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References
1. Arnett F. C., Edworthy S. M., Bloch D. A., McShane D. J., Fries J. F. et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:315-324. doi: 10.1002/art.1780310302
2. Aletaha D., Neogi T., Silman A. J., Funovits J., Felson D. T. et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/ European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2569-2581. doi:10.1002/art.27584
3. Balabanova R. M., Erdes S. F. Rasprostranennost' revma-ticheskih zabolevanij v Rossii v 2013-2014 gg. Nauchno-prakticheskaja revmatologija. 2014;53(2):120-124.
4. Ehling A., Schäffler A., Herfarth H., Tarner I. H., Anders S. et al. The potential of adiponectin in driving arthritis. J. Immunol. 2006; 176(7):4468-4478.
5. Gómez-Vaquero C., Nolla J. M., Fiter J., Ramon J. M., Concustell R. et al. Nutritional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2001;68(5):403-409.
6. Gremese E., Carletto A., Padovan M., Atzeni F., Raffeiner B. et al. Gruppo Italiano di Studio sulle Early Arthritis (GISEA). Obesity and reduction of the response rate to anti-tumor necrosis factora in rheumatoid arthritis: an approach to a personalized medicine. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(1):94-100. doi: 10.1002/acr. 21768
7. Hodkinson B., Tikly M., Adebajo A. Rheumatoid arthritis in the developing world: stepping up to the challenge. Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33(9):1195-1196. doi: 10.1007/s10067-014-2690-3
8. Imrich R., Vlcek M., Aldag J. C., Kerlik J., Radikova Z. et al. An endocrinologist's view on relative adrenocortical insufficiency in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1193:134-138. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05362.x
About authors:
Oranskiy Sergey, MD; Associate Professor, Department of Faculty The
Yeliseyeva Lyudmila, MD, PhD; Head of Faculty Therapy Division; e-m
9. Laurberg T. B., Frystyk J., Ellingsen T., Hansen I. T., Jergensen A. et al. Plasma adiponectin in patients with active, early, and chronic rheumatoid arthritis who are steroid- and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-naive compared with patients with osteoarthritis and controls. J. Rheumatol. 2009;36(9):1885-1891. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.080907
10. Lee Y. A., Ji H. I., Lee S. H., Hong S. J., Yang H. I. et al. The role of adiponectin in the production of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and MMps in human endothelial cells and osteoblasts: implications for arthritic joints. Exp. Mol. Med. 2014;46:e72. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.141
11. Otero M., Lago R., Gomez R., Lago F., Dieguez C. et al. Changes in plasma levels of fat-derived hormones adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2006;65(9):1198-1201.
12. Szekanecz Z., Kerekes G., Der H., Sandor Z., Szabö Z. et al. Accelerated atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N YAcad Sci. 2007;1108:349-358.
13. Wang Y., Wang X., Lau W. B., Yuan Y., Booth D. et al. Adiponectin inhibits tumor necrosis factor-a-induced vascular inflammatory response via caveolin-me-diated ceramidase recruitment and activation. Circ Res. 2014;114(5):792-805. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESA-HA.114.302439
14. Weyer C., Funahashi T., Tanaka S., Hotta K., Matsuza-wa Y. et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001;86(5):1930-1935.
15. World Health Organization Report. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO Obesity Technical Report Series 894. - World Health Organization: Geneva (Switzerland). 2004. http:// www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_ TRS_894/en/.
py; tel.: +79183671067; e-mail: [email protected] : [email protected]
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UDC 616.379-008:616-056.52:612.017.12
DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.14300/mnnc.2016.11020
ISSN - 2073-8137
ASSOCIATION OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND OBESITY WITH IMPAIRED IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS B VACCINATION IN HEALTH CARE WORKERS
Tkachenko L. I.1, Maleyev V. V.2, Rtishcheva L. V.1
1 Stavropol State Medical University, Russian Federation
2 Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
АССОЦИАЦИЯ ИНСУЛИНОРЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТИ И ОЖИРЕНИЯ С НЕЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬЮ ВАКЦИНАЦИИ ОТ ВИРУСНОГО ГЕПАТИТА В У МЕДИЦИНСКИХ РАБОТНИКОВ
Л. И. Ткаченко1, В. В. Малеев 2, Ртищева Л. В.1
1 Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет, Российская Федерация
2 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии, Москва, Российская Федерация
At the study was to evaluate immune response to HBV vaccine in Health care workers (HCWs) and detect risk factors of non-responsible persons. Descriptive retrospective analyses of antibodies' titer dynamics in 98 HBV vaccinated HCWs conducted from 1998 to 2011 years annually were evaluated by measuring serum HBsAb levels, by ob-
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jective state and on the main laboratory results taken in medical documents. After vaccination negative response (aHBs<10 mlU/ml) was in 20.4 %, poor immune response (aHBs>10 mIU/ml<100 mlU/ml) - in 34.7 % and high immune response (aHBs>100 mlU/ml) - in 44.9 % HCWs. Obesity, insulin resistance, age over 40 years, male gender and low level of 25(OH)D were associated with negative response to vaccination. In titer aHBs<l0o mlU/ml, patients became seronegative in three years after vaccination. In high immune response, patients stay seropositive during 10 years. The introduction of a booster dose of the vaccine and activating cellular immunity, can improve the immuno-genicity of the vaccine. Thus obesity insulin resistance, inadequate supply of 25 (OH)D, age over 40 years and male gender were associated with non response to vaccination. It's necessary to follow-up of the primary immune response in HCWs in order to specify the additional doses of the vaccine in seronegative patients.
Key words: vaccination, immune response, hepatitis B, insulin resistance, obesity, health care workers
В работе проводится анализ формирования иммунного ответа у медицинских работников, вакцинированных от вирусного гепатита В, а также выявлялись факторы риска по отсутствию сероконверсии после вакцинации. Среди 98 медицинских работников был проведен ретроспективный анализ динамики титра антител к HBsAg ^HBs) после вакцинации в 1998-2011 гг. с оценкой данных объективного статуса и основных лабораторных показателей. Из числа вакцинированных отсутствие ответа ^HBs<10 mlU/ml) наблюдалось у 20,4 %, слабый ответ ^HBs>10 mIU/ml<100 mlU/ml) - у 34,7 % и полный ответ ^HBs>100 mlU/ml) - у 44,9 % сотрудников. Ожирение, инсулинорезистентность, возраст старше 40 лет, а также неадекватная обеспеченность 25(OH)D и мужской пол были сопряжены с неэффективностью вакцинации. При титре aHBs<100 mlU/ml пациенты становились серонегативными в течение трех лет после иммунизации. Введение бустерной дозы вакцины позволяло повысить иммуногенность вакцины. Таким образом, с отсутствием формирования сероконверсии были сопряжены ожирение, инсулинорезистентность, возраст старше 40 лет и мужской пол. Необходимо мониторировать первичный иммунный ответ с целью своевременного введения бустерной дозы вакцины.
Ключевые слова: вакцинация, иммунный ответ, вирусный гепатит В, инсулинорезистентность, ожирение, работники здравоохранения
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its consequences, including chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is a significant public health problem. According to WHO data, there are about 240 million patients with chronic hepatitis B. Each year, nearly 4 million cases of acute hepatitis B with clinical manifestations are recorded and about 7 million persons become chronically infected. The number of deaths due to acute hepatitis B and outcomes of chronic infection is estimated as 780 thousand per year [19]. The high mortality rates of HBV-infection put it to the 9th place among the leading causes of death in the world. Persons infected with hepatitis B virus are at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 25 times higher than uninfected ones, and 50-55 % of HCC cases are connected with HBV-infection [11].
In unvaccinated individuals the risk of HBV infection after a single exposure to blood or body fluids ranges from 6 to 30 %. In view of repeated contact with the source of infection, health care workers are at risk of contamination with hepatitis B virus [10].
Through the implementation of the WHO Public Immunization Program since 1991, the incidence of acute hepatitis B decreased significantly in all countries. Since 1997, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States recommended vaccination against HBV of all health care workers [8].
Conducting of mass immunization against hepatitis B in the Russian Federation has allowed to reduce the incidence of acute hepatitis B 5 times: from 8.6 in 2005 to 1.71 per 100 thousand population in 2011, and to achieve the lowest level of disease by 2013: 1.3 per 100 thousand population for all years of observation .
Despite the recommendations of the WHO, and high risk of contamination after exposure, vaccination commitment among various medical communities remains low [3]. Coverage of vaccination against hepatitis B of the medical staff, whose work is associated with a high risk of exposure to occupational HBV, is more than
93 % in the whole of the Russian Federation; however, at some medical organizations of individual subjects of the Russian Federation the coverage is insufficient - from 31 % to 74 % [7].
The level of antibodies to HBsAg (aHBs) in a titer greater than 10 mIU/ml is considered protective [3, 4]. Vaccine-induced immunity to HBV vaccine is formed within 6-8 weeks after the immunization.
Factors associated with low immune response include older age, smoking, obesity, gender and genetic features [5, 18]. The role of insulin resistance and serum level of 25(OH) D in the immune response, in practice, has not been studied. Previous studies of the immune response to HBV vaccination of health care workers showed that seroconversion does not develop in 12-21 % [12, 14, 15, 16].
The aim of study was to analyze the immune response development, the intensity and persistence of immunity in health care workers, to identify possible reasons for the absence of seroconversion to the vaccination against viral hepatitis B depending on the body mass index, insulin resistance and level of 25(OH)D.
Material and Methods. A retrospective analysis of immunization in 98 health care workers was conducted at Regional clinical diagnostic center, Stavropol, Russia. The aHBs titer was determined before vaccination and every year after vaccination. Follow-up period was 13 years (1998-2011).
The medical staff were vaccinated in the deltoid region three times (scheme 0-1-6 months) with a recombinant vaccine (Engerix B, Glaxo Smith Kline Biological). Adult dose is 20 Mg/ml of virus B surface antigen. Patients with chronic hepatitis B or previously vaccinated against this infection, were excluded. The post-vaccination immunity stress was determined by a quantitative method. The level of aHBs more than 10 mIU/ml is considered an indicator of a positive response to vaccination, lower than 10 mIU/ml indicated the absence of a response.
The results of studies of post-vaccination aHBs were evaluated on key criteria of immunological effectiveness: the seroconversion rate and quantitative level of specific
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antibodies. Response to vaccination was estimated according to gender differences, the patient's age, body mass index, carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by Ketle method (kg/m2), followed by distribution in groups according to the WHO's criteria of obesity (1997). Presence of insulin resistance was estimated according to the criteria of the European Group for the Study of IR - EGIR, 2002 with calculation of the HOMA index (Homeostasis Model of Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)) [(fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) x fasting insulin mkU/L)/22,5]. Presence of IR was confirmed at HOMA-IR index equal to or more than 2.77.
The real level of seroprotection (LSP) was calculated using the formula proposed by J. Poorolajal (2009) [17]: LSP=[PP+(PNPxPAIR)]x100.
LSP is the sum of the proportion of protected (PP) and the product of the proportion of non-protected subjects (PNP) and the proportion of non-protected with anamnestic immune response (PAIR).
Laboratory studies included investigation levels of aHBs, HBsAg, aHBc (Abbot Ax SYM Abbot Laboratories and ELISA DiaSorin). Biochemical parameters: serum bilirubin, serum activity of ALT, AST, GGT, alkaline phosphatase, blood glucose were measured with the analyzer KoneLab30, lipid profile parameters - with the unit OLYMPUS AU400, blood insulin -with the analyzer UniCelDxI 800. The concentration of 25 (OH) D in the blood was determined from April to October with the unit Cobas-e 411. The best considered and adequate serum 25 (OH) D>30 ng/ml . Under the deficiency of 25 (OH) D, most authors determined serum levels<9 ng/ml, range between 10 and 30 ng/ml - failure, and the term an inadequate supply apply at the level of 25 (OH) D<30 ng/ml.
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 17.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., USA). The data of variables are presented as medians and interquartile span (Me [q1-q3]). Comparisons between groups were made using Student's t-test and ANOVA for normally distributed variables, while the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskall-Wallis variance analysis were used for parametric variables with non-normal distributions. To assess the significance of differences in quality indicators we used contingency tables with calculation of indicators Chi-square test, the relative risk (RR) and their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Confidence interval and p-value for the difference between the shares were received on the basis of the criterion z calculation. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results and Discussion. In the study were enrolled 98 health care workers, women made up a slight majority of 60.2 % (59/98). The age at vaccination was 33.7 (25 to 47.8) years. Depending on the age the patients were randomized into 4 groups: younger than 25 - 22.4 % (22/98), 25-34 years old - 28.6 % (28/98), 35-49 years old - 40.8 % (40/98), over 50 years old - 8.2 % (8/98) . Eight people (8.1 %) were positive for aHBc with negative results of aHBs, HBsAg and HBV DNA. Most of the medical staff, 53.1 % (52/98), were vaccinated in 1998, the rest -from 2003 to 2007. In a year after vaccination 78 persons (79.6 %) were seropositive for aHBs; 34 persons (34.7 %) have antibody titer within >10 mIU/ml<100 mIU/ml, and 44 - >100 (44,9 %) mIU/ml.
No significant differences in the immunological response to the vaccine, based on gender signs, were obtained (z = 1.92; p = 0.38). The median age of the patients who did not respond to immunization was 46.0 (39-49) years, of the patients who had a positive response to vaccination, - 32.0(21.0-42.5) p = 0.025. With increasing age the percentage of response to vaccination decreased significantly (p<0.001) (Table 1).
Table 1
The Answer to the vaccination in the dependence on Gender, Age, BMI , HOMA and 25(OH)D
Characteristics Normal respond-ers N=78 Nonre-spond-ers N=20 X2 p-Val-ue R R (95 %CI)
Gender n(%)
Female N=59 Male N=39 49 (83.1 %) 29 (74.4 %) 10 (16.9 %) 10 (25.6 %) 1.9 0.169 1.5 (0.9-2.6)
Age group n(%)
<25 years N=22 25-34 years N=28 35-49 years N=40 >50 years N=8 22 (100 %) 25 (89.3 %) 24 (60 %) 3 (37.5 %) 0 3 (10.7 %) 16 (40 %) 5 (62.5 %) 9.6 20.6 8.8 0.002 <0.001 0.003 3.6 (1.9-6.7) 1.6 (1.2-2.1)
BMI kg/m2 n(%)
<25 (n=48) 25-29.9 (n=32) >30 ( n = 18) <25vs>30 46 (95.8 %) 22 (68. 8 %) 10 (55.6 %) 2 (4.2 %) 10 (31.2 %) 8 (44.4 %) 23.3 3.1 43.9 <0.001 0.08 <0.001 7.8 (2.8-21.4) 1.4 (1.0-2.0) 11.1 (4.1-29.7)
HOMA-IR(Glucose х Insulin)/22.5 n(%)
<2 (n=56) >2<3 (n=24) >3 (n=18) <2 vs>3 52 (92.8 %) 18 (75.0 %) 8 (44.4 %) 4 (7.2 %) 6 (25.0 %) 10 (55.6 %) 10.8 18.6 55.6 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 3.6 (1.6-7.9) 2.2 (1.5-3.3) 7.9 (3.8-16.6)
25(OH)D n(%)
>30 (n=68) <30 (n = 30) 64 (94.1 %) 14 (46.7 %) 4 (5. 9 %) 16 (53.3 %) 50.9 <0.001 8.8 (3.9-19.6)
The Chi-square test was used to calculate the P value.
When analyzing the response to vaccination according to HOMA-IR by the criterion z, significant differences are obtained in the groups of patients with HOMA-IR<2 and>3 (p<0.001), the relative risk of a lack of seroconversion increased to 7.9 (95 % CI 3.8-16.6). According to the criterion x2 deteriorating response to vaccination was associated with an increase of HOMA-IR for each position more than 2.
At BMI of less than 25.0 kg/m2, only 2 patients did not respond to the vaccine. In overweight (BMl>25 to<30 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2) the response to vaccination decreased significantly (both by the criterion z, and by x2), the difference in response to immunization in patients with obesity and overweight is not obtained. The relative risk of non-responding to the vaccine also increased accordingly with age and BMI. In the overweight patients (BMI>25<30 kg/m2), the relative risk of lack of seroconversion compared with patients having normal weight (BMI<25 kg/m2) was 7.8 (95 % CI 2,84-21,4), and in patients with obesity (BMI>30kg/m2) it was 11.1 (95 % CI 4.1-29.7).
An inadequate supply of 25(OH)D was connect with negative response to vaccination. The relative risk of non-responding to the vaccine also increased accordingly with low level of 25(OH)D, and it was 8.8 (95 % CI 3.9-19.6).
The employees, seronegative after vaccination, had significantly higher rates of insulin, HOMA-IR, BMI,
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cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, C-reactive protein and low level of 25(OH)D (Table 2). Thus, the patients who have not responded to vaccination had abdominal obesity and insulin resistance.
Table 2
Comparison of probable factors responsible for non-response to vaccination in participants
BMI - Body Mass Index (kg/m2); HOMA - homeostasis model assessment;
the Mann - Whitney test was used to calculate the P value.
When analyzing aHBs titer after vaccination in patients younger and older than 40 years, with a gradation of aHBs level<100 mIU/ml and>100 mIU/ml we revealed significant conjugation of a weak immune response in individuals older than 40 years, p<0,001. Weak immune response was also associated with male sex (p = 0.016) (Table 3).
Table 3
The contingency table between the two levels of immune response and demographic data
The Chi - square test was used to calculate the P value. RR - relative risk; CI - confidence interval.
In previous studies was demonstrated, that postvaccinal immunity is not only humoral, but it has been detected by HBsAg - specific T-lymphocytes (immunologic memory) persists long time after vaccination with serum antibodies <10 mIU/ml. The presence of immunological memory can be validated using a booster dose of vaccine, defined as anamnestic immunity.
According to medical records 17 health workers (out of 20, who did not respond to the vaccine) received a booster dose (a fourth ) of the vaccine. Seven of them have marked seroconversion (with anti-HBs>10 lU/ml).
Thus, in our research LSP = [78/98 + (20/98 x 7/17)] x x 100= 87,7 %
In 34 persons (34.6 %) with a positive response to vaccination, the level of aHBs in a year after vaccination was in the range>10 mIU/ml<100 mIU/ml, median 12 (12.0-35.1) mIU/ml, in 2 years - 10 (3.0-26.0) mIU/ml, and 3 years later it became negative Me- 6.0 (3,0-11,0) mIU/ml.
At a strong immune response (> 100 mIU/ml), titer of aHBs in 1 year after vaccination was 720 (251-1725) mIU/ml and remained at a high level up to 10 years, and in 12 people - up to 12 years after vaccination. Of eight employees positive for aHBc, aHBs seroconversion after vaccination did not occur only in two.
Several studies have shown that reduction in aHBs titer does not necessarily reflect deterioration of protection against hepatitis B [5, 18], at the same time determination of the aHBs level remains the most cost-effective measure of immunity to HBV infection.
These peculiarities of the dynamics and level of aHBs (weak immune response in 34.6 % and negative in 20.4 % of vaccinees), predictors of inefficiency of vaccination, will help to improve the monitoring of health care workers in the post-vaccination period and minimize the risks of failure of vaccination. This is comparable with the data of other authors [2, 13, 20], in which between 44.0 % and 63.7 % of HCWs did not respond to the vaccine. The debate continues on whether the anti-HBs titer more than 10 mIU/ml is sufficient to protect against hepatitis B [9]. However, in this study, patients with a weak immune response (aHBs<100 mIU/ml) became seronegative during three years after vaccination. Based on expert recommendations, follow-up of the primary immune response in risk medical personnel is necessary, which will specify more precisely the additional doses of the vaccine [6]. As well as in the study of J. Poorolajal (2009) [17], the introduction of a booster dose of the vaccine to HCWs, who did not respond to the vaccine (to activate the anamnestic immune response), allowed to increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine. At separation of the immune response into two categories in terms of 100 mIU/ml, additional information on sex characteristics is obtained, which is also comparable with other studies [3, 20]. Of 56 patients with a titer aHBs>100 mIU/ml after vaccination, men were only 46.2 %, and of 42 patients with a titer aHBs<100 mIU/ml - 53.8 %.
If one year after vaccination titer aHBs was more than 100 mIU/ml, it remained at a high level for 9-13 years in 44 (78.6 %) patients (there is no data for the rest).
With increasing age, significant association with the absence of response to vaccination is revealed. Whereas under 25 all employees responded to the vaccine, after 50 years old seroconversion is detected only in 37.5 %. The dependence of the deterioration of response to vaccination with an increase in body mass index and HOMA index is revealed, which is comparable with the data of F. Averhoff et al. [1].
In literature there are data for association of absence of seroconversion to vaccination with smoking [1]. However, this study was limited by several factors: in
Characteristics Median (q1-q3) Normal responders (n=78) Non-responders (n = 20) P-Value
BMI kg/m2 24.3 (21.9-27.9) 30.1 (27.0-35.0) <0.001
Waist (cm) 78.2 (67.1-84.6) 102.2 (96.5-112.8) <0.001
Waist-Hip Ratio 0.8±0.1 0.99±0.12 <0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) 5.2 (4.1-5.5) 5.5 (4.6-7.0) 0.51
Insulin _pU/ml 8.0 (7-10.7) 12.2 (10.0-14.0) <0.001
НОМА -score 1.9 (1.5-2.4) 3.1 (2.3-3.6) 0.001
Total Cholesterol mmol/l 4.9 (3.8-5.5) 5.7 (5.1-7.0) <0.001
Triglycerides mmol/l 1.2 (0.6-1.2) 1.4 (0.8-2.1) <0.001
HDL mmol/l 1.4 (1.1-1.5) 1.2 (1.0-1.5) 0.873
LDL mmol/l 2.9 (1.9-3.3) 3.4 (2.6-3.9) 0.001
25(OH)D ng/ml 41.0 (32.0-54.0) 17.0 (10.0-22.0) 0.001
CRP mg/l 1.5 (0.4-2.0) 5.0 (3.2-7.9) 0.001
Characteristics Compared groups аHBs>100 mIU/ml (%) n=56 аHBs<100 mIU/ml (%) n=42 Р-Value X2 RR (95 %CI)
Age (years) <40 (n=60) 42 (70 %) 18 (30 %) <0.001 20.6 2.1 (1.5-2.9)
>40 (n=38) 14 (36.8 %) 24 (63.2 %)
Gender Female (n=59) 38 (64.4 %) 21 (35.6 %) 0.016 5.8 1.5 (1.1-2.1)
Male (n=39) 18 (46.2 %) 21 (53.8 %)
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particular, there was no information about smoking and other bad habits. Significantly higher levels of cholesterol triglycerides as well as an inadequate supply of 25(OH D in patients who do not respond to vaccination were probably associated with lipid disorders and obesity. Lack of seroconversion after vaccination in obese patients may be due to mechanical factors such as lack of dose relative to body size, or sub-optimal absorption and distribution of the vaccine against obesity.
Conclusions. The seroconversion rate after completion of scheduled vaccination was the same in our HcWs in comparison to HCWs working in other parts of the world. Vaccines against hepatitis B are highly immunogenic, but the presence of obesity and insulin resistance, increasing age of the patients older than
40 years, male gender are associated with worsening response to vaccination.
The data on the dynamics of the aHBs titer, dictate the need to evaluate the immune response in HCWs (especially of high risk of infection and the presence of predictors to the absence of seroconversion). With a weak immune response (>10aHBs<100 mIU/ml) it is desirable to conduct annual monitoring of antibody titer with a view to the timely implementation of a booster dose of the vaccine at a decrease of aHBs<10 mIU/ml. In contrast, when the antibody titer is above 100 mIU/ml, revaccination may not be required in the next 10 years.
Perhaps the appointment of vitamin D in HCWs with obesity and insulin resistance will help to increase the percentage of patients with seroconversion to vaccination.
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About authors:
Tkachenko Larisa, MD, cms, Associate Professor of Department of Infectious Diseases with a Course of Phthisiology and APE; tel.: +7(8652)241986; e-mail: [email protected]
Maleyev Viktor, MD, PhD, Academician of RAS, Professor, Deputy Director for Research of the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology; tel.: +79262969727; e-mail: [email protected]
Rtishcheva Ludmila, MD, cms, Associate Professor of Department of Infectious Diseases with a Course of Phthisiology and APE; tel.: +79280108977; e-mail:[email protected]
