China and plays a pivotal role in promoting national development and building China into a modern socialist power.
Besides, Harbin New Area is the only national new area in the northernmost part of China with the theme of cooperation with Russia. In addition to revitalizing the old industrial base in northeast China, promoting the strategic adjustment of economic structure in Heilongjiang Province and enhancing the competitiveness of Harbin New Area, accelerating the development of the New Area by attracting Israeli investment is an evitable course to achieve coordinated economic development in northeast China and create new economic growth points.
2.4. Opening up advantages of Harbin New Area.
Despite its great location advantage and strategic role as a national economic development zone, Harbin New Area's shortcomings in terms of its establishment time, industrial structure and development foundation lead to poor foreign trade dependence and openness to the outside world, implying limitations in utilizing and attracting foreign investment. It is therefore required to improve the New Area's openness and ability to attract foreign investment by enhancing the level, policies, sectors and guarantees of opening up to the outside world to drive economic development. To promote the construction of national new areas and build a strategic structure to attract foreign investment, Harbin New Area is expected to give full play to the advantages of opening to the outside world, which should be the top priority at present. Seeking cooperation between Harbin New Area and Israel, an important foreign trade partner of Heilongjiang Province and even China, is crucial to promoting the economic development of both sides.
3. Defects of Harbin New Area in attracting Israeli investment.
3.1. Low economic aggregate and imperfect supporting facilities.
So far, only 11 of the more than 60 projects in Harbin's Songbei District have been put into operation, suggesting the low quality of the investment being introduced. Confronted by its small
economic aggregate, unreasonable economic and industrial structure and weak internal impetus for economic development, Harbin New Area is faced with challenges to be built into the economic growth pole of northeast China. In addition, the investment promotion service and management agencies in Songbei District fail to meet the investment promotion needs of Harbin New Area either in scale or in quantity. The limited resources and strength indicate unsatisfactory results in attracting investment, and the absence of innovation mechanisms and systems is a potential obstacle to further development of investment promotion and large-scale breakthrough.
3.2. Economic structure with low rationality and flexibility.
In spite of the advance of major industrial parks, high-tech robots, and high-end equipment design and manufacturing projects in these years, Harbin New Area is expected to continue to improve its economic structure and promote industrial development in an all-round way. Compared with other national new areas, Harbin New Area has disadvantages in terms of industrial foundation, industrial chain system, industrial cluster effect and development level of new business forms, as evidenced by the single structure of new industries such as fintech, international economy and trade, information technology industry and world's large and well-known enterprises. Due to the transformation of industrial parks with unclear objectives, weak guidance and low attraction to foreign enterprises, the parks have not played a full role in leading, supporting and driving economic growth. Moreover, the limited financial aid from the government is insufficient to support the construction of economic environment and hardware and software environment of Harbin New Area. Strategic support for emerging industries is particularly important, including financial and policy support.
3.3. Adverse soft environment and inherent concepts.
The soft environment for attracting foreign investment has no doubt played a key role in improving the utilization rate of foreign investment. However, there are deficiencies in the construction of soft environment in Harbin New Area, including rigidity, low standards, irregular procedures, unsatisfactory efficiency and judicial injustice. These are huge impediments to attracting foreign investment and suggest limited prospects and results. Although the government has introduced and implemented measures to promote enterprise and industrial innovation, the soft environment for attracting foreign investment in the New Area remains to be improved, including innovation and entrepreneurship, management services and supporting facilities construction. In terms of the speed of technological and management innovation, the effectiveness of institutional innovation, as well as the innovation consciousness and achievement transformation of universities and well-known enterprises, Harbin New Area falls far short of the orientation for national new areas as "the first to take action and try". This has undermined the attraction of the area to Israeli businesses and thus hindered the development of its leading and exemplary role.
3.4. Limited innovation and awareness in serving foreign-funded enterprises.
Upon its establishment, Harbin New Area was labeled with cooperation with Russia, and was included in the Harbin Area of China (Heilongjiang) Free Trade Zone. Also, efforts were made to build the international trade center of northeast Asia. However, foreign trade cooperation in the New Area is still in its initial stage, especially the cooperation with Russia and Israel, which is mostly not in-depth, single-field and under-utilized. Specifically, the concept of providing "nanny-like" services for foreign-funded enterprises has not been established, especially in terms of enhancing the understanding of the status and role of foreign-funded enterprises and optimizing the business environment and systems. And there is no practical supportive policy to solve the problems and optimize the environment for foreign-invested enterprises' growth. These are largely attributed to government performance and the concept and standards of serving foreign enterprises, such as weak systematicness and low sense of urgency and responsibility in serving and utilizing foreign capital. Furthermore, due to changes in domestic investment and industrial environment, there are only limited preferential policies, environment and services to attract investment from Israel, which leads to less foreign investment in enterprise production, industrial development and structural adjustment in the New Area. This is another obstacle for Harbin New Area to play its role of leading economic structure, optimizing industrial structure and promoting social development.
4. Suggestions for Harbin New Area to attract foreign investment.
Harbin, once the Jewish homeland of the East, was one of the first cities to promote foreign trade after China's reform and opening up. With the launch of the "One Belt And One Road" initiative, enhancing the cooperation between China and Israel in the new era is one of the main strategies to
accelerate the economic and social development of Harbin New Area by attracting foreign investment.
4.1. Improve Harbin's investment attraction to Israel by strengthening the cooperation between the two governments.
To enhance the attraction of Harbin New Area to foreign investment, further cooperation should be reached between the governments of the two countries. By strengthening the cooperation between China and Israel in finance, industry, culture, trade and other fields, various financial institutions, especially emerging ones in science and finance, should be introduced to improve the effect of financial cooperation. This will provide more diversified financial products and services for enterprises in Harbin New Area, thus improving their financing efficiency. Based on the mode of cooperation between the two countries in the new era, efforts should be made to formulate investment attraction mechanisms, promote successful cooperation models and draw up development roadmaps. The two countries are expected to carry out further studies and exchanges on foreign trade policies, and innovate in building the environment and systems in line with their industrial policies, development directions and development needs, so as to promote more diversified, broad and deep cooperation. This will create favorable conditions for deepening bilateral cooperation in all fields under the "One Belt And One Road" initiative. Research can be made on mutually beneficial trade policies between the two countries to create a growth pole of foreign trade between the two countries by attracting Israeli investment in the Harbin New Area, broadening the areas of cooperation and improving the cooperation efficiency. Greater policy and financial support should be provided to speed up the construction of the soft and hard environment in Harbin New Area, so as to promote the building of a complete industrial chain, facilitate the efficient operation of capital, improve the level of financial services and stimulate the economic vitality of the New Area. At the government level, government investment in major science and technology, key sectors, and key areas of transformation should be promoted by optimizing the government's investment decision-making process and standardizing investment behavior.
4.2. Improve the transformation of technological achievements through the introduction of high-tech from Israel.
Israel, one of the world's leading technology developers, is a global leader in life sciences, artificial intelligence, information security, high-end equipment guidance and modern agricultural industries. Therefore, to accelerate the pace of development, Harbin New Area should strengthen the cooperation with Israel, especially the introduction of its high-tech. Taking the pharmaceutical industry as an example, given Israel's global leadership in pharmaceutical technology, the New Area is proposed to introduce its pharmaceutical production and R&D enterprises to promote the development of local industries and improve the transformation of medical technology achievements, thus empowering the local pharmaceutical industry cluster. What's more, Israeli high-tech research and promotion is highly compatible with the transformation of old and new drivers of growth in Harbin New Area, indicating the complementarity of the two sides in terms of technology, market and foreign trade cooperation. Hence, the introduction of Israeli high-tech is bound to improve the transformation of technological achievements and promote the foreign investment attraction from Israel. The in-depth cooperation between the two sides requires a precise matching between supply and demand. This is also a prerequisite to ensure more technical cooperation projects to be implemented in Harbin New Area, so as to enhance its innovation capacity, industrial level and development effectiveness. Technical cooperation should be carried out with Israeli financial institutions and industry groups to expand areas of cooperation and enhance the effectiveness of cooperation. By introducing Israeli high-tech to the New Area's industrial sector, Harbin will make up for its shortage in R&D of high-tech industries, thereby accelerating the transformation of achievements, expanding the industrial chain and achieving economic growth.
4.3. Promote the construction of China-Israel agricultural special zones by introducing advanced agricultural technologies from Israel.
As a major agricultural province in China, Heilongjiang enjoys unique advantages in terms of arable land area, soil conditions and foundation of modern agricultural development. Israel, known for its agricultural technology, is a world leader in agricultural production, crop cultivation and machinery R&D. Therefore, the cooperation between Harbin New Area and Israel should involve the introduction of advanced agricultural technologies from Israel. Apart from cooperation in agricultural management and R&D departments, further cooperation should be reached in agricultural exchanges and trade of agricultural products, so as to promote agricultural development and foreign investment utilization of both
sides in the new era. In addition, drawing on the useful experience of existing industrial parks such as China-Israel Changzhou Industrial Park, the construction of China-Israel agricultural special zones should be put on the agenda to promote in-depth agricultural cooperation between Harbin New Area and Israel, and make Harbin New Area a distinctive growth pole of agricultural industry.
4.4. Expand financial innovation cooperation by exploring the potential of China-China financial cooperation.
Measures should be taken to integrate existing enterprises in Harbin New Area, establish and improve the operation mechanism of investment and financing groups in infrastructure, industry and innovation, and assist investment and financing in the costly and technically capable pharmaceutical, modern agriculture and manufacturing industries. The government should provide policy and fund guarantees to support the construction of financial and business district in the New Area and improve the overall financial layout, thus promoting the efficient operation of commercial capital and the concentration of financial capital in high-tech and related industries. The process of investment decision-making should be continuously innovated and optimized to regulate government investment, so as to ensure that capital flows to well-structured areas with high yield potential and benefits, promote the effective concentration of industrial capital in the New Area, and attract more investment from Israel. Private capital investment should be provided with effective management and support to build a safe and stable investment environment while ensuring the rapid development of the New Area.
4.5. Enhance bilateral communication through industrial cooperation demonstration. Attracting Israeli investment in the "One Belt and One Road" scenario requires diverse strategies
and sound policy support, including a variety of platforms to show the results of cooperation. To promote bilateral cooperation in various fields, the strategy of "bringing in and going out" is recommended to attract more investment from Israeli enterprises and entities. "One Belt And One Road" should serve as a major platform to showcase the cooperation achievements between China and Israel, so as to promote exchanges between the two countries and create a more favorable environment for cooperation in the new era. Another way is to organize Chinese enterprises to hold exhibitions in Israel to attract more extensive investment by publicizing China's investment policies and environment. By exploring more exhibition and communication channels, non-governmental exchanges and cooperation should be promoted and enriched based on the "One Belt And One Road" initiative, so as to facilitate the entry of Israeli technology and capital into enterprises in Harbin New Area. This is expected to effectively enhance the efficiency of bilateral cooperation and create favorable conditions for accelerating the common development of the two countries.
In conclusion, as a national new area and the northernmost new area for foreign trade and exchange, by virtue of its superior location, solid technological foundation and favorable ecological environment, Harbin New Area plays a crucial role in promoting the "One Belt and One Road" initiative and the new round of revitalization of the old industrial base in Northeast China. Since its establishment in 2015, Harbin New Area has introduced a large amount of foreign investment to drive the local economy. In the new development environment and strategic context, it is expected to, on the one hand, speed up the construction of investment environment and hardware and software facilities by giving full play to its strategic advantages of "Three Areas and One Pole" and aiming at its industrial positioning, and on the other hand, develop new business formats on the existing basis and attract a wider range of Israeli hightech and investment by seeking government policy and financial support, with a view to contributing to the sound development of the provincial and even national economy.
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ЛЯН СЮЭЦЮ - магистр, научный сотрудник Еврейского института Академии общественных наук провинции Хэйлунцзян (Харбин, провинция Хэйлунцзян, КНР).
LIANG, XUEQIU - Master Degree, Research Assistant, Jewish Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences; Harbin, Heilongjiang Province (qiuqiu.0909@163.com).
УДК 338.48 DOI: 10.24412/2308-264X-2021-2-181-189
СИМОНЯН Г.А., САРЯН А. А. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ТУРИСТСКИХ ПОТОКОВ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ
Ключевые слова: кризис туризма, туристский поток, медико-биологический фактор, пандемия, отложенный туристский спрос, регион.
В статье рассматриваются последствия кризиса туризма, вызванного циклическим распространением коронавируса. Предметом исследования являются особенности протекания кризиса и его воздействие на туристские потоки. Цель исследования - выявить природу и последствия кризиса, определить возможный сценарий восстановления потока туристов. Предполагается, что необходимость воспроизводства трудовых ресурсов является объективной основой его восстановления на базе обновленных туристских технологий. Исследование проведено методом контент-анализа экспертных оценок и научных публикаций, статистической обработки данных, сравнения, организационного, структурного, функционального анализа, логической интерпретации, табличного и графического методов. Актуальность темы статьи обусловлена необходимостью исследования негативных последствий кризиса для внутреннего и регионального туризма, вызванного таким медико-биологическим фактором, как пандемия. Рассмотрены теоретические аспекты негативного влияния кризисов на туристские потоки. Установлено, что в разгар кризиса его результатами являются трансформация потока туристов практически до нулевого уровня и кризис индустрии туризма в целом, вызванные запретом на трансграничное и внутреннее перемещение людей. Определены направления развития туристских потоков в посткризисный период с использованием обновленных рекреационных технологий, учитывающих медико-биологический фактор. Проанализированы возможные структурные изменения на туристическом рынке, вызванные кризисом. Прогнозируется установление нового уровня рыночного равновесия в результате изменения спроса на региональные туристские продукты, объема и структуры их рыночного предложения.
SIMONYAN, G.A., SARYAN, A.A.
FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF TOURIST FLOWS IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Key words: tourism crisis, touristflow, biomedical factor, pandemic, delayed tourist demand, region.
The article examines the impact of the tourism crisis caused by the cyclical spread of the coronavirus. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the course of the crisis and its impact on tourist flows. The aim of the study is to reveal the nature and consequences of the crisis, to determine a possible scenario for the restoration of the flow of tourists. It is assumed that the need for the reproduction of labor resources is an objective basis for its restoration on the basis of updated tourism technologie s. The study was carried out by the method of content analysis of expert assessments and scientific publications, statistical data processing, comparison, organizational, structural, functional analysis, logical interpretation, tabular and graphical methods. The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the need to study the negative consequences of the crisis for domestic and regional tourism caused by such a medical and biological factor as a pandemic. The article examines the theoretical aspects o f the negative impact of crises on tourist flows. It has been established that in the midst of the crisis, its results are the transformation of the flow of tourists to almost zero level and the crisis of the tourism industry as a whole, caused by the ban on cross-border and internal movement of people. The directions of development of tourist flows in the post-crisis period are determined using updated recreational technologies that take into account the medical and biological factor. Possible structural changes in the tourism market caused by the crisis have been analyzed. The establishment of a new level of market equilibrium is predicted as a result of changes in demand for regional tourism products, the volume and structure of their market supply.
Теоретические аспекты исследования влияния экономических кризисов на туристские потоки.
Туризм является одним из самых динамичных видов деятельности. До наступления кризиса, вызванного коронавирусом, темпы его роста превышали скорость развития других отраслей мировой экономики. Такие темпы обеспечивались не только эффективностью функционирования туристских предприятий, но и всей туристской инфраструктурой, которая включает предприятия нескольких десятков отраслей экономики и видов деятельности. Размеры и направления туристских потоков формируются в различных условиях и под воздействием
