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CHEMICAL PROBLEMS 2024 no. 2 (22) ISSN 2221-8688
211
UDC 547.913:543.2
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EXTRACTS AND ESSENTIAL OILS OBTAINED FROM COMMON JUNIPER (JUNIPERUS COMMUNISL.) IN AZERBAIJAN
A.B. Suleymanova, K.T. Aliyeva, A.E. Nasirova
Institute of Bioresources of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Ganja) AZ 2000, av. H.Aliyeva, 419, Ganja E-mail: ayshe_hesenova@rambler. ru
Received 15.12.2023 Accepted 13.02.2024
Abstract: Juniperus communis L. (common juniper) is a widespread plant species in the Western region of Azerbaijan. The dependence of the composition and content of various biologically active substances in juniper on natural climatic conditions was studied. The results of the study of the substances obtained from the extraction of leaves and branches in ethanol were presented. The composition of volatile compounds was studied by the gas chromatography technique. In all samples, monoterpene hydrocarbons always predominated with percentages higher than 70% (from 71.12% for the plant material collected in August to 74.38% for those in September), followed in similar quantities by oxygenated monoterpenes or sesquiterpene hydrocarbons with values between 10.45% and 12.77% and between 10.50% and 12.72%, respectively. Ascorbic acid content varying from 33.1 to 123.2 mg/100 g was also determined. The investigation of the yield of essential oils in different months of the year showed that its amount varies depending on the season (3.5-4.4% of the mass of dry raw materials).
Keywords: common juniper, essential oils, gas chromatography, leaves, branches, terpenoids DOI: 10.32737/2221-8688-2024-2-211-220
1. Introduction
Currently, the western region of Azerbaijan is increasingly attracting the attention of scientists, since the flora of this territory has unique characteristics in terms of plant species that are used to obtain valuable products for food and medicine fields [1, 2]. The wide distribution of the common juniper (Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae) in the region allows us to research its bioactive compounds. The reason for the widespread use in folk medicine of preparations obtained from the leaves and branches of the common juniper is that their essential oils (EOs) and the related biologically active substances have a wide spectrum of pharmacological actions [3]. In particular, juniper berries are used to treat many infections, as well as spice and flavor in the preparation of some drinks [4]. J. communis has been used traditionally in folk medicine for renal suppression, acute and chronic cystitis,
catarrh of the bladder, albuminuria, leucorrhea, and amenorrhea [5]. J. communis also has a healing effect on the forest environment, emits more phytoncides than other conifers and shapes the microclimate of the surface layer of the atmosphere [5].
The genus Juniperus L. consists of 67 species and 34 varieties [6]. All the taxa grow in the northern hemisphere, except J. procera Hochst. ex Endl., which grows along the Rift Mountains in east Africa in the southern hemisphere [7-9]. In Azerbaijan, the genus is represented by J. foetidissima Willd. J. polycarpos K. Koch, J. oxycedrus L. (syn.: J. rufescens Link), J. excelsa M. Bieb. (syn.: J. sabina L.) and J. communis var. saxatilis Pall. (syn.: J. oblonga M. Bieb. and J. pygmaea C. Koch.) along with J. communis [10]. Species names were verified against World Flora Online [11].
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CHEMICAL PROBLEMS 2024 no. 2 (22)
The analysis of literature data showed that numerous studies have been performed to investigate the morphology, anatomy, chemistry and biological activity of J. communis. Mohamedi and coauthors conducted complex studies on J. communis growing in natural forests obtaining information on tree biometric indicators, age structure, density, growth laws, shape diversity and morphological structure of the species [12]. In terms of antimicrobial potential, activity of its EO has been proven against 40 different species of fungi, viruses and bacteria, including some resistant clinical strains [13]. It is an aromatic EO that possesses a light fruity fragrance considered psychologically uplifting [14].
The substances identified in J. communis belong to a large number of different chemical classes, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and acids, terpenes, sterols, polyphenols,
tannins, and polysaccharides, among others. These compounds ensure protective functions, the stability and plasticity of the photosynthesis process, as well as the normal life activity of the plant as a whole [15].
However, it is known that the type and amount of molecules synthesized by plants mainly depend on the species, place and growth conditions (e.g., temperature regime, precipitation, duration of the vegetation period), and collection time [16-20]. Despite the fact that the taxonomy of the genus Juniperus has been well studied in Azerbaijan, data regarding the analysis of its chemical composition is lacking. Considering this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate both quantitative and qualitative differences in the chemical composition of the leaves and branches of J. communis from the western region during different seasons.
2. Experimental part
Plant material. The plant material (450 g) was collected from Dashkasan district (41°05' 36" N - 45°21' 58" E) in the first week of every month from April to December 2022.
Chemicals. All chemicals and solvents used in this study were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Ethanol extraction. The branches with leaves (250 g) collected monthly were crushed to 2-3 mm with a laboratory mill (SM-450L, MRCLab, Israel). Ethanol extracts were obtained according to the standard method at 45-50°C for 6-7 hours in a Soxhlet extractor unit consisting of counter-cooling [21]. Each sample was settled for 16 hours at 4°C and the resinous part was filtered and separated with a separating funnel. Ethanol extracts were obtained according to the standard method at 45-50°C for 6-7 hours in a Soxhlet apparatus [22]. Each sample was then left to settle for 16 hours at 4°C to separate the resinous part destined for a characterization still in progress.
Distillation of EO. The leaves with branches (250 g) were also crushed to 2-3 mm with a laboratory mill (SM-450L, MRCLab, Israel) and EO was obtained by hydrodistillation with a Clevenger-type apparatus according to the European pharmacopeia 35 for
4 h [23]. The EO was collected, dried under anhydrous sulfate, and stored at 4°C until used. EO yield was expressed in terms of the weight of the oil collected per gram of dry plant material.
Determination of physicochemical characteristics of EO. The considered physicochemical properties of the EO were color, transparency, odor and taste, density, kinematic viscosity, absorbance measurement. The color was determined by physical observation in daylight and under ultraviolet radiation using ultraviolet chamber [24]. The odor was determined by organoleptic evaluation following W.C. Evans [25]. The percentage oil yield was calculated according to AOAC, 2000. The refractive index was determined using a refractometer (model RL1 8056, Russia), and kinematic viscosity was determined with viscometer (model CT 72/P, Germany) [26].
Gas chromatography (GC). The qualitative composition of the ethanol extracts and EOs was determined by the gas chromatography method in an AutoSystem XL (Perkin Elmer, Canada) flame ionization detector chromatograph. A 100 m long thin quartz capillary column (diameter 250 p,m x 0.5 p,m) is evaporated at a temperature of 250°C.
Under the influence of the carrier gas (helium) constantly flowing through this tube, the ethanol extracts and EOs in the form of vapor move through the tube. At the same time, the temperature of the column is 3-4°C/min and rises rapidly from 50°C to 200°C. The analysis and percentage of the individual components in
the samples were calculated according to the next State Standards [27, 28].
Vitamin C determination. The 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol titrimetric method was used to determine the total ascorbic acid content from ethanol extracts [29].
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ethanol extract characterization and sesquiterpenes were found in ethanolic
As a result of the research, monoterpenes extracts by GC analysis (Table 1).
Table 1. Chemical composition (percentage values) of J. communis ethanol extracts by GC _technique_
Compounds April May June July August September October November December
Monoterpene hydrocarbons
a-pinene 32.20 32.1 31.12 30.65 31.65 33.90 32.97 32.45 32.45
camphene 2.01 1.99 2.00 2.12 1.03 2.00 2.45 2.00 2.07
ß-pinene 11.23 11.78 10.12 11.0 10.01 10.50 10.54 11.02 10.36
ß-myrcene 9.23 9.00 8.89 9.21 8.89 9.62 9.95 8.78 8.00
A -karene 2.00 2.23 1.99 2.23 1.65 1.83 1.45 1.79 2.0
a-phellandrene 2.23 2.45 2.98 2.56 2.12 2.80 2.00 2.00 2.10
a-terpinene 2.05 2.2 2.54 2.89 2.64 2.50 2.12 2.56 2.78
dipentene 1.1 1.6 1.10 1.45 1.56 1.10 1.78 1.89 1.79
3-phellandrene 5.12 5.23 4.65 4.89 4.89 5.15 5.02 5.56 5.00
y-terpinene 1.2 0.36 1.45 1.89 1.45 1.50 0.65 0.45 1.89
terpinolene 2.2 1.35 2.78 2.02 2.65 2.20 2.45 2.78 2.02
^-cymene 2.23 1.2 2.11 2.23 2.58 1.28 1.45 1.54 1.98
SUM 72.8 71.49 71.73 73.14 71.12 74.38 72.83 72.82 72.44
Oxygenated 1 monoterpenes
1,8 cineole 3.02 2.3 2.01 2.00 2.56 2.34 2.89 2.76 3.22
a-thuj one 3.32 2.56 2.45 2.59 2.97 2.28 2.05 1.33 2.46
geranial 1.01 1.1 1.56 1.45 0.97 1.0 0.02 1.03 0.71
neral 0.23 0.98 1.45 0.12 0.98 0.80 0.45 0.12 0.36
longycyclene 1.23 1.32 1.65 1.02 1.35 1.12 1.06 1.40 1.09
a-terpineol 3.45 3.98 3.65 3.00 3.45 3.80 3.98 3.56 3.21
SUM 12.26 12.24 12.77 10.18 12.28 11.34 10.45 12.21 11.05
Sesq fuiterpene hydrocarbons
chamazulene 3.29 4.14 3.9 4.67 3.97 2.90 3.78 2.45 3.89
ß- caryophyllene 1.45 1.56 1.11 1.06 1.78 1.41 2.45 1.62 1.78
siberene 0.98 0.78 0.35 0.94 0.87 0.82 0.73 0.89 0.59
murolene 0.11 0.14 0.21 0.23 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.28 0.21
longifolene 0.98 0.97 0.87 0.99 0.79 0.95 0.89 0.87 0.85
a-cadinene 2.12 2.36 2.65 2.14 2.45 2.20 2.19 2.34 2.65
y-cadinene 2.01 1.97 2.04 2.00 2.03 2.00 2.56 2.33 2.45
a-curcumene 0.1 0.65 0.12 0.20 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.21 0.3
SUM 11.04 12.57 11.28 12.23 12.11 10.5 12.84 10.99 12.72
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes
farnesol 0.23 0.45 0.32 0.89 0.12 0.20 0.25 0.23 0.45
a-bisabolol 0.11 0.13 0.45 0.11 0.9 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.13
bornyl acetate 3.56 3.12 3.45 3.45 3.47 3.48 3.51 3.65 3.21
SUM 3.9 3.7 4.22 4.45 4.49 3.78 3.88 3.98 3.79
In all samples, monoterpene hydrocarbons always predominated with percentages higher than 70% (from 71.12% for the plant material collected in August to 74.38% for those in September), followed in similar quantities by oxygenated monoterpenes or sesquiterpene hydrocarbons with values between 10.45% and 12.77% and between 10.50% and 12.72%, respectively. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were present in all harvest months in small quantities, with a maximum of 4.49% in August. a-Pinene was the most abundant hydrocarbon monoterpene (30.65%-33.90%) together with B-pinene (10.01%-11.78%), B-myrcene (8.00%-9 .95%) and 3-phellandrene (4.65%-5.56%), while among the oxygenated monoterpenes, a-terpineol prevailed (3.00%-3.98%). The main sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were a- (2.12%-2.65%) and Y-cadinene (1.97%-2.56%). Bornyl acetate characterized the fraction of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (3.12%-3.65%).
It is known that J. communis synthesizes a certain amount of compounds with biological activity (EO components, chlorophylls, carotenoids, many amino acids, vitamins, and phytohormones) [30].
In this work, we managed to determine the content of ascorbic acid in alcohol extracts. These values varied from 33.1 mg/100g in April
to 123.2 mg/100g in September being, however, approximately 2 times lower than those of the pines (in particular, P. chiapensis L.) present in the same region and characterized by values ranging from 87.8 to 210.7 mg/100g [31, 32].
3.2. Essential oil characterization
EOs are a complex combination of volatile aromatic substances belonging to various organic chemical classes, mainly terpenoids. Most EOs are characterized by the presence of monoterpenoids with medicinal properties [33].
The EO obtained from J. communis growing in the western region of Azerbaijan and harvested over several months was a light yellow volatile liquid.
The amount of EO in the leaves and branches of J. communis samples varies throughout the year and has 2 maximum percentages, respectively in spring and in autumn: in April it reached 4.3% while in September it was 4.4%. It can be seen from the graph (Fig.) that the decrease in the quantity of EO begins in May and reaches its lowest value in June, confirming EO's role in the growth of the plant [34]. The yield of J. communis EO and its seasonal variation have been the subject of many studies around the world.
Table 2. Yields of EO obtained from J. communis depending on the season
The months of Volume of essential Yield of EO (%)
collecting of the raw material oil, (ml)
April 10.75 4.3
May 10.5 4.2
June 8.25 3.5
July 10.0 4.0
August 10.25 4.1
September 11.0 4.4
October 8.75 3.5
November 7.97 3.19
December 10.0 4.0
Thus, according to N.V. Gerlingin , the Middle Taiga zone was 4.46-0.81%, EO yield of EO from J. communis growing in the compounds in the needles of J. Sabina (Kazakh
juniper) 2.60%; 1.80-2.10% in J. communis var. saxatilis Pall. (Siberian juniper), it is 1.07% in Green Sargent Juniper (J. chinensis Viridis) [35, 36]. It should be noted that according to D.K. Uvarovskaya in Far Eastern juniper species, EO content decreases in April-June, and increases in autumn-winter [37]. Depending on the season, the yield of EO was 3.5-4.4% ( Table 2, Fig.).
Also, during the summer and winter months, the lowest levels of EO in the plant
were recorded (Fig.). The accumulation of EO from July to September is explained by the intensification of physiological processes and the activation of metabolism in conifers, the formation of which ends with the approach of autumn, in correspondence with which (October-November) the metabolic processes slow down and the plants react to the reduction of daylight hours by finding themselves in a state of forced dormancy [38].
Vi
"o
."s
S
V M M
V (to
2
£
5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1
0,5 0
45 Months
Fig. The monthly (1-April; 2-May; 3-June;-July; 5-August; 6-September; 7-October; 8-November; 9-December) dynamics of EO in J. communis branches and leaves
Table 3. Chemical composition (percentage values) of J. communis EO by GC technique
Compounds April May June July August September October November December
Monoterpene hydrocarbons
tricyclene 0.23 0.10 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03
a-thujene 0.23 0.45 0.78 0.32 0.87 0.75 0.26 0.45 0.36
a-pinene 19.47 20.47 19.12 19.9 16.31 17.12 16.41 17.34 16.89
camphene 1.98 2.13 2.47 3.36 2.45 2.36 2.58 2.56 2.36
sabinene 4.69 4.95 5.46 5.45 5.22 3.83 4.87 5.42 4.45
ß-Pinene 1.41 3.45 3.65 4.25 3.47 3.78 3.58 3.78 3.89
^-pinene 6.36 5.56 5.23 7.36 4.23 6.24 7.63 7.26 7.63
ß-myrcene 6.63 5.78 5.63 7.63 5.45 6.63 8.45 7.74 7.29
A -karene 2.36 2.45 2.78 3.56 2.89 2.78 1.89 1.98 1.99
a-phellandrene 3.47 2.78 2.45 3.56 3.45 3.12 3.23 3.25 2.45
a-terpinene 2.36 2.22 2.56 3.36 2.57 2.65 2.36 3.01 2.98
dipentene 1.2 1.7 2.01 2.63 1.78 1.63 2.58 2.01 1.69
3-phellandrene 5.63 5.89 5.64 6.47 5.67 4.57 5.78 5.97 4.89
y-terpinene 1.6 1.47 0.36 1.78 1.78 1.32 1.37 0.78 2.36
terpinolene 2.7 2.56 2.97 2.36 2.6 2.89 2.45 2.97 2.47
p-cymene 2.56 2.3 2.56 2.79 2.56 2.76 1.78 1.79 1.43
SUM 67.34 63.26 61.17 63.3 61.31 62.46 63.24 64.33 63.16
Oxygenated monoterpenes
1,8 cineole 3.45 2.36 3.14 2.36 3.56 2.69 2.47 2.87 3.41
1
2
3
6
7
8
9
a-thuj one 3.45 3.47 3.12 3.12 3.24 3.46 3.74 3.44 3.14
geranial 1.20 1.45 1.78 1.78 1.69 1.77 0.47 1.55 0.66
neral 0.36 0.99 0.74 0.96 0.77 0.79 0.99 0.78 1.23
longycyclene 2.13 2.78 2.88 2.56 2.36 2.78 2.99 2.47 2.97
a-terpineol 3.44 4.2 4.44 4.78 4.69 4.78 4.02 4.78 4.44
SUM 14.03 15.25 16.1 15.56 16.31 16.27 14.86 15.89 15.85
Sesq uiterpene hydrocarbons
Verbenene 0.03 0.11 0.14 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01
a-Copaene 1.23 1.63 1.78 1.48 1.79 0.58 0.74 0.25 0.99
chamazulene 3.45 3.98 4.23 4.78 4.66 3.96 3.78 3.55 4.12
ß-caryophyllene 1.23 1.63 1.45 1.77 2.31 1.88 2.93 2.36 2.47
siberene 0.36 1.32 1.45 1.58 1.02 1.69 1.47 1.27 1.44
murolene 0.12 0.36 0.47 0.33 0.74 0.96 0.47 0.33 0.47
longifolene 0.99 0.71 1.36 1.37 1.33 1.76 1.23 1.44 1.35
a-cadinene 2.98 2.56 2.74 2.36 2.77 2.33 2.71 2.91 2.31
y-cadinene 2.33 2.47 2.77 2.69 2.37 2.71 2.34 2.66 2.10
a-curcumene 0.31 0.78 0.47 0.14 0.73 0.13 1.46 0.31 0.99
SUM 13.03 15.55 16.86 16.57 17.81 16.04 17.16 15.09 16.26
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes
farnesol 1.36 0.79 0.56 0.99 0.46 0.34 0.23 0.77 0.64
a-bisabolol 0.23 0.79 0.56 0.44 0.33 0.93 0.14 0.79 0.43
bornyl acetate 4.01 4.36 4.22 3.14 3.78 3.96 4.37 4.13 3.66
SUM 5.6 5.94 5.34 4.57 4.57 5.23 4.74 5.69 4.73
The chemical volatile composition of J. communis EO investigated by GC is shown in Table 3. As a result of the research, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were found in the EO. In all samples, monoterpene hydrocarbons always predominated with percentages higher than 60% (from 61.31% for the plant material collected in August to 62.46% for those in September), followed in similar quantities by oxygenated monoterpenes or sesquiterpene hydrocarbons with values between 14.86% and 16.1% and between 16.04% and 16.26%, respectively. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were present in all harvest months in small quantities, with a maximum of 5.94% in August. a-Pinene was the most abundant hydrocarbon monoterpene (16.31%-20.47%) together with B-pinene (1.41%-4.25%), B-myrcene (5.45%-8.45%) and 3-phellandrene
(4.57%-6.47%), while among the oxygenated monoterpenes, a-terpineol prevailed (3.44%-4.78%). The main sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were a- (2.31%-2.98%) and y-cadinene (2.10%-2.77%). Bornyl acetate characterized the fraction of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (3.14%-4.37%).
3.3. Physicochemical characteristics of J. communis EO
The study of various physicochemical characteristics explores the practical importance and provides bases for the suitability and usefulness of various oils of plant origin in daily life. In general, the commercial importance of oils mostly depends on these physicochemical properties, which provide baseline data to determine their suitability for consumption [39, 40]. The results of the physicochemical analysis of J. communis EO are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Physicochemical properties of EOs obtained from J. communis depending on the
collection month
№ Color Trans- Odor and Densi Nd, Kinematic pH Refractive ABS
parency taste ty at 20°C, g/sm3 20°C visco. 20°C, mm2/s index at 25°C (absorbance measurement)
N1 yellow Clear
specific
0.9769
1.3645
1.741
4.25
0.5
0.959
N2
yellow
Clear
Specific
0.8162
1.2356
1.631
5.12
0.1
1.155
N3
yellow
Clear
Specific
0.8445
1.2564
1.625
6.31
1.5
1.211
N4
yellow
Clear
Specific
0.9785
1.2456
1.742
5.00
0.5
0.987
N5
yellow
Clear
Specific
0.8954
1.4235
1.623
6.12
0.5
0.963
N6
yellow
Clear
Specific
0.9745
1.3258
1.685
4.23
0.2
0.987
N7
yellow
Clear
Specific
0.9782
1.4562
1.789
5.23
0.3
0.978
N8
yellow
Clear
Specific
0.8974
1.3214
1.712
5.12
0.3
0.951
N9 yellow Clear
Specific
0.9178
1.4789
1.754
5.47
0.5
0.914
*Note: N1 - April, N2 - May, N3 N8 - November, N9 - December
une, N4 - July, N5 - August, N
6 - September, N7 - October,
As can be seen from Table 4, the density of EO is usually less than unity [41]. The refractive index is almost constant for all EOs and this depends on the prevalence of some compounds over others [42]. The highest
refraction is characteristic of EOs with a high content of aliphatic terpenes with three double bonds which corresponds to our results, and the lowest refraction is characteristic of tricyclic terpenes [43-45].
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, due to the yield of EO from the branches with leaves of J. communis (in April 4.3% and in September 4.4%), it can be used as a source of raw materials for obtaining EO from that plant. Based on the medicinal properties of the components of the juniper, the obtained essential oil can be used in medicine and cosmetology in the preparation of ointments
and lotions with various ingredients. At the same time, the EO obtained in April contains 67% of monoterpene hydrocarbons, which are biologically important compounds. Moreover, the ethanol extract of the plant can be used as a potential natural source for the cosmetic and drug industry.
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AZ9RBAYCANDA BiT9N ADi ARDICDAN (JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L.) ALINAN EKSTRAKTLARIN УЭ EFiR YAGLARININ KIMY9Vi TÖRKIBi
A.B. Süleymanova, K.T. 91iyeva, A.E. Nasirova
Azdrbaycan Respublikasi Elm vd Tdhsil Nazirliyi Bioresurslar institutu (Gdncd) E-mail: ayshe_hesenova@rambler. ru
Xülasa: Adi ardic (Juniperus communis L.) Azarbaycanin Qarb bölgasinda geni§ yayilmi§ bitki növüdür. Ardicin tarkibinda olan müxtalif bioloji aktiv maddalarin tarkibinin, miqdarinin va onun böyümasinin tabii iqlim §araitindan asililigi tadqiq olunmu§dur. Yarpaq va budaqlarin etanolda ekstraksiyasindan alinan ektraksiya mahsullarinin tadqiqinin naticalari verilmi§dir. U9ucu ekstraksiya maddalarin tarkibi xromatoqrafiya metodu ila öyranilmi§dir. Bütün nümunalarda monoterpen karbohidrogenlari 70%-dan yuxari olur (avqustda yigilan bitki materiali ü9ün 71.12%-dan yuxari, sentyabrda yigilanlar ü9ün isa 74.38%-a qadar), eyni zamanda hamin miqdarda oksigenla§dirilmi§ monoterpenlar va ya sesquiterpen karbohidrogenlari 10.45% va 12.77% va
muvafiq olaraq 10.50% ila 12.72% arasinda muyyan edilmi§dir. 33.1-123.2 mq/100 q arasinda dayman askorbin tur§usu da tayin edilmi§dir. Efir yaglarinin ilin muxtalif aylarinda mahsuldarliginin tadqiqi gostardi ki, onun miqdari movsumdan asili olaraq dayi§ir (quru xammalin kutlasinin 3.5-4.4%-i).
A?ar sozlari: adi ardic, efir yaglari, qaz xromatoqrafiyasi, yarpaqlar, budaqlar, terpenoidlar
ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ ЭКСТРАКТОВ И ЭФИРНЫХ МАСЕЛ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ ИЗ МОЖЖЕВАЛЬНИКА ОБЫКНОВЕННОГО (JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L.) В
АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНЕ
А.Б. Сулейманова, К.Т. Алиева, А.Э. Насирова
Институт Биоресурсов Министерства Науки и Образования Азербайджанской Республики
(Гянджа) E-mail: ayshe_hesenova@rambler. ru
Аннотация: Juniperus communis L. (можжевельник обыкновенный) - широко распространённый вид растения в западном регионе Азербайджана. Изучена зависимость состава и содержания различных биологически активных веществ в можжевельнике от природно-климатических условий. Представлены результаты исследования веществ, полученных экстракцией этанолом из листьев и ветвей. Состав летучих соединений изучали методом газовой хроматографии. Во всех образцах всегда преобладали монотерпеновые углеводороды с процентным содержанием выше 70% (от 71.12% для растительного материала, собранного в августе, до 74,38% для растительного материала, собранного в сентябре), за которыми в аналогичных количествах следовали кислородсодержащие монотерпены или сесквитерпеновые углеводороды со значениями от 10.45% до 12.77% и от 10.50% до 12.72% соответственно. Также было определено содержание аскорбиновой кислоты в пределах от 33.1 до 123.2 мг/100 г. Исследование выхода эфирного масла в разные месяцы года показало, что его количество колеблется в зависимости от сезона (3.5-4.4% от массы сухого сырья).
Ключевые слова: можжевельник обыкновенный, эфирные масла, газовая хроматография, листья, ветки, терпеноиды
