CC BY
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A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF SOVIET ARCHITECTURE
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Rasulov R. , Tang X. (People's Republic of China) Email: [email protected]
1Rasulov Rovshen - Master's Degree Candidate, DIRECTION OF TRAINING: URBAN PLANNING;
2Tang Xiaolong - PhD in Urban Planning, Professor, Assistant Professor, INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING, LANZHOU JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, LANZHOU, GANSU PROVINCE, People's Republic of China
Abstract: art is an adequate reflection of the reality of the society in which it exists. The most large-scale political or economic events of a time are always synchronized with art. These processes find their expression primarily in artistic culture. The most quickly responds to these changes literature. Words immediately and easily assimilate innovations and begin to project them into society. New folklore is being created, various verbal and musical works appear. Next responds fine art-painting, drawing and sculpture. Further, more voluminous and complex works are created, they are tested, in some ways adjusted, adjusted to new realities. New images or rethought old ones find their monumental consolidation in architectural creations. After all, works of architecture occupies the top of the hierarchy of arts, firstly, they are the most expensive among all works of art, and secondly, the most visible and accessible to the masses. So it was in the USSR. Keywords: soviet architecture, constructivism, neoclassicism.
КРАТКИЙ ОБЗОР ИСТОРИИ СОВЕТСКОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ
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Расулов Р. , Тан С. (Китайская Народная Республика)
1Расулов Ровшен - магистрант, направление: градостроительство;
2Тан Сяолун - кандидат градостроительных наук, профессор, доцент, институт архитектуры и градостроительства, Университет Ланьчжоу Цзяотун, Ланьчжоу, провинция Ганьсу, Китайская Народная Республика
Аннотация: искусство это адекватное отражение действительности того общества, в котором оно существует. Самые масштабные политические или экономические события того или иного времени, всегда синхронизируются с искусством. Эти процессы находят свое выражение, в первую очередь, в художественной культуре. Наиболее быстро откликается на эти изменения литература. Слова сразу и легко усваивают новшества и начинают проецировать их в общество. Создается новый фольклор, появляются различные устные словесные и музыкальные произведения. Следом отзывается изобразительное искусство -живопись, графика и скульптура. Далее создаются более объемные и сложные произведения, они проходят апробацию, в чем-то корректируются, подгоняются под новые реалии. Свое монументальное закрепление новые образы или же переосмысленные старые находят в архитектурных творениях. Ведь произведения архитектуры занимают вершину иерархии искусств, во-первых, они самые дорогостоящие среди всех произведений искусства, а во-вторых, - наиболее наглядны и доступны для восприятия масс. Так было и в СССР. Ключевые слова: советская архитектура, конструктивизм, неоклассицизм.
DOI: 10.24411/2542-0798-2019-15601
What is Soviet architecture? At first glance, it would be logical to assume that the architecture of the USSR or Soviet architecture covers only the period of existence of the USSR - from 1922 to 1991. However, Soviet architecture, just like the USSR itself, appeared in the aftermath of another, larger event - the October revolution of 1917 (St. Petersburg). It was this red revolution that marked the beginning of almost 70 years of the history of Soviet architecture. The next significant event - is the Second world war (1939-1945), the largest armed conflict in history, which involved
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80% of The world's population, nor could not affect the architecture of the USSR, for which this war was the great Patriotic war. Therefore, in certain scientific circles, Soviet architecture is divided into two major periods: pre-war Soviet architecture and post-war Soviet architecture. The pre-war Soviet architecture, in turn, covers the following important event in the history of the USSR - the decision of the CPSU Central Committee "on the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations" (1932), as a result of which the Soviet architecture was divided between two completely different in style trends camps-"constructivism" and "neoclassicism".
What was Soviet constructivism like? The red revolution of 1917, changed the further course of the history of the future Soviet people, it was then that the avant-garde direction - "constructivism" - the cornerstone of Soviet architecture, which is better than others corresponded to its historical era, which subsequently had a huge impact on the development of culture, art, architecture and urban planning of the USSR. Constructivism is primarily associated with architecture, however, such a vision would be one-sided and even extremely wrong, because before becoming an architectural method, constructivism existed in the visual arts. In the difficult years of the war (the First world war, 1914-1918), most architects were left without work-some engaged in" paper architecture", and others collaborated with sculptors, creating monuments. The founder of constructivism is generally considered to be Vladimir Tatlin Evgrafovich (1885-1953), his project "Monument to the third international" (1919-1920) handed out with the bearing design has become a symbol of a new direction in art, an expression of courage and determination quest. The main ideological concept of constructivism was the oblivion of the old and the desire for the new. First, it meant renunciation of the monarchical past, renunciation of" art for the sake of art" -"... not to paint a forest, but to grow parks and gardens, not to decorate the walls with paintings, but to paint these walls ..."secondly, the ongoing search for new forms of "production art" - from now on art had to serve production, and production to the people. In architecture, this was expressed by the denial of historical continuity, the rejection of decorative elements of classical styles, the desire to emphasize the expression of modern building materials and structures. Constructivist architects were looking for expressiveness not in the decor, but in the dynamics of simple structures, verticals and contours of the structure. Architects of Mature constructivism used a functional method based on the scientific analysis of the functioning of buildings, structures, urban complexes. Thus, ideological-artistic and utilitarian-practical tasks were considered in the aggregate. Each function corresponds to the most rational space-planning structure (form corresponds to the function).
How did Soviet Neoclassicism appear? Years of constructivism this is the most favorite period of Soviet architecture, constructivists saw their task to increase the role of architecture in life, actively participated in the design of industrial and public buildings. As with any phenomenon in art, he could not be restricted to a single country, at this time, with the masterpieces of the Soviet avant-garde, such authoritative foreign architects like Le Corbusier came to the USSR (1928-1930 gg.), where she cooperated with the leaders of constructivism. Constructivism was unexpectedly bright, and at the same time the shortest style direction in the history of Soviet architecture. By the early 1930s, the system of supervision over the content and dissemination of information on the territory of the USSR had changed significantly. This phenomenon is considered as one of a number of "educational" activities, where art was given the direction of activity, and architecture is no exception. As a result, this led to the need to eliminate the "bourgeois, capitalist" styles and develop the only true - "Soviet". The creation of a new style began with the formulation of the "creative problem" of Soviet architecture and the configuration of the relevant state body designed to solve this problem. After the elimination of multiple architectural creative circles, a single Union of Soviet architects (SSA, 1932) was created, which was much easier to manage and influence than the mass of divided workshops. The formation of the state style was based on the existing artistic heritage. The choice of reference style, "suitable" architectural heritage was carried out very carefully. During the discussion, a number of buildings recognized as ideologically safe were proposed to architects as guidelines for further creativity. The vast majority of buildings belonged to classicism - from the Greek ruins to the Italian Palazzo. For more visual acquaintance with the heritage, "suitable for use" and the analysis, trips of the Soviet authors abroad to monuments of architecture (1935-1936) were organized. In addition, innovative and avant-garde trends
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(constructivism, functionalism, rationalism, etc.) were first sharply criticized, and then completely banned as "bourgeois". On this wave there is a struggle constructivists for purity of ranks and against stylistic of the relation to constructivism. In other words, they fought against the transformation of constructivism from method to style, into external imitation, without understanding the essence. Therefore, the constructivists fell out of favour. Some architects were unable to adapt to the new situation and were left without work (some were even repressed), the second managed to integrate into the new conjuncture. Still others continued to participate in the creative life of the USSR, but such authority as before did not have. Sincere passion for constructivism and unwillingness to change the style of work, as well as weak in some cases, the training of architects - the overall pace of development of professional consciousness led to a slowdown in the formation and approval of the style. As a result, there was a transitional style, called conditionally "post-constructivism" (S. O. Khan-Magomedov). At the same time, it is obvious that the achievements of the Soviet period architecture are not limited to the period of "constructivism". In the history of Soviet architecture, there is the next, second, no less influential period, which is called the era of'Soviet Neoclassicism" (1932-1955). Classicism (from the Latin word "classicus" - "exemplary") - a term that combines a range of artistic trends in European culture of 17-19 centuries, focused on the ideals of ancient classics. And Neoclassicism (from the Greek word "neos" - "new") is a retrospective style referring to the previous artistic style -classicism. The architects drew inspiration from the aesthetic ideals of ancient architecture, where the basis of the architectural language was the architectural order, around which the extensive symmetrical-axial compositions of urban spaces were organized. However, Neoclassicism, just like the classicism itself, depending on the time and place of its penetration into a specific cultural environment, could vary in different countries and even cities.
Why Soviet architecture of this period is also called "Stalin's architecture"or" Stalin's Empire"? During the revolution in the purposes of the conspiracy was popular to use aliases. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov signed official, party and state documents under the pseudonym "Lenin". And Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili the whole world remembered as "Stalin". The period of Stalin's stay in power (1922-1953) was marked by the "Stalin" era. Ideology and policy implemented By Stalin and his supporters is called "Stalinism". And if the main father-founder of Soviet constructivism was recognized worldwide V. T. Tatlin, the main co-author of the Soviet architecture of the new period (1932-1955) was unanimously recognized by Stalin himself. After all, it was he who stood behind the scenes of the new architectural policy of the USSR, and that is why Soviet Neoclassicism is still popular to call "Stalin's architecture" or "Stalin's Empire".
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