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intensive sector and high technologies. It should be noted that innovative management was carried out in Georgia and in conditions of centralized management.
References
1. Carlson A. K., A Theoretical Framework for Goal-Based Choice and for Prescriptive Analysis. September 14, 2007. http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/library/2007-HK,Russo,etal-TheoreticalGBC.pdf
2. Прангишвили И., Иванус А, Системная закономерность «золотого сочения»: системная устойчивость и гармония // Проблемы управления. 2004, стр. 2
3. Georgian National Bureau of Statistics
http://www. geostat.ge/?action=page&p id=2104&lan g=geo
4. Orpen C. Market Conditions, Decentralization and managerial effectiveness in South-African and American Corporations// Management International review, 1978, #1, pp.61-67
A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE DEFENCE EXPENDITURE OF THE REPUBLIC
OF BULGARIA
Venelin Terziev
Professor, Ph.D., D.Sc. (National Security), D.Sc. (Ec.), University of Rousse, Rousse, Bulgaria, National Military University, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria University of Telecommunications and Post, Sofia, Bulgaria
Elitsa Petrova Associate Professor, Ph.D., National Military University, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
Abstract: The complex state of the Bulgarian economy is a prerequisite for the state of defence and security. The low GDP, low production, unemployment, the outflow of young people and professionals abroad are a prerequisite for the few resources allocated to defence. Contrary to all expectations of Bulgarian society defence spending did not only remain the same, but decreased significantly as a percentage of gross domestic product and reached unbelievable level of 1.35 for 2014.
Bulgaria and its Armed Forces are facing the challenge of available critical shortage of financial resources. It continues to stand a heavy task to find an optimal balance between available resources and planned defence capabilities. The budget of the Ministry of Defence is insufficient for realization of the planned.
According to the Objectives of the Administration for 2015, the Ministry of Defence is needed to support purpose of existing and the gradual development of new defence where the capabilities including modernization of equipment to acquire new abilities and keeping Bulgarian Army with highly motivated and professional people.
The Programme for the Development of the Defence Capabilities of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria 2020 has been developed pursuant to Article 16, paragraphs 6 and 7 of the Law on Defence and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria. The Programme is aimed at continuing and further developing the process of strategic rethink of the defence policy and the build-up of the defence capabilities that was initiated by the White Paper on Defence and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria. This document sets out the parameters for the development as well as the central guidelines for the build-up of the Bulgarian Armed Forces' defence capabilities until 2020 through harnessing the political, economic, technological, information, military and civil resources of our country.
Keywords: national security, defense technology, strategic management.
INTRODUCTION
The complex state of the Bulgarian economy is a prerequisite for the state of defence and security. The low GDP, low production, unemployment, the outflow of young people and professionals abroad are a prerequisite for the few resources allocated to defence. Contrary to all expectations of Bulgarian society defence spending did not only remain the same, but decreased significantly as a percentage of gross domestic product and reached unbelievable level of 1.35 for 2014. General view point of personnel involved in activities in defence of the country is that the lack of money to invest in infrastructure, logistics, equipment, armement, and people reduce abilities of Bulgarian Army to be adequate for future military actions. Reforms in the army
during the last 10 years related solely to reduce costs in all possible directions. The minimum investments in facilities and equipment, the missing funds for the maintenance of existing assets, and the minimum investments in people discourages staff working in this field. Legislation in recent months suggests reduction of wages and social benefits for people, increasing the retirement age, the abolition of the wages that are applied at the time of retirement of the officers.
Below it is made an attempt for a short review of the legislation in the field of defence mechanisms for the stabilization of the costs of different directions, and state defence spending by type of forces to 2014 and a review of state defence spending by different defence policies. It was made a review of certain documents
aimed at future of defence costs and the vision of the Ministry of Defence for future cost trends.
1. SYNOPSIS OF THE LEGISLATION ON INVESTMENT IN DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PEOPLE IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA 2010-2015
There are different documents carried out on the principle of planning based on capabilities. The application of this approach examines the necessary and the lack of capabilites and takes note of the obsolete ones. According to White Paper on Defence and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria one of the leading priorities of Bulgarian defence policy is the future development of an integral sytem of effective defence governance under uniterrupted public control, with a great potential of flexibility, planning and effective response. This entails the application of contemporary defence management, founded on principles of good governance and planning, based on the operational capabilities of the forces and the possible scenarios for their use.
In theory Republic of Bulgaria has a relatively constant share of GDP for the Ministry of Defence budget - no less than 1.5%, and including other defence expenses and the expenses of military pensions - not less than 2%. In practice it reached 1.35% for 2014.
The national defence capabilities were structured in a "Catalogue of capabilities for the development of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria". For the maintenance and development of necessary capabilities, the total number of the Armed Forces can be no less than 37,000 - of those the military on active duty 73% and the civilian personnel 19%.1
The aim was to bring down the expenses on personal staff, on-going maintenance and capital expenditure in the ratio 60:25:15. These proportions were considered by our government in 2010 as closest to the best management practices in the defence organisations. As a result of the reforms and with a fixed defence budget of 1.5% of GDP, we should to secure a significantly greater quality of support and greater per capita funding on military personnel - rising from 29,000 lv. (approx. €15,000) to 43,600 lv. (approx. €22,300) per serviceman. It was a proposed prognosis for 2014 and should consequently result in modern equipping and arming, as well as a greater level of battle readiness and efficiency. But in fact this reduction and the the reforms didn't allow the best management of the personnel and modernisation of the Bulgarian Armed Forces.
According to the Law on Defence and Armed Forces of the Republic Bulgaria, Art. 13. funds for the activities in the field of defence is performed by the state budget and other sources provided by law, or in the Council of Ministers.2
For financial support of its activities, the Ministry of Defence prepare a budget, which is part of the state budget. On the revenue side of the budget of the Ministry of Defence are funds from fees, fines; services, rental and sale of real estate and assets granted for management of the Ministry; income from the use and disposal of objects of intellectual property of the Ministry; donations; other sources.
According to the Regulations for Implementing the Law on Defence and Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria Art. 1. The regulations relating to the conditions and procedures for acceptance of military service, as well as the acquisition and enhancement of the military qualifications of the persons admitted to the military service.3
In Chapter Seven of the National Defence Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria are pointed the following resources for defence:4
• Human resources, development of which requires organizational establishment of the Armed Forces building and design of offices; building the structures of the management of human resources; construction and preparation of the reserve; attracting, recruitment and selection of staff; training; evaluation / appraisal; career and staff development; payment; social partnership; social adaptation of exemptions soldiers.
• Material resources, development of which requires to change system of military logistics.
• Information resources, the priority of which is the development, reconstruction and modernization of communication and information system in the field of mobile tactical communications, ensuring interoperability and management of formations in modern combat environment.
• Financial resources. According to the commitments of the Bulgarian government commitments regarding full membership in NATO, the cost of the Ministry of Defence must be maintained at a relatively constant level not less than 1.5% of gross domestic product and the inclusion of other costs for defence and costs of military pensions - not less than 2%.
The Ministry of Defence had to provide the Armed Forces with adequate infrastructure of different types, to satisfy their basic needs and to correspond to the operational, tactical and technical requirements for the deployment of military forces. A significant part of the housing stock is need of major repairs. Limited financial resources for the maintenance and repair of infrastructure are the reason for the severe depreciation of a great part of it and for the impossibility to use it.
In relation to the force structure review and the Force Development Plan, by the end of 2014, we significantly decreased the total size of military areas.
1 White Paper on Defence and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria 2010, Sofia, 2010.
2 Law on Defence and Armed Forces of the Republic Bulgaria, Prom. SG. 35 of 12.05.2009, in force from 12.05. 2009, amend. and suppl., SG. 1 of 3.01.2014
3 Regulations for Implementing the Law on Defence and
Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria, adopted by decree 46 from 22.03.2010, Prom. Issue 25 of 30.03.2010 pcs. 40 of 2.06.2015, effective from 2.06.2015
4 The National Defence Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2011.
People are the main potential and guarantee for the success in any defence matter, so we should to provide the defence system and the Armed Forces with trained and motivated staff. In this context, the mission of the Reserve forces will be to promptly provide ready personnel and equipment, with which to increase the capabilities of the Armed Forces' formations and, when required, to carry out their tasks both in peace and in wartime.
Ensuring the long-term budget of the Ministry of Defence as a higher percentage of the GDP will provide conditions for establishment and maintenance of the operational capabilities our army's needs. Taking into account the experience and recommendations of our allies, the programming structure of the Ministry of Defence was updated. Consequently the number of programmes was reduced. With them we must increase the effectiveness and efficiency in planning and spending of our limited budgetary resources.
The Bulgarian defence industry and research & development are primarily a result of 20th century investments. The expenses of research and development led to a sharp reduction of the sector's export potential and to its reduced contribution to the Bulgarian economy, which has a significant negative impact on national security. If this state of the Bulgarian technological and industrial defence base remains, the industry's potential to meet the future material requirements of the Armed Forces will be reduced evermore progressively. Investing in new technologies will provide upgraded capabilities for both the progress of the Armed Forces and the transformation of the Bulgarian defence industry into a competitive participant into the global world.
Ambitions of the Investment Plan-Program of the Ministry of Defence to 2020 is to bring order and transparency in the spending of capital funds from the budget of the Ministry of Defence and to identify the main directions for the modernization of the Bulgarian Army, and to achieve a balance between the needs and capabilities of the available resources.
The investment plan's main objective is to ensure the acquisition of abilities for development of Bulgarian Army, forming an integrated framework of capital expenditure, including acquisition, integrated logistic support, decommissioning weapons and/or modernization of armaments, equipment and defence infrastructure through the implementation of investment and infrastructure projects.
Herein is the scope of the investment plan: Investment projects (IP);
• Projects which will be implemented in case of financial resources;
• Program funded by the US to assist in the field of security and defence;
• Infrastructure projects;
• Infrastructure projects funded by NATO.
The investment program plan is consistent with the following assumption: providing a framework an-
nual budget of 1. 5% of GDP for its implementation. To-
forecast funds for capital costs must tal for 2011-2020 r
be amounted to 2 billion lev.5
Some of the The Republic of Bulgaria Armed Forces' Development Plan goals are:
- To create an integrated system for the effective management of defence with a flexible planning and effective-response potential.
- To secure the preservation of existing necessary capabilities, the development of missing capabilities, the discarding of unnecessary capabilities and the creation of conditions for the evolutionary progression of the Armed Forces.
- To achieve balance between necessary skills and available resources.
- The transformation of combat maintenance and support.
Following the reorganisation of the Bulgarian Army's staff and military units, according to the Republic of Bulgaria Armed Forces'Development Plan its personnel will be no less than 26,100 and 3,150 reservists. The personnel will be categorised as follows:6
- military personnel - no less than 23,720
- civilian personnel - up to 2,380
- reservists - up to 3,150.
Manning the Armed Forces with main armaments and military equipment includes equipping:
• Land Forces with tanks, combat armoured vehicles, and artillery systems
• Air Force with military aircraft, transport aircraft, training aircraft, combat helicopters, transport helicopters, training helicopters, air defence battalion, and radar systems
• Navy with combat ships, combat support ships, auxiliary ships, floating crafts and installations, and helicopters.
The creation of new and development of existing capabilities are pointed at timely availability for effective intelligence, deployability and mobility, command, control and communications, logistics, survivability and force protection. The process of the armed forces' development will continue to be supported in accordance with NATO's defence planning and the capability development process in the EU. Building and maintaining capabilities remains a priority for the Armed Forces.
2. A REVIEW OF THE EXPENDITURES ON DEFENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA FOR 2014
Bulgaria and its Armed Forces are facing the challenge of available critical shortage of financial resources. It continues to stand a heavy task to find an optimal balance between available resources and planned defence capabilities. The budget of the Ministry of Defence is insufficient for realization of the planned.
5 Investment Plan-Program of the Ministry of Defence to
2020, Sofia, 2011.
6 The Republic of Bulgaria Armed Forces'Development Plan, Ministry of Defence, Sofia, 2010.
As is well-known in 2006 NATO approved a 2% of GDP to be allocated to defence spending, with 20% of them are dedicated to research, development and acquisition of major weapons systems. NATO countries made a commitment to stop the reduction of defence budgets. With a commitment to invest in defence, the Allies confirmed that the countries that are below specified values will stop cost reduction. But the majority of member states do not fulfil their commitments. Indicative is the example of Bulgaria, where a percentage of gross domestic product which is paid for defence for the period 2007-2014 dropped from 2.3% to 1.35%.
In terms of defence spending devoted to basic systems weapons and military equipment, Bulgaria is one of the member countries with the worst indicators -about 2%. Regarding the indicator - „Defence spending", in 2014 the implementation of this measure of Bulgaria (1.35%) is below the required is for 2% of GDP on defence, and modernization are separated by only 1.38% defence budget.7 This is a sure indicator of destructive processes.
Three-year budget forecast spending on defence (1.19% of GDP for 2015, 1.16% -for 2016 and 1.12% for 2017) confirms the negative trend to reduce the military budget, which would deepen resource issues of the Armed Forces and significantly reduces the opportunities for acquisition of military equipment, weapons, equipment and gear.
The budget of the Ministry of Defence for 2014 does not ensure the implementation in full of the following key activities of the Armed Forces:
7 Report on the state of Defence and Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2014, the Council of Ministers, Sofia, 2015.
8 Report on the state of Defence and Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2014, the Council of Min-
isters, Sofia, 2015.
• Maintenance of equipment, provision of fuel and lubricants to conduct flight training of staff in NATO standards, subscription maintenance of armaments and equipment and repair of buildings;
• Projects for acquisition of armaments, equipment and equipment battalion battle group formations and the modernization of forces;
• Maintenance, construction and the affirmation of the logistics;
• Disposal of surplus weapons, ammunition, explosive devices;
• Repair and protection of basic infrastructure and others.
In 2014, the actual total cost to the budget of the Ministry of Defence amounted to 1 101,563 thousand levs in 1 067.444 thousand lev for Ministry of Defence and 34,119 thousand levs for state military schools. This represents 1.35% of GDP. Without the cost of public higher military schools, the budget of the Ministry of Defence constitutes 1.31% of the projected gross domestic product.8 The figure 1 represented the ratio of budget expenditures on defence as a percentage of gross domestic product for the period 2010 - 2014.
Within the budget of the Ministry of Defence implemented two policies - „Defence capabilities" and „Allied and international security".
Expenditures on policy "Defence capabilities" has amounted to 998 747,869 thousand levs, as is shown in Table 1.
9 Report on the state of Defence and Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2014, the Council of Ministers, Sofia, 2015.
Table 1 Expenditures of policy „Defence capabilities"9
MAIN PROGRAM Consumed (thousand levs) % from the total cost of the MoD
1. Preparation and use of Armed Forces 743 539,577 69,66
2. Management of human resources and reserve 13 349,190 1,25
3. Security 23 843,786 2,23
5. Medical Support 130 288, 889 12,21
6. Military-patriotic education and military recreation 22 746, 168 2,13
7. Research and Technology 7 283,207 0,68
8. Military Education 639,557 0,06
9. Administrative Management and Support 57 057,495 5,35
Policy „Allied and international security" spent participate in NATO and EU policies of security and funds amounting to 68 696 363 thousand levs, or 6.44% defence and to contribute adequate to their realization. of the expenditure of the Ministry of Defence are allocated to support key policy programs 4 and 10, as is shown in Table. The main objective of this policy is to
Table 2 Expenditures on Policy „Allied and International Security"10
MAIN PROGRAM Consumed (thousand levs) % from the total cost of the MoD
4. Membership in NATO, European Union and International Cooperation 28 780.238 2,70
10. Military Information 39 916 125 3,74
In 2014 in the Ministry of Defence in 2014 has been carried out in public procurement, resulting in 116 contracts, 9 framework agreements and 18 additional agreements which were signed for the supply of equipment, goods and provision of services in the following areas:
• Completion of Bulgarian troops and troop formations with weapons, equipment and individual equipment, clothing, shoes and others;
• Supplies of fuels, oils, lubricants and special liquids for the training;
• Supply of tires and batteries for the preparation of military units of the Bulgarian army;
• Others.
Accumulated over the years delay in the implementation of projects for modernization, leaded to a delay in necessary defence capabilities and difficulties to maintain already achieved.
In the field of defence infrastructure was implemented in three main directions: 1) management of real state property; 2) investment policy regarding construction and construction services, and 3) housing policy. For investment policy in the field of construction and building services were prepared annual reports on the implementation of the program 9.2. "Defence Infrastructure". For the performance of a list for the development and construction services in the Ministry of Defence and the Bulgarian Army were conducted 30 procedures for construction and consulting services under the procurement and selection of contractors.
Considering the changes in the strategic environment and security priorities in the medium term the acquisition of new capacities and modernization of the Armed Forces in 2014 were defined areas of capability and set the following priorities in the investment pro-jects:1
• New type of basic, multipurpose combat aircraft;
• Providing logistic support;
• Modernization of the frigates class E-71;
• Building a battalion battle groups;
• New 3D radars;
• Modular patrol boat;
• Technical guidance systems of Strategic Intelligence;
• Cyber protection;
• Others.
To 31.12.2014 the personnel of the Bulgarian Army is 90% of the permanent staff, distributed as follows:
• Ministry of Defence - 97%;
• Structures directly subordinate to the Minister of Defence - 90%;
• Bulgarian Army - 90%.
As a negative trend we can mention that if the Bulgarian Army keep the status quo with the number of its personel, in the future years the officers to 35 years and civilian people in the Army will be insufficient for the needs of the peacetime and war formations.
The activities of the Plan for development of the Armed Forces in its part of the Land Forces were aimed at: building the available financial resources; maintenance and improvement of acquired skills and build new ones; introduction of modern methods of education and training (trainers and simulators); release of unnecessary infrastructure.
The main problems in the preparation and execution of the tasks and missions of the formations of the Land Forces are directed to insufficient funding and poor state of armaments and equipment.
There is a significant imbalance between the levels of spending in different directions of the expeditures of the budget of the Land Forces as is shown in Figure 2.
Insufficient maintenance expenditure and low levels of capital expenditure led to an accumulation of problems that affect the defence capabilities. The lack of components, consumables, tools and accessories for weapons and machines leads to operational problems. Obviously there are difficulties in providing the Land Forces with the necessary equipment for personal.
10 Report on the state of Defence and Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2014, the Council of Ministers, Sofia, 2015.
11 Report on the state of Defence and Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2014, the Council of Ministers, Sofia, 2015.
Figure 2 Imbalance in the levels of expeditures in the directions of the Land Forces
The completed activities by Air Forces were assisting the population in case of floods, air transport of medical teams and sick people, search and rescue, fighting fires from the air and ensure activities of state bodies and local authorities.
The main challenges facing the Air Force in 2014 were related to the execution of the tasks under budgetary constraints. The actual level of funds for capital expenditure is far below the required values, especially
Like other branches of the Armed Forces, insufficient defence spending in the country (as a percentage of gross domestic product, and cash), causing an imbalance in the levels of the directions of the cost to the budget of the Navy, especially the section on capital expenditures. For this reason, logistics and maintenance
for maintenance and repair of aviation equipment and infrastructure. Insufficient capital expenditures and impossibility of real modernization leaded to serious problems in the provision of units.
There is a significant imbalance between the levels of spending in different directions of the expeditures of the budget as is shown in Figure 3.
operations involving the preparation and daily activities are carried out in conditions of shortage of financial and material resources.
The distribution of the directions of the expedi-tures to the budget of the Naval Forces is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3 Imbalance in the levels of expeditures in the directions of the Air Forces
Figure 4 Imbalance in the levels of expeditures in the directions of the Naval Forces
The total distribution of the directions of the expeditures to the budget of the Forces and
The usability of the Armed Forces is one of the main indicators that take into account the actual contribution of the Armed Forces to NATO's operations. It is the main indicator of the degree of implementation of commitments to collective defence. There are 3 groups of indicators to measure assistance the Alliance in building the necessary capacities and actual involvement in missions and operations.
1. group - Input indicators measure levels of defence investment;
2. group - Outgoing measures, taking into account the contribution to the development of capabilities;
3. group - Outgoing measures, taking into account the actual contribution to NATO.
First of the metrics illustrate the possibility of participation in operations and missions outside the territory of the country. According to it in 2014, in the Land Forces, our country managed to surpass these levels, while the Air Force and the Navy Force are significantly lagging behind.
Second key indicator is estimated capacity of countries to support the participation of formations and abilities in operations for long periods of time. By this indicator Land Forces is above stated requirements.
imbalance in the levels of spending in directions of Bulgarian Armed Forces is shown in Figure 5.
There is a decline in the proportion of the Air Force and Navy, which for financial reasons hardly maintain the ability to participate in continuous operations.
In the third group are metrics that take into account a percentage of the staff of the Land Forces, the aircraft of the Air Force and Navy ships from a country which are provided for participation in expeditionary operations and those which are actually involved in the operations. They reported participation of Bulgaria in operations, including in such NATO and other multilateral (UN, EU coalition) and national operations.
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA FOR 2015
According to the Objectives of the Administration for 2015, the Ministry of Defence is
needed to support purpose of existing and the gradual development of new defence where the capabilities including modernization of equipment to acquire new
Figure 5 Imbalance in the levels of spending in directions of Bulgarian Armed Forces
abilities and keeping Bulgarian Army with highly motivated and professional people.12
Doctrine of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria points some priorities in the field of financing. Herein are pointed:13
• Maintenance and Operations Support;
• Intelligence and intelligence support;
• Firing support;
• Air defence;
• Missile defence;
• Protection of military forces;
• Specific defence ;
• Electronic Warfare;
• Military engineering support;
• Communications Support System Command and Control;
• Nuclear, chemical and biological protection;
• Camouflage;
• Counter Improvised Explosive Devices;
• Neutralization of unexploded munitions;
• Security;
• Providing military forces;
• Military support;
• Providing meteorological and hydrographic support;
• Military Counterintelligence;
• Military police security;
• Logistics;
• Financial security;
• Human Resources;
• Psychological support for people in defence;
• Legal support.
The Programme for the Development of the Defence Capabilities of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria 2020 has been developed pursuant to Article 16, paragraphs 6 and 7 of the Law on Defence and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria. The Programme is aimed at continuing and further developing the process of strategic rethink of the defence policy and the build-up of the defence capabilities that was initiated by the White Paper on Defence and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria. This document sets out the parameters for the development as well as the central guidelines for the build-up of the Bulgarian Armed Forces' defence capabilities until 2020 through harnessing the political, economic, technological, information, military and civil resources of our country.
As we know the allies will make an annual assessment of the progress made in the implementation on the basis of the adopted 11 indicators.
Indicators measuring the levels of defence investments: 14
12 Objectives of the Administration for 2015, the Ministry of Defence, Sofia, 2014
13 Doctrine of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria, National publication of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria , Ministry of Defence, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2015.
14 According to the Programme for the Development of the
Defence Capabilities of the Bulgarian Armed Forces 2020,
33
1. The percentage of GDP for defence. The nations that have achieved 2 % and more for defence have to continue maintaining this level.
2. The percentage of the defence spending is to be allocated to the acquisition of core armaments, combat equipment, and outfits, including research and development. The requirement with respect to this indicator is for the nations to achieve the required level of 20% and more within 10 years.
Indicators measuring the contribution to capability development:15
1. The percentage of the execution of quantitative and qualitative indices of the national goals.
2. The percentage of the Land Forces personnel, the aircraft of the Air Force and the ships of the Navy having displacement more than 300 tons represented as a part of their respective total number, which are allocated and meet all requirements for participation in operations outside the territory of the country: the requirements are for Land Forces - 50%, for the Air Force -40% and for the Navy - 80%.
3. The proportion measured in percentages of the Land Forces personnel, the number of the aircraft of the Air Force, and the ships of the Navy having displacement of more than 300 tons, presented as a part of their total number for each individual category, which are sustainable in operations outside the national borders of the country. The requirements are respectively: for the Land Forces - 10%, for the Air Force - 8% and for the Navy - 28%.
The Armed Forces capabilities must be also directed to the optimization of the organizational structures of the Bulgarian Army. Herein are included: capabilities and structure of the Joint Forces Command (JFC), capabilities and structure of the Land Forces, capabilities and structure of the Air Force, Navy capabilities and structure, command and control system of the Armed Forces, system for communications and information support of the Armed Forces, military intelligence and capabilities for intelligence support of the forces, capabilities and structure of the system for logistic support of the troops and forces, military medical support of the Armed Forces, Military Police, military-geographic support of defence activities, cyber defence, military scientific support for defence, reserve of the Armed Forces, defence infrastructure, to build an effective system of armaments and equipment acquisition.
As was mentioned the main source of the Armed Forces defence capabilities funding is the state budget. In the course of the implementation of the annual State Budget Acts, additional spending may be approved under the terms and conditions of the Public Finance Act.
In order to achieve optimal balance between required defence capabilities and the execution of the Armed Forces' missions and tasks, in the period 20182024 we envisage a gradual increase of the defence
Approved by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2015.
15 According to the Programme for the Development of the Defence Capabilities of the Bulgarian Armed Forces 2020, Approved by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2015.
spending16, depending on the growth of the economic capacity of our country, in accordance with the decisions made at the NATO Summit in Wales (2014).
Under the conditions of highly inadequate funding as a priority we will provide with defence resources, including with financial resources, the Deployment Forces, immediate response units, the declared forces and capabilities under CT-2013 for NATO, and the declared forces for the European Common Security and Defence Policy as well as the military units for participation in operations outside/in the territory of the country.
According to the approved Act State Budget of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2015 expenses by policy and / or budget plans in the budget of the Ministry of Defence 2015 can be pointed indicators by individual budget programs. The individual budget programs for 2015 are as follows:17
1. Policy of defence capabilities • Budget program „Preparation and Use of the Armed Forces";
• Budget program „Management of human resources and reserves";
• Budget program „Military Police";
• Budget program „Medical Support";
• Budget program „Military-patriotic education and military Recreation";
• Budget program „Research and Technology";
• Budget program „Military Education";
• Budget program „Administrative Management and Support".
2. Policy of the Allied and International Security
• Budget program „Membership in NATO and the EU and international cooperation";
• Budget program „Military Information". Figure 6 shows the planned costs on individual
budget programs on Policy of defence capabilities of Ministry of Defence of Bulgaria for 2015 in levs.
Figure 6 Planned costs on individual budget programs on Policy of defence capabilities for 2015 in levs
Figure 7 shows the planned costs on Policy on the Allied and International Security of Ministry of Defence of Bulgaria by different budject programs for 2015 in levs.
16 According to the Programme for the Development of the
Defence Capabilities of the Bulgarian Armed Forces 2020, Approved by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2015.
17 Act State Budget of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2015 expenses by policy and / or budget plans in the budget of the Ministry of Defence, Sofia, 2015.
Figure 7 Planned costs on Policy on the Allied and International Security for 2015 in levs
Personnel costs, ongoing subsistence, and capital expenditure for 2015 stand at a ratio of 73:21:6. The ratio of the above expenses to be reached over the period 2020 - 2024 is targeted at 60:20:20.18
In order to achieve the necessary defence capabilities of the armed forces, the human resource management system must provide the Armed Forces with well-prepared and motivated personnel. Herein is included: selection - attractiveness of the military profession, professional and career development, education, science and training, updating the existing legislation, and care for the people in defence.
CONCLUSION
The article was an attempt to show the main pieces of legislation and mechanisms on the costs of defense of the Republic of Bulgaria. Data were derived in 2014 under certain budgetary policies and budgetary programs on them. They were derived data on the status of the costs of separate armed forces as follows - Land Forces, Air Forces and Naval Forces.
In order to achieve the necessary defence capabilities of the armed forces, the human resource management system must provide the Armed Forces with well-prepared and motivated personnel. Herein is included: selection - attractiveness of the military profession, professional and career development, education, science and training, updating the existing legislation, and more care for the people in defence.
References
1. Act State Budget of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2015 expenses by policy and / or budget plans in the budget of the Ministry of Defence, Sofia, 2015.
2. Doctrine of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria, National publication of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria , Ministry of Defence, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2015 Report on the state of Defence and Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2014, the Council of Ministers, Sofia, 2015.
3. Investment Plan-Program of the Ministry of Defence to 2020, Sofia, 2011.
4. Law on Defence and Armed Forces of the
Republic Bulgaria, Prom. SG. 35 of 12.05.2009, in force from 12.05. 2009, ... amend. and suppl., SG. 1 of
3.01.2014
5. Objectives of the Administration for 2015, the Ministry of Defence, Sofia, 2014
6. Petrova, E., A Review of the Expenditures on Defence of the Republic of Bulgaria for 2010-2015, Revista Academiei Fortelor Terestre, NR. 4 (80)/2015, Ni-colae Balcescu Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania, pp. 488 - 496, 2015.
7. Petrova, E., Dimitrova , S., Sustainable Development and National Security, Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Management, Romania, Brasov, Scientific Journal Review of General Management, 2011, Volume 13, Issue 1, pp. 44 - 54.
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ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЕ МЕТРОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА В ПАКЕТЕ
MATLAB
Шпильман Александр Владимирович
Студент
Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет, Санкт-Петербург Аннотация . Строятся реализация и гистограммы с помощью генераторов случайных чисел (гсч) в Matlab при равномерном, нормальном, треугольном распределениях.
Ключевые слова: генератор, моделирование, распределение.
Implementation of metrological analysis in the Matlab package
Shpilman Alexandr Vladimirovich
Student
Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg
Abstract. The implementation and histograms are constructed using random number generators (rng) in Matlab with uniform, normal, triangular distributions.
Key words: generator, modeling, distribution.
Relevance of the topic.
At present, the procedure for metrological analysis using simulation modeling is the most common method for estimating the characteristics of errors in measurement results in information and measurement systems (MIS). In connection with the development of computerization and the complication of scientific experiments, simulation modeling is an integral part of met-rological support for modern measurements. With the
help of simulation modeling, the properties of procedures and measurement results are studied. Metrological analysis with the help of simulation is performed in those cases when a metrological experiment is impossible, and for calculating the estimation of error characteristics it is impossible to form the necessary relationships because of their complexity. To conduct a metro-logical analysis on the basis of simulation, it is necessary to reproduce the input measurement effects.
