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36
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ
Biswas S., Chanak M., Bose K.
Department of Anthropology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG 10-15 YEARS OLD RURAL BENGALEE ADOLESCENTS OF PURBA MEDINIPUR, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Introduction. Adolescence period requires special supervision as these years link the impact of generational and early childhood factors to adult outcomes. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines 10-19 years as adolescence period, an important stage of growth and development in the lifespan of an individual. The present study assessed nutritional status among adolescents of two villages of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India.
Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study of 443 (208 boys; 235 girls) rural high school students aged 10-15 years of Ajaya and Deulpota villages, Khejuri-1 block, Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India, was undertaken to evaluate their growth pattern and nutritional status. Anthropometric measurements, including height (cm), weight (kg), mid-upper arm circumference (cm), were measured following standard techniques. Stunting, underweight and thinness were used as indicators of nutritional status.
Results. The overall prevalence of stunting, underweight and thinness were 20.32%, 1.81% and 46.95%, respectively. The prevalence of stunting was similar in both sexes (20.67% in boys; 20.0% in girls). The prevalence of thinness was very high among the studied participants (46.63% in boys; 47.23% in girls). According to the WHO classification for assessing severity of malnutrition, the rate of stunting and underweight were medium and low in both sexes, respectively. However, they had very high prevalence of thinness thus indicating a critical situation of undernutrition.
Conclusion. The nutritional status of these rural school going adolescents was not satisfactory. The existing prevalence of stunting and thinness among the studied population indicates chronic nutritional deficiency while the low prevalence of underweight reflects that the chronic food deprivation they have undergone was during childhood, not in recent period. Follow up studies and intervention of government schemes are required to ameliorate this problem.
Keywords: rural; Bengalee; adolescent; nutritional stress; stunting; underweight; thinness
DOI: 10.32521/2074-8132.2023.1.037-048 (MUAB)
Introduction
Undernutrition is a universal health concern that has its impact mainly on children and adolescents from low-and-middle-income countries (LMICS). Considering its impact on health, education and economic productivity, persistent undernutrition is a major obstacle to human development, impacting India's much awaited demographic dividend and the country's prospects for future economic growth [WHO, 2021]. According to a report of World Bank, India accounts for more of the World's undernourished children than any other country, which has huge consequences on childhood and adolescent morbidity, mortality as well as in national economy [The World bank, 2013].
Stunting is an indicator of chronic undernutrition, the result of prolonged food deprivation and/or disease or illness [WHO, 1995]. Stunting is a syndrome where linear growth failure serves as a marker of multiple pathological disorders associated with increased morbidity and mortality, loss of physical growth potential, reduced neurodevelopmental and cognitive function and an elevated risk chronic disease in adulthood [de Onis, Branca, 2016].
Underweight is used as a composite indicator to reflect both acute and chronic undernutrition, although it cannot distinguish between them [WHO, 1995]. According to studies, being underweight is one of the major public health concerns in teenage adolescent, especially school aged children in SouthEast Asian countries as it impacts health, cognition and educational achievements [Best et al., 2010].
Thinness refers to nutritional deficiency as indicated by relatively low Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) compared to height (cm). In other words, it contrasts the present nutritional status with respect to previous nutritional status [WHO, 1995]. Thinness among adolescents poses a considerable public health problem internationally and it is frequently associated with nutritional deficiencies, menstrual irregularity, decreased cognitive and work capacity and increased infections [Misra et al., 2004].
Adolescence stage requires special oversight from adults as the adolescent years and especially the puberty, link the impact of generational and early-childhood factors to adult outcomes [Richter, 2006]. World Health Organisation [2006] defines adolescence as the segment of life between age 10-19 years. It begins with pubescence, the earliest signs
of emergence of secondary sexual characters and continues up to the morphological and physiological maturation to the adult status [WHO, 1995]. Unique changes that occur in an individual during this period are accompanied by progressive achievement of biological maturity [Tanner, 1992]. Adolescent period being second period of rapid growth may serve as a window of opportunity for compensating for early childhood growth failure, although with limited potential for significant catch up. In most developing countries, nutritional initiatives have been focusing on children and women thus neglecting adolescents. Longitudinal studies are demonstrating that it is also an age of opportunity i.e., providing good nutrition, healthy lifestyle, positive family and school influences and access to supportive services can help young people break the vicious cycle of leading to ill health and poor social adjustment [Richter, 2006].
Nutritional status is one of the strongest indicators of the standard of living in developing world [Nube, 1998]. Nutritional status can be assessed by dietary, anthropometric, biochemical and clinical methods. Anthropometry is a widely accepted, universally applicable, noninvasive and inexpensive method to assess the nutritional status of an individual [WHO, 1995]. Adolescent anthropometry has special significance as it provides monitoring of growth pattern and indicates the nutritional and health risks. Assessment of adolescent nutritional status may help to formulate appropriate strategies to combat health complications of adolescents that already an important global public health burden in last two decades [Bisai et al., 2011]. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and growth pattern among rural adolescents of Khejuri I block, Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India with the intention to contribute in the endeavour of the policy-makers in identifying potential intervention to resolve the undernutrition problem.
Materials and methods
Study area and participants The present cross-sectional study was conducted at Ajaya and Deulpota villages, under the Birbandar gram panchayat of Khejuri- I block, Contai subdivision, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal during January, 2020 to February, 2020. Ajaya and
Deulpota villages have a total population of 3,632 (1,903 males; 1,729 females) and 2,751 (1,406 males; 1,345 females), respectively.
The present investigation has been undertaken to ascertain nutritional status of adolescents of 10 to 15 years age in Khejuri I block, Purba Me-dinipur district, West Bengal, India. The study was carried out amongst 443 adolescents (10-15 years), of which 208 and 235 are boys and girls respectively through random sampling method. Data were collected after obtaining necessary ethical permission from relevant authorities. The school authorities and participants were explained about the objectives before commencement of our study. Children suffering from chronic and congenital diseases were excluded. The participants were randomly selected and measured. Information on date of birth was recorded in the students' register. All participants belonged to the Bengalee ethnic group.
Nutritional status can be assessed by dietary, anthropometric, biochemical and clinical methods. Anthropometry is a widely accepted, universally applicable, non-invasive and inexpensive method to assess the nutritional status of an individual [WHO, 1995]. All anthropometric measurements were taken by SB and MC using standard procedures [Lohman et al., 1988]. Height (cm), weight (kg) and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) (cm) were measured after obtaining informed oral consent from the participants. Height was measured in sagittal plane by Martin's Anthropometer and recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. While measuring height the participants were asked to remove their shoes, and stand with heels together and head positioned so that the line of vision was perpendicular to the body. Weight was measured by a weighing machine and recorded to the nearest 500 grams. The study period was in January, when the weather was cold, so students wore sweaters but at the time of measuring weight sweaters were removed and only light clothes were worn by the students. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) was measured by a measuring tape and recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. The participants were asked to remove their sweaters and then MUAC was measured at a level midway between the tip of shoulder (Acromion) and elbow (Olecranon process), with arm hanging and relaxed.
The technical errors of measurements (TEM) were found to be within references values and thus not incorporated in statistical analyses.
Age variations and sexual dimorphism in height (cm), weight (kg), MUAC (cm), BMI (kg/m2), has been evaluated among these adolescents of 10 to 15 years. Undernutrition of the participants was assessed with three indicators i.e. Stunting, Underweight and Thinness. The internationally accepted NCHS [WHO, 1983] guideline for age and sex specific <-2 Z-score were followed to define underweight and stunting. It may be noted here that stunting. The WHO classification for assessing severity of malnutrition by percentage prevalence ranges of stunting and underweight was used. The classification is shown below in Table 1.
Table 1. The WHO [1995] classification for assessing severity of malnutrition by percentage prevalence ranges of stunting and underweight Таблица 1. Классификация ВОЗ [WHO, 1995] для оценки тяжести недоедания по
процентным диапазонам распространенности задержки роста и недостаточного веса
Classification Low (%) Medium (%) High (%) Very High (%)
Stunting <20 20-29 30-39 >40
Underweight <10 10-19 20-29 >30
Thinness was evaluated using the international age and sex specific cut-off points of BMI as described by Cole et al. [2000, 2007]. The World Health Organization [WHO, 1995] classification of the public health problem of low BMI, based on populations worldwide categorizes the prevalence of under nutrition according to the percentage of the population with low BMI as it shown in Table 2.
Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 16.0. Independent Sample t Test, One Way ANOVA and Chi Square (X2) were performed. Before undertaken statistical tests, all variables/indices were tested for normality.
Table 2. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the public health problem of
low BMI, based on populations worldwide categorizes the prevalence of under nutrition according to the percentage of the population with low BMI Таблица 2. Распространенность недостаточного питания в соответствии с процентной долей населения с низким ИМТ согласно данным ВОЗ
Category % Prevalence Classification Indication
A 5 to 9 Low warning sign, monitoring required;
B 10 to 19 Medium poor situation;
C 20 to 39 High Serious situation;
D 40 or more Very high critical situation
Table 3. Age and sex specific distribution of studied participants Таблица 3. Распределение участников исследования по возрасту и полу
Results
Table 3 represents the age and sex specific distribution of studied participants. Our study comprised of 6 age groups i.e., from 10 to 15 years. The total number of participants were 443 (208 boys and 235 girls). Maximum number of participants (116) was found at age group 12 years and minimum participants (42) were observed at age 11 years. Age group 12 exhibited maximum number of boys (59) and maximum number of girls (57) were observed at age group 12 years.
Table 4 presents the mean and standard deviation of anthropometric and derived variables among the studied participants. There was significant sex difference (p<0.05) in mean height (cm) (147.85 among boys; 146.02 among girls). In case of mean weight (kg) (36.60 among boys; 36.29 among girls), mean MUAC (cm) (20.94 among boys; 21.37 among girls] and mean BMI (kg/m2) (16.50 among boys; 16.89 among girls) no significant sex difference was observed.
Age (years) Boys Girls Sex combined
10 31 (14.90) 35 (14.89) 66 (14.89)
11 15 (7.21) 27 (11.49) 42 (9.48)
12 59 (28.37) 57 (24.26) 116 (26.19)
13 31 (14.90) 50 (21.28) 81 (18.28)
14 52 (25.00) 43 (18.29) 95 (21.45)
15 20 (9.62) 23 (9.79) 43 (9.71)
Total 208 (47.00) 235 (53.00) 443 (100.00)
Notes. Percentages are presented in parentheses Примечания. Проценты указаны в круглых скобках
Prevalence (%) of stunting among studied individuals is presented in Table 5. The prevalence of stunting was similar in both sexes (20.67% in boys; 20.00% in girls). When both sexes are considered together, 20.32% of participants were found to be stunted. There was no significant association between sex and stunting.
Table 4. Mean and standard deviation of anthropometric and derived variables among
studied participants
Таблица 4. Среднее и стандартное отклонение антропометрических и производных переменных обследованного контингента
Variables Sex Mean SD t
Anthropometric Variables
Height Boys 147.85 11.07 2.049*
(cm) Girls 146.02 7.61
Weight Boys 36.60 9.47 0.365NS
(kg) Girls 36.29 7.97
MUAC Boys 20.94 3.14 -1.510NS
(cm) Girls 21.37 2.84
Derived Variables
BMI Boys 16.50 2.73 -1.486NS
(kg/m2) Girls 16.89 2.86
Notes. SD= Standard Deviation; *= p<0.05; NS= Not Significant
Примечания. SD= Стандартное отклонение; *= p<0.05; NS= Незначимые отличия
Table 5. Prevalence (%) of stunting among studied participants Таблица 5. Распространенность (%) задержки роста среди участников исследования
Variables Boys Girls Total X2
Stunted 43 (20.67) 47 (20.00) 90 (20.32) 0.158NS
Others 165 (79.33) 188 (80.00) 353 (79.68)
Total 208 (46.95) 235 (53.05) 443 (100.00)
Notes. Percentages are presented in parentheses; NS= Not Significant.
Примечания. Проценты указаны в круглых скобках; NS= Незначимые различия.
Table 6. Prevalence (%) of Underweight among studied participants Таблица 6. Распространенность (%) недостаточного веса среди участников исследования
Variables Boys Girls Total X2
Underweight 6 (2.88) 2 (0.85) 8 (1.81) 3.73NS
Others 202 (97.12) 233 (99.15) 435 (98.19)
Total 208 (46.95) 235 (53.05) 443 (100.00)
Notes. Percentages are presented in parentheses; NS= Not Significant.
Примечания. Проценты указаны в круглых скобках; NS= Незначимые различия.
Prevalence (%) of underweight is shown in Table 6. The prevalence of underweight was more among boys than girls (2.88% in boys; 0.85% in girls). There was no significant association between sex and underweight.
Prevalence (%) of CED is presented in Table 7. The overall (sex-combined) prevalence of CED was 46.95%. The prevalence of thinness was slightly higher among girls (53.37%) than the boys (46.63%). There was no significant association between sex and BMI.
Table 7. Prevalence (%) of BMI [according to Cole et al. 2007] among studied participants Таблица 7. Распространенность (%) ИМТ [согласно Cole et al. 2007] среди участников _исследования_
Variables Boys Girls Total X2
CED 97 (46.63) 111 (53.37) 208 (46.95) 3.340NS
Normal 101 (47.42) 112 (52.58) 213 (48.08)
Overweight 8 (3.84) 12 (5.10) 20 (4.52)
Obese 2 (0.96) 0 (0) 2 (0.45)
Total 208 (46.95) 235 (53.05) 443 (100.00)
Notes. Percentages are presented in parentheses; NS= Not Significant.
Примечания. Проценты указаны в круглых скобках; NS= Незначимые различия.
Table 8. Age group wise prevalence (%) of
Stunting among studied participants Таблица 8. Распространенность задержки роста по возрастным группам (%) среди исследуемых участников
Age Group (years) Stunting
Boys Girls Sex Combined
N % N % N %
10 5 11.63 2 4.25 7 7.78
11 1 2.33 4 8.51 5 5.56
12 10 23.26 9 19.15 19 21.11
13 7 16.28 12 25.53 19 21.11
14 15 34.88 10 21.28 25 27.78
15 5 11.63 10 21.28 15 16.67
X2 7.82NS 18.38NS 19.15*
Notes. N = Number of individuals; NS= Not Significant; *=p<0.05.
Примечания. N = Количество обследованных; NS= Незначимые отличия; *=р<0.05.
Age group wise prevalence (%) of stunting is presented in Table 8. The highest prevalence of stunting (sex combined and age specific) was found at age of 14 years (27.78%) whereas lowest prevalence of stunting (sex combined and age specific) was found at age of 11 years (5.56%). The prevalence of stunting
was comparatively lower in and 11 years age. Among boys the highest rate of stunting (age specific) was found age of 15 years (34.88%) whereas the lowest prevalence was found at age of 11 years (2.33%). Among girls, the highest rate of stunting (age specific) was found at age 12 years (25.53%) whereas the lowest was found at age of 11 years (5.56%). There was a significant association between age and stunting among sex combined (p < 0.05).
Age group wise prevalence (%) among studied individuals of underweight is presented in Table 9. The highest prevalence of underweight (sex combined and age specific) was found at age of 13 years (37.50%) whereas no cases of underweight (sex combined and age specific) was found at 10 years and 11 years age. Among boys (age specific) three individuals having underweight was found at age 14 years (50.00%) whereas age 10, 11 and 12 exhibits no instance of underweight. In case of girls except one case each in age 12 and 13, other age groups showed no occurrence of underweight. There was no significant association between age and underweight among individual sex and sex combined group.
Age group specific prevalence (%) of thinness among studied participants is presented in Table 10. The highest prevalence of thinness (sex combined and age specific) was found at age of 12 years (25.48%) whereas lowest prevalence of thinness (sex combined and age specific) was found at age of 15 years (7.69%). Comparatively low prevalence was found at 11 years and 15 years age. Among boys the highest rate of thinness (age specific) was found at age 14 years (26.80%) whereas lowest prevalence of thinness was found at age of 15 years (8.25%). Among girls the highest rate of thinness (age specific) was found at age 12 years (25.23%) whereas lowest prevalence of thinness was found at age of 15 years (7.21%). There was no significant association between age and thinness among individual sexes and sex combined group.
Discussion
Undernutrition occurs as a result of insufficient nutritional intake and manifests in several form like stunting, wasting, underweight, thinness and nutritional deficiencies [WHO, 2021]. Stunting or the
Table 9. Age group wise prevalence (%) of Underweight among studied participants Таблица 9. Распространенность недостаточного веса среди участников исследования по возрастным группам (%)
Age Group (years) Underweight
Boys Girls Sex Combined
N % N % N %
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 0 0 1 50.00 1 12.50
13 1 16.67 1 50.00 2 25.00
14 3 50.00 0 0 3 37.50
15 2 33.33 0 0 2 25.00
X2 10.77NS 2.43NS 8.52NS
Notes. N = Number of individuals; NS= Not Significant. Примечания. N = Количество обследованных; NS= Незначимые отличия.
Table 10. Age group wise prevalence (%) of Thinness among studied participants Таблица 10. Распространенность худобы по возрастным группам (%) среди исследуемых участников
Age group (years) Thinness
Boys Girls Sex Combined
N % N % N %
10 16 16.49 19 17.12 35 16.83
11 9 9.28 13 11.71 22 10.58
12 25 25.77 28 25.23 53 25.48
13 13 13.40 22 19.82 35 16.83
14 26 26.80 21 18.91 47 22.59
15 8 8.25 8 7.21 16 7.69
X2 26.16NS 6.58NS 19.49NS
Notes. N = Number of individuals; NS= Not Significant. Примечания. N = Количество обследованных; NS= Незначимые отличия.
gaining of insufficient height relative to age reflects prolonged nutritional stress during early years of life i.e., during infancy and childhood [WHO, 1995].
According to studies, Stunting is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from infections, in particular pneumonia and diarrhea [Black et al., 2013].
According to WHO (1995) classification for assessing severity of malnutrition by percentage prevalence, the overall prevalence of stunting, underweight are in medium and low category respectively. The prevalence of thinness is quite alarming and reported in critical situation category (Table 11).
Table 11. Classification for assessing severity of malnutrition by percentage prevalence [WHO, 1995] among studied participants Таблица 11. Классификация для оценки
тяжести недоедания по процентной распространенности [WHO, 1995] среди участников исследования
Variables Boys Girls Total
Stunting Medium (20.67) Medium (20.0) Medium (20.32)
Underweight Low (2.88) Low (0.85) Low (1.81)
Thinness Very high (46.63) Very high (47.23) Very high (46.95)
Notes. Percentages are presented in parentheses. Примечания. Проценты указаны в круглых скобках.
The overall prevalence of stunting among the studied rural adolescents is 20.32% and no significant sex difference was observed. Comparing with studies conducted on rural adolescents of West Bengal except for three studies which shows medium prevalence of stunting [Bose, Bisai., 2008; Bisai et al., 2011], the majority of studies depicts much high prevalence of stunting among the adolescents [Das, Biswas, 2005; Dey et al., 2011; Maiti et al., 2011; Bhattacharya et al., 2015; Pramanik et al., 2015; Roy et al., 2016; Pal et al., 2016. Our study shows no significant sex difference in terms of prevalence of stunting along with increased age while Studies [Dey et al., 2011; Bhattacharya et al., 2015; Roy et al., 2016] reflect considerable difference in prevalence of stunting across sex. Higher prevalence of stunting than the present study has been reported in rural adolescents of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and 9 states of India [Venkaiah et al., 2002; Prashant et al., 2009; Nair et al., 2017; Kumar et al., 2021], except for the study carried out in Tamilnadu [Kumar, 2012], where the adolescent girls showed lower prevalence than the girls of present study (Table 12).
The present study among the rural adolescents of Purba Medinipur exhibits very low prevalence of underweight comparing to rural adolescents of the state, West Bengal [Bose, Bisai, 2008a, b; Bisai et al., 2011; Maiti et al., 2011b; Das, Sarkar, 2013; Pramanik et al., 2015; Bhattacharya et al., 2015; Darling et al., 2020]. Studies carried out on other states of India showed much higher prevalence of underweight both in case of boys and girls [Venkaiah et al., 2002; Prashant et al., 2009; Nair et al., 2017] (Table 13). The lower prevalence among the studied adolescents specifies that they went through nutritional deprivation during childhood, they do not have nutritional deficit in recent years.
The overall prevalence of thinness among the studied adolescents was 46.63%, girls having slightly higher prevalence than the boys, although not statistically significant. Almost similar results have been found in studies conducted in West Bengal [Bose, Bisai, 2008a, b; Mondal, Sen, 2010a, b; Dey et al., 2011, Mondal et al., 2014; De, 2016; Pal et al., 2016]. Comparing to national studies, In Uttar Pradesh [Kumar et al., 2021] and Assam [Begum, 2019], the rural adolescents showed lower prevalence comparing to our study while among the rural boys of Agartala [Sarkar, 2015] similar condition was observed (Table 14).
The present study has certain limitations. As our study is cross-sectional, longitudinal study along with larger sample size can better depict nutritional status together with the inclusion of the impacts of various socio-economic factors throughout the ages. The study includes 10 to 15 years old adolescents. Additional study is required for beyond age 15 till 19 years and children below age 10 years. The nutritional status measured in the present study is through anthropometric measurements and derived indices. Undernutrition is a consequence of both food deprivation and disease, which are costs of poverty.
Table 12. Comparison of Stunting in adolescents: Indian studies Таблица 12. Сравнение задержки роста у подростков: индийские исследования
Studied Population Study Area Age Group (Years) Sample Size Stunting (%) References
Boys Girls
Rural adolescents 9 states of India 10-17 12124 39.00 39.00 Venkaiah et al., 2002
Rural adolescent girls North 24 parganas, West Bengal, India 10-19 143 _ 37.80 Das, Biswas, 2005
Rural adolescents Paschim Medinipur and Purulia, West Bengal, India 11-18 4450 23.20 22.80 Bose, Bisai, 2008a
Rural adolescent girls Andhra Pradesh, India 10-18 223 _ 47.00 Prashant et al., 2009
Rural adolescents Darjeeling, West Bengal, India 10-17 726 43.10 50.30 Mondal, Sen, 2010
Rural adolescents Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India 11-18 1094 27.36 28.84 Bisai et al., 2011
Rural adolescents Darjeeling, West Bengal, India 11-19 420 55.40 24.70 Dey et al., 2011
Rural adolescent girls Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India 10-14 3611 _ 34.84 Maiti et al., 2011a
Rural adolescents Burdwan, West Bengal, India 10-19 424 51.91 40.13 Bhattacharya et al., 2015
Rural adolescent girls Bankura and Hoogly, West Bengal, India 9-16 750 _ 36.10 Pramanik et al., 2015
Rural adolescent girls Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India 9-18 500 _ 39.60 Roy et al., 2016
Rural adolescent girls Maharashtra, India 10-19 583 _ 48.37 Nair et al., 2017
Rural adolescents Howrah, Birbhum, East and Paschim Medinipure, West Bengal, India 10-17 839 48.75 58.36 Pal et al., 2017
Rural adolescents Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, India 10-19 20700 39.30 25.60 Kumar et al., 2021
Rural adolescents Khejuri-I Block, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India 10-15 443 20.67 20.00 Present Study
Conclusion
Medium prevalence of stunting and a very high prevalence of thinness existing among the studied population indicates the fact that they went through chronic nutritional deficit. Also, the low prevalence of underweight is refection of the fact that they are not facing nutritional deficiency in recent years. In conclusion, the nutritional status of the adolescents in these areas are not satisfactory. It calls for appropriate health promotion and intervention programme.
Acknowledgements
The researchers would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Arun K. Deb and all the members of the NGO Sorboday Sangha and the participants for their help and cooperation during data collection.
Table 13. Prevalence of Underweight among adolescents: A comparison with other studies Таблица 13. Распространенность недостаточного веса среди подростков: сравнение
с другими исследованиями
Studied Population Study Area Age Group (Years) Sample Size Underweight (%) References
Boys Girls
Rural adolescents 9 states of India 10-17 12124 53.10 39.50 Venkaiah et al., 2002
Rural adolescents Paschim Medinipur and Purulia, West Bengal, India 11-18 4450 29.70 24.50 Bose, Bisai, 2008c
Rural adolescent girls Andhra Pradesh, India 10-18 223 _ 42.60 Prashant et al., 2009
Rural adolescents Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India 11-18 1094 30.98 24.24 Bisai et al., 2011
Rural adolescent girls Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India 10-14 3611 _ 71.78 Maiti et al., 2011
Rural adolescents Bankura, West Bengal, India 11-16 1879 51.10 55.27 Das, Sarkar, 2013
Rural adolescents Burdwan, West Bengal, India 10-19 424 61.45 40.13 Bhattacharya et al., 2015
Rural adolescent girls Bankura and Hoogly, West Bengal, India 9-16 750 _ 26.61 Pramanik et al., 2015
Rural adolescent girls Maharashtra, India 10-19 583 _ 36.54 Nair et al., 2017
Rural adolescents Barpeta, Assam, India 10-13 466 24.00 24.53 Begum, 2019
Rural adolescents Birbhum, West Bengal, India 10-19 5521 31.10 21.10 Darling et al., 2020
Rural adolescents Khejuri-I Block, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India 10-15 443 2.88 0.85 Present Study
Table 14. Prevalence of Thinness in adolescent populations: A comparison with other studies Таблица 14. Распространенность худобы среди подростков: сравнение с
другими исследованиями
Studied Population Study Area Age Group (Years) Sample Size Thinness (%) References
Boys Girls
Rural adolescents Paschim Medinipur and Purulia, West Bengal, India 10-15 2016 51.74 36.94 Bose et al., 2008c
Rural adolescent girls Andhra Pradesh, India 10-18 223 _ 20.60 Prashant, Shaw, 2009
Rural adolescents Darjeeling, West Bengal, India 5-12 2111 71.11 67.77 Mondal, Sen, 2010
Rural adolescents Darjeeling, West Bengal, India 11-19 420 33.00 19.00 Dey et al., 2011
Continued Есть продолжение
Table 14 continued Продолжение таблицы 14
Studied Population Age Thinness (%)
Study Area Group (Years) Sample Size Boys Girls References
Rural adolescents Phansidewa Block,
Darjeeling, West Bengal, India 10-18 1165 51.16 46.89 Mondal, 2014
Rural adolescent Agartala,Tripura, India 8-16 208 39.90 Sarkar, 2015
boys
Rural Paschim Medini-
adolescent pur, West Bengal, 10-19 386 35.75 De, 2016
girls India
Howrah, Birbhum,
Rural Purba and Paschim 10-17 839 46.59 50.89 Pal et al., 2016
adolescents Medinipur, West Bengal, India
Rural adolescent Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri, 9-18 500 26.00 Roy et al., 2016
girls West Bengal, India
Rural
adolescent Maharashtra, India 10-19 583 18.87 Nair et al., 2017
girls
Rural adolescents Barpeta, Assam, India 10-13 466 24.00 24.50 Begum, 2019
Rural adoles- Uttar Pradesh and 10-19 20700 25.8 13.10 Kumar et al.,
cents Bihar, India 2021
Rural adolescents Khejuri-I Block, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India 10-15 443 46.63 47.23 Present Study
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Information about authors
Saheli Biswas; ORCID: 0000-0002-8178-9271; sahelibiswas 171996@gmail. com;
Mahua Chanak; ORCID: 0000-0002-6271-5517; mahua95@live. com;
Kaushik Bose, PhD, prof.; ORCID: 0000-0003-2283-4682; [email protected].
Бисвас С., Чанак М., Бозе К.
Кафедра антропологии, Университет Видьясагар, Миднапур-721102, Западная Бенгалия, Индия
ПОПЕРЕЧНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПИТАНИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ БЕНГАЛЬЦЕВ В ВОЗРАСТЕ 10-15 ЛЕТ ИЗ ПУРБА-МЕДИНИПУР, ЗАПАДНАЯ БЕНГАЛИЯ, ИНДИЯ
Вступление. Подростковый период онтогенеза требует особого наблюдения, поскольку именно в эти годы происходит связь межпоколенных факторов и факторов раннего детства, оказывающих влияние на результаты взросления. Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) рассматривает интервал 10-19 лет как подростковый период, являющийся важным этапом роста и развития в течение жизни. В настоящем исследовании оценивался статус питания подростков из двух деревень Пурба-Мединипур, Западная Бенгалия, Индия.
Материалы и методы. Было проведено поперечное исследование 443 (208 мальчиков; 235 девочек) сельских старшеклассников в возрасте 10-15 лет из деревень Аджайя и Деульпота, квартал Хеджури-1, округ Пурба-Мединипур, Западная Бенгалия, Индия, с целью оценки характера их роста и состояния питания. Антропометрические признаки, включающие длину (см) и массу тела (кг), обхват середины предплечья (см), были измерены по стандартным методикам. Задержка роста, недостаточный вес и худоба (истощение) использовались в качестве показателей состояния питания.
Результаты. Общая распространенность задержки роста, недостаточного веса и худобы составила 20.32%, 1.81% и 46.95% соответственно. Распространенность задержки роста была одинаковой у обоих полов (20.67% у мальчиков; 20.0% у девочек). Распространенность худобы была очень высока среди обследованных участников (46.63% у мальчиков; 47.23% у девочек). Согласно классификации ВОЗ для оценки тяжести недоедания, показатели задержки роста и недостаточного веса были средними и низкими у представителей обоего пола соответственно. Однако у них была очень высокая распространенность худобы, что указывало на критическую ситуацию с недостаточным питанием.
Заключение. Состояние питания этих сельских подростков, посещавших школу, было неудовлетворительным. Существующая распространенность задержки роста и худобы среди исследуемой популяции указывает на хронический дефицит питательных веществ, в то время как низкая распространенность недостаточного веса отражает то, что хроническое лишение пищи, которому они подвергались, было в детстве, а не в недавний период. Для решения этой проблемы необходимы последующие исследования и вмешательство государственных структур.
Ключевые слова: сельская местность; бенгальцы; подростки; пищевой стресс; задержка роста; недостаточный вес; худоба; биологическая антропология
DOI: 10.55959/MSU2074-8132-23-15-1-4 (LJA)
Информация об авторах
Бисвас С.; ORCID: 0000-0002-8178-9271; sahelibiswas 171996@gmail. com;
Чанак М.; ORCID: 0000-0002-6271-5517; mahua95@live. com;
Бозе К., PhD, prof.; ORCID: 0000-0003-2283-4682; [email protected].
Поступила в редакцию 13.09.2022, принята к публикации 20.10.2022.
