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31HISTORY
A ROLE OF "ZHALAYIR" TRIBE IN THE FORMATION OF
KAZAKH ETHNIC GROUPS
1Omarbekov Talas Omarbekuly 2 Arapov Zhandos Maratuly
1Director of the "National Research Centre for the Study of the traditional civilization in Central Asia", Doctor of History, Professor, Department of History, Archaeology and Ethnology
Kazakh National University named after Al-Farabi 2Master student of Second year
Abstract. This article deals with the indormation about history of "Zhalayir \ It gives avaluable information about the origin of the term "Zhalayir\ also gives a historical detailed analysis for its ethnic history. In this article the information was given from the history, various legends and stories and ethnography. It is known that Zhalayirs' have had a special place in the cultural history in Kazakh steppes from the ancient times. Also they have a big role in the formation of Kazakh nation. It is specially noted in detail how Zhalayirs' have formed and its features. In history the Turkic tribes in the Middle Ages like Zhalayir, Merkit, Konrat, Kerey and many others have been formed the Kazakh nation which have been acted as tribal groups and even as small countries. And it demands from historiand to do in-depth researches about Turkic ethnic groups.
The history of Kazach people is tightly connected with the ethnic-tribal associations. And the ethnic - tribal association structure has its own features along with a common political and social patterns. And each tribes has its own unique historical events. In the process of studying all or nearly all elements or aspects of Turkic tribes, it could be widely considered thnic and political issues of Kazakh people in the ancient and middle ages. The process of formation Kazakh ethnic groups had begun by the local tribes like Huans, Alans, Uisins, Kanli associations and also by the ethnos named Altay - Sayan who came from the East of Mongolian area along with the other tribes like Hunnu, Uisin, Dinlin, Tohar (Y ezhin).
According to historical researches the state Syanbi which had existed in I-V centuries was formed on the territory of the former Huan Valley. The Dunhu, Vay and Kidans lives as a tribal communities in the Yuezhi Valley. As it is mentioned in these areas was taken place a political communication between Turkic tribes.A mention should be made that Kazakh (proto - Kazakh) ethnic groups were formed by a widespread political migration of Uisins, Kanlis, Alans, Huans tribes [1,22 -24p]. The successor of Hun Empire the Kokturk Bilge Kagan unified the Turkic, Mongol tribes and had become a great force. But soon it had been divided into East and West. In the West were formed feudal countries like Turkesh (Sari Uisin), Karluk, Karahan, Qaraqitay (Kidan), but in the East tribes like Uigur, Naiman, Tatar, Merkit, Mongol had been fell into pieces. In XII-XIII century Mongol ethnic tribes included hamag mongol zhalayir, taishuyt, kerei, merkit, naiman and many others. These tribes took part in all the campaigns of Genghis Khan and established the ethnic ties.
It should be noted about that there were some assimilative processes becouse of the ethnic connections. Under the influence of tribal wars the tribes who had been migrated formed ethnic groups. According to historical researches the tribal communities like Zhalayir, Naiman, Kerei, Konrat were able to get back to their original sources [2,49 -50p].
According to the great Kazakh scholar Chokan Valikhanov' s researches of Kazakh history the ancestor of the Uly Zhuz (tribal union of Kazakhs) was the Uisin tribe. It was spread from Tobei tribe, from Tobei had been dormed Uisin, from Uisins Koyildir (Katagan, Shanyshkili), Mekreyli (Zhalayir), Mayki (Abak), Kogam (Kanli) and many other tribes were developed. Then there were developed tribes like Abak - Karasha Baidibek: from Baidibek tribe had been formed a lot of clans like alban, dulat, suan, shapytashty, sari uisin,oshakti and many others. Some historians consider that the ancestor of Uisins Tobei can be Nandi bi (Nandu bi) according to Chinese chronicals [3, 12 p]. Reffering to the historical researches process of formation of the ethnonym Zhalayir' began to appear in the historical maps of Qidan empire in the X century. According to Mongolian maps about Qidans, 'Zhalayirs' were inhabited between Kerulen and Onon valleys and the had bordered with Taishuyts, Tatars and Mongols.Before the formation of Kazakh Khanate, the inhabitants of Zhetisu steppes were the tribes of Uly Zhuz like Zhalayirs, Dulats, Shapyrashty, Albans and many others [4, 37-40p].
The first person who had given information about Zhalayir' ethnonym was Koishygara Salgarauly. In the legends about the origin of Zhalayir' says that a founder of this clan was a man named Kabylan was able to tear off the mane with the scruff of his horse on his full gallop against the enemies.Thereafter he was named as Zhalayir' [5,189-190p].
There is one more legend about Zhanpoz (Zhansakal) batyr. According to this legend a Khan alongside with the heroes, wrestlers went to a big event (toy). While the road they meet a tiger.Then the khan asksif there any who would dare to go against the tiger, bun no one answers. But when Zhanpoz batyr is routed to the tiger, it was already dead. The went further and then they met the herd of stallions. Khan promised to give a prize who would dare to hold a stallion and only Zhanpoz batyr could do it. Then the wrestlers from different countries play out in the event, Zhanpoz batyr won all of these famous wrestlers with his bravery. After the event Khan gathered the people and rewarded the heroes. At first he invited the hero who had dared to go against the tiger. Then he invited the heroes who could handle the stallion and won all wrestling battles and Zhanpoz batyr came forward. Khan while looking at Zhanpoz batyr have said that his name will be Zhalayirgan batyr. And his clan also will be named as Zhalayir'. And his clans motto will be Kabylan, his clans sign will be 'tarak'. Therefore, Zhalayirgan batyr and his clan was known as Zhalayir'[6, 84 - 86p]. According to the legend told by Sabit Mukanov the real name of Zhalayir' was 'Zhansakal'. He accidently tear off the mane with the scruff while hunting, so therefore e and his clan were named as Zhalayir'. Much attention is given to the book 'The origin of Turkic Kazakhs' by the professor Talas Omarbekov who is noted that there are some legends which shows that 'Zhalayirs' were spread from Uisin or Mekire tribes. Also according to this book it is impossible hat the real name of Zhalayir' was Kudaibergen' or Kabylan'. Because the word Kudai (God)' is not the Turkic - Mongol word, it just replaced word Tanir' by the Persian influences. The word Kabylan' also can't be the real name of 'Zhalayir', because it is become its motto later. And 'Zhalayirs' were not spread from Uisins nor Mekirs, because there are a lot of centuries etween the Uisin and Zhalayir ethnonyms. In general, any of the tribes were formed under the influence of a very complex process, amd as a result of integration of the various clans [7,147p].
There are about 6 legends about the 'Zhalayirs' in the writings by Oraz Ismailov. The first is connected with son of Uisin, named Bahtiyar, the second is about Zhansakal batyr tore off the mane with the scruff, the third legend is connected with Kudaibergen who is grand son of Uisin, the forth is about the real name of 'Zhalayir'Tilekkabyl batyr, the sixth legend is connected with 'Merke Zhalayirs' [8,18-22p].
In the information about Zhalayirs' there are names like Kalayir' or Halayir' were noted. There is an extract by I.N.Berezin who had translated the works of Rashid-ad-Din: «.... Во мно жествъ мъсть лътнихъ и зимнихъ, кочевъевь, извъстныхъ подъ именемъ Монголш и принадлежащихъ племени Кераитъ как- норъ, Боиръ, Кулукатъ, Кюинь, Аргуна, Халаиръ, Селенга, Баргуджинъ -Тукумъ, Халахынъ алатъ мекен ету езара байланыс кдаамында мекен етуЪ>. It should be emphasized that there is mentioned a name as Halayir', which is very similar to the Zhalayir' [1,139p].
It is known that Dorzhi Banzakov in his writings noted that the Argyn Hailar lake which is situated in the north eastern part of the Mongolia flows into the Kulun sea. But there is no word as Kalayir' in the Turkic language, so it may be created by transcription mistake [9, 202p]. On the latest translation of writings by Rashid-ad-Din, the name of the lake was translated as Hailar'. Basically in translations by I.N.Berezin there are no words which begins with the letter K' or H'. In the original writings which had been written by Arabic alphabet, the arabic letter «6» was translated as 'K' or 'H' ecause there is no equivalent sounds in Russian language which would represented the sound 'Q(K)'. Also sounds like K' and 'H' were given in the Arabic letters as and «£» respectively. However Talas Omarbekov considers that Rashid - ad - Din in his writings had written a letter ' Q(K^' instead of 'Zh ' by mistake. It should be noted that here is no word which is begins with the letter 'Zh' [7,151-159].
According to the researches there is no much information about 'Zhalayir' in the ancient Chinese and Arabic sources of the IX - X centuries. But Rashid-ad-Din pointed out that Zhalayirs' were a clan with big population. Also he noted that there were a lot of Zhalayirs' which lived in Iran and Turan, that they have helped to overthrew the Chinese and played an intrinsic role at the govern of Genghis Khan. Zhalayirs' were consisted of 10 large tribes like Zayit, Kon-Qayit, Oyat, Korkin, Tory, Tokyrayit, Kumsayit, Nilkin, Tolengit, Sangit. And they have lived along with Turkic tribal associations [10, 76p]. In Chinese chronicles 'Zhalayirs' were named as 'Yalayir'. According to the chronicles of Liao Dynasty hich was established in North China by Qidans, specially in the book Lyaoshi' they were known as «Цзубу чжалаэр бу» [11, 61p]. A mention should be made that in Chocan Valikhanov's writings about the genealogical ethnic origin of Zhalayirs, the were spread from Uisins and they were closely connected with Syrdarya clans like chumgun, syrmanak and oguz tribes. It means that they were Turkic - speaking tribes []. According to N. Aristov the tribe ''Qarlyk'' had been arrived to the West Tyan Shan region from the
southern with them the ''Markakol'' horses. It is known that at the Genghis Khan govern, there were about 4 thousand 'Zhalayirs' in the military division of the army commanded by Shagatai and also there were Muke noyan (commandor) who was originated from 'Zhalayirs' [13, 30 - 31p]. According to historical ethnic researches here were 4 thousand soldiers given to Shagatai and among them 2 thousand were 'Zhalayirs'. In the writings of Ibn Abanshah, it was noted that there were 4 main tribes in the Shagatai Ulus arlat, zhalayir, kauchin and barlas. The Chagatai Ulus were situated between Mauerenahr and Zhetisu Valleys [14, 57 - 59pl. Saken Amanzholov wrote that 'Zhalayirs' inhabited between Zhetisu and Zerafshan (now Uzbekistan), also a small group lived along with buryat-mongols [8,114 p].
'Zhalayirs' were divided into 4 groups at Genghis Khan government. The first group lived in Mongolia and China, the second group according to the legends lived in the lake Shu which is situated in Zhushi Ulus, the third group lived between Shuyrshuk and Angar Valleys (in history these valleys were named as Zhalayir Orda and sometimes Syr Manak), the fourth group went to Persia leaded by Kulagu Khan. In 1370 years Zhalayirs' fought on the Dulat's side, which were the opponents of Tamerlane. Then Tamerlane destroyed the tribe of Zhalayirs' in down and ashes. The tribe of Zhalayirs' in all periods of the history were known as White Horde (Ezhen Orda) [15, 463p].
There is an extract from the writings by Abdigazi: ''Before the govern of Genghis Khan all 'Zhalayirs' were held captive, so 'Zhalayirs' named themselves as 'Mongol-Kiyat'. In his book ' Collection of chronicles' Kydyrgali confirmed this information and also wrote that the tribes like Zhalayir, Merkit, Tatar, Oirat all were Mongols, but actually they were not [16,49p].
It was noted by Rashid-ad-Din that Zhalayirs' were from the Turkic tribes and even Mingols were spread from an ancient Turkic tribes. But I.P Petrushevski and B.B.Bartold who are considered that 'Zhalayirs' are from Mongols were a wrong approach. At Middle Ages there were a big influence of Mongolian-speaker tribes, so it is fairly that some historians consider 'Zhalayirs' as Mongol tribe [1,157 p]. Yu.A.Zuev tried to based on the writings about Zhalayirs' by Rashid-ad-Din and wrote that Zhalayirs' were part of the Mongols, because the tribes which is lived between the lakes Hilak and Selenge ere named Yalayir. Also he noted that the lands which were inhabited by 'Zhalayirs'were the capital of North Uigurs. After the collapse of Uigur Khanate, they broke down into Yaglakar tribe [17,291- 294p].
E.Kichanov considered that all Kazakh ethnic tribes were Mongolian clans, and that in XIII century. Zhalayirs' lived in near of the Onon lake, Kiyat and Taishuyt tribes lived between the Onon and Selengi lakes, Kereis lived between the Orhon and Toly lakes, Hangai and Haentai lived between two mountains, Naimans lived between Buyr-Nur and Kulun Nur Valleys [18, 15p]. However, according to the Arab historian Ibn al - Asir about Naimans and Zhalayirs had written that Tatars dwell around the Great Wall of China, while Naimans inhabited in the West, and Zhalayirs lived in the middle and upper flows of the Orhon River, so they had tightly connected with each other [19, 24p].
In general before the XIII century there were about 30 tribal Mongol associations: oyrat 10, zhalayir 10, kereit - 8, merkit - 3, uak - 4, also some rebellious individual tribes as bayad, konrat, olkunut and more than 150 other tribes. Along with the mongol tribes there lived countries like 'Toguz Tatar', 'Naiman' and 'Kerei'. And then appears a question: in what language they had communicated? According to the evidences which were found in the Enesey, Orkhon inscriptions they had communicated in Turkic language [20, 9p].
According to the information about ethno-formation history of Zhalayirs' given by Rashid-ad-Din and Abdilgazy it is divided into many parts. Адам Сафиолла (Adam Safiolla)^ Шес паЙFамбар(Shes prophet Кинан (Qinan)^ Мэ^айыл(МаЫауЛ)^Берд1(ВеМ0^ 1щрю паЙFамбар (Idris propher)^ Мр¥шлак;(Ми1жЫак)^ Лэмек (Lamek)^ Нух паЙFамбар(Noah prophet)^ Иафес(И^)^ Турк(Тшк)^- TyriK(Tutik)^ Елше хан(Е№е Khan)^- Дeбба;ый(Debakkyi)^■ Кушк(Кшк)^ Алынша(Alynsha)^■ Moffim(Mongol) ^ Карахан(Karakhan)^■ 0Fызхан(0gшzkhan)^ КYнхан(Kunkhan)^■ Айхан (Aikhan)^ Ж^лдыз (Zhuldyz)^- Me^i хан(Menli Khan)^ Тещз хан (Teniz Khan)^ Елхан (Elkhan)^ Нукуз (Nukuz)^- Дэрлшен (Darliken)^- Жалайыр(Zhalayir).
Table 1.
Zhalayir
Dzhat Dzhait Zhat Zhait Tuaraun Tuaraun Toqyraun Tokraut Kunksaut Kungkaut Kunsaut Kan-Kaut Kumsaut Kumaut Qümsauyt Qümsaut Uyat Üyat Oyat Nilkan Bilkan Bilkan Nilkin Turi Buri Töre Ton Kurkin Kukir Kürlin Korkin Tulangit Tölengit Töleget Shankut Sanglut Shanqüt Sangut
It was noted in Rashid-ad-Din's writings that its formation can be divided into 20 unit names. The origin of the Turkic and Mongolic clan's names could be formed from the word ' Darliken', which is from the Mongolian language 'torelekun' means 'relatives' according to the researches of B.Sh.Bembeev [1,160-162p].
In 1206, when Genghis Khan was raised as Khan, there were a lot of Turkic-speaking tribes who supported him. In the book which named as Djeayd' in the modern Mongolia by I.N.Berezin about 'Zhalayirs' tribe there is a following extract that was translated from Rashid-ad-Din: 'The tribes, which are now called Mongolian, actually were not Mongolian because is name was presented after the Genghis Khan era. Each branch of these branches has produced many branches, and all has a certain name.
Zhalayir Sunit
Tatar Merkit Kurlut
Tamgalik Tulas
Tumaet Bulagachin
The names of Turkic tribes had been changed by the Mongolian influence [1,164 p].
According to the Mongolian historian Sagan Sacen's writings which dated with the XVII century, Zhalayirs' played an intrinsic role at the govern of Genghis Khan and even had military command positions [21,10p]. Zhalayir' tribe could produce such a large army about 4 tyumens (ten thousand). The other 2 tyumens which lead by Genghis Khan is currently part of the Kazakh ethnic group. They had boarded with Naimans and Argins and lived in the area from the East Kazakhstan region till the Karatal river of Taldykorgan region. Also they had inhabited in he near of Ili River. Konrats ived on the northern slope of the Karatau and the other tribes like 'Merit Sakau' lived n the shores of Kara Ertis lake.
If we divide the state of Genghis Khan into tribes we can see that many of them are Turkic tribes like:, Zhalayir, Kanli, Alban, Suan, Dulat, Shapyrashty, Sirgeli, Shanyshkili, Isti, Sari Uisin, Oshakti, Alshin, Argyn, Kipshak, Kerei(Kereit), Merkit, Konrat, Mangyt(Nogai), Uak, Barin, Shyryn, Tatar and the others [19, 195 6].
In conclusion we can say that Zhalayirs' are one of the most affected ribes in the formation of Kazakh nation. The history of Zhalayirs' are the ethnic process which has a deep historical units.
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