CC BY
27Э 2014 ■
Lifestyle and physical fitness in early school-age children
Podstawski Robert1, Zwolinska Danuta2, Borowska Klaudia1, Boraczynski Michal 3, Omelan Aneta4
University of Warmia andMazury in Olsztyn, Department of Physical Education and Sport1 State Higher Vocational School in Raciborz, Institute of Physical Culture2 Jozef Rusiecki Olsztyn University College3 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Chair of Tourism and Recreation4
Annotation:
Aim of the study: the aim of the study was determining relation between selected health behaviour aspects and level of physical fitness in 1st - 3rd grade pupils at primary school in Malbork (Pomorskie province). Materials and Methods: the research was conducted in 2009 among 153 children aged 7-10 years. The research group consisted of 80 girls and 73 boys. The diagnostic survey method with use of a questionnaire technique and a set of indirect motor trials was applied. Results: the research has shown that the health behaviours of young Polish children do not differ from their peers in other countries. The largest percentage of early school-age children in Malbork achieved the average level of physical fitness (57.0%), while the percentage of students with low (22.0%) and high (21.0%) level was similar. Conclusions: the connection between pro-health attitudes of early school-age children (i.e., leisure activities, own health condition, nutrition and the use of drugs) and the level of their physical fitness was not ascertained.
Keywords: pupils, early school age, health behaviour, physical fitness.
Подставки Роберт, Зволинска Данута, Боровска Клаудия, Борачински Михал, Омелан Анета. Здоров'язберігаючий фізичний розвиток дітей раннього шкільного віку. Мета: Метою даного дослідження було продемонструвати взаємозв'язок між окремим аспектам життя (в самооцінці дітей I - III класу початкової школи № 2 в Мальборку) і рівнем їх фізичного розвитку. Матеріали і методи дослідження: дослідження проводилося в 2009 році серед 153 дітей у віці 7-10 років. Дослідницька група складалася з 80 дівчаток і 73 хлопчиків. Методи - діагностичне зондування з використанням техніки вимірювання рівня фізичного розвитку, а також анкетне опитування . Результати: Дослідження показало , що здоров'язберігаючий фізичний розвиток польських дітей суттєво не відрізняються від своїх однолітків, що живуть в інших країнах. Найбільша кількість дітей початкової школи № 2 в Мальборку має середній рівень фізичного розвитку (57,0 %). Одночасно, приблизно 22,0 % дітей мають низький рівень розвитку і 21,0 %
- високий. Висновки: не встановлено ніяких істотних взаємозв'язків між показниками, що пов'язані зі здоров'ям дітей (тобто: дозвілля, стану їхнього власного здоров'я, харчування та вживання тонізуючих харчових продуктів) і рівнем їх фізичної підготовки.
учні, шкільний вік, поведінка, здоров’я, фізичний.
Подставки Роберт, Зволинска Данута, Боровска Клаудия, Борачински Михал, Омелан Анета. Здоровьесберегающее физическое развитие детей раннего школьного возраста. Цель: Целью данного исследования было продемонстрировать взаимосвязь между отдельным аспектам жизни (в самооценке детей ММ класса начальной школы № 2 в Мальборке) и уровнем их физического развития. Материалы и методы исследования: исследование проводилось в 2009 году среди 153 детей в возрасте 7-10 лет. Исследовательская группа состояла из 80 девочек и 73 мальчиков. Методы - диагностическое зондирование с использованием техники измерения уровня физического развития, а также анкетный опрос. Результаты: Исследование показало, что здоровьесберегающее физическое развитие польских детей существенно не отличаются от своих сверстников, живущих в других странах. Наибольшее количество детей начальной школы № 2 в Мальборке имеет средний уровень физического развития (57,0 %). В тоже время примерно 22,0% детей имеют низкий уровень развития и 21,0%
- высокий. Выводы: не установлено никаких существенных взаимосвязей между показателями, связанными со здоровьем детей (то есть: досуга, состояния их собственного здоровья, питания и употребления тонизирующих пищевых продуктов) и уровнем их физической подготовки.
ученики, школьный возраст, поведение, здоровье, физическое.
Introduction
The issues concerning threats to public health are vital and as a consequence they have become a world-wide discussed phenomenon (Salmond et al., 1994; Francis, 1999). Findings of presented dissertations emphasize the importance and purposefulness of pro-health education in a broad sense. These results based on facts clearly evidence the unsatisfactory and constantly deteriorating health conditions of the majority of human population. (Meeszaros et al., 2008; Starosta, 2010). This undesirable occurrence has particularly intensified in highly developed countries (Hollar et al., 2010). As the research shows, man is not capable of achieving an optimal quality of life as well as happiness, without a psychophysical health in general (Puchalski, 2005). In a group of basic health conditioning, such health measures as: leisure activities, proper nutrition, the use of drugs as well as knowledge and opinion about own health condition have been indicated for many years as essential health factors (Breslow, 2001). Hence, the Canadian Minister of Health claims, these factors, which are directly responsible for lifestyle, seriously affect human health (from 50% up to © Podstawski Robert, Zwolinska Danuta, Borowska Klaudia, Boraczynski Michat, Omelan Aneta, 2014 doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1004940
60%) (Hancock, 1986). All of the unwanted habits connected with improper lifestyle result in both, unfavorable consequences of human health and the causes of the vast majority of lifestyle diseases (Duvigneaud et al., 2007; Bolton & Rodriguez, 2009).
The above-presented arguments indicate the need of deeper analysis of health behavior from the early childhood, for instance among early school-age children, learning and growing up in small towns (up to 30 thousand citizens) in Pomorskie province. Moreover, the study concentrated mostly on certain community, gives a possibility of deeper analysis, among others based on socio-economic conditions that govern this area.
This dissertation accounts for the continuation of the research which is related to association between health posture and the level of physical fitness of early school-age children attending selected primary schools in Pomorskie province. The first part of the observations conducted at the Primary School No. 2 in Malbork was mostly devoted to the relationship between the level of physical fitness in children and their declared physical activity either within school programme or outside school (Podstawski & Borowska 2011). In present article, the attention has been given to aspects of lifestyle of children aged 7-10,
which should have a visible connection with the level of physical fitness among those being examined.
Aim of the study
The aim of the study was determining relation between some health behavior aspects on the basis of the opinion of 1st - Зг4 grade pupils at the Primary School No.
2 in Malbork and their level of physical fitness. The attempt to answer the following questions has become the way to realize previously stated aim of study:
1. What is the physical fitness in 1st - Зг4 grade pupils?
2. Does the level of physical fitness in 1st - Зг4 grade pupils is significantly correlated with their opinions on the ways of spending free time, own health conditions, the way of nutrition and using drugs?
Material and methods
The research was conducted in 2009 among 15З children aged 7-10 years at The Ignacy Krasicki Primary School No. 2 in Malbork. The research group consisted of 80 girls and 7З boys. Every child attending this school took part in the research. The participation of the subjects of the survey (%), their age (class) and sex is shown in figure 1.
In present research the diagnostic survey method with the use of a questionnaire technique and a set of indirect motor trials was applied. The tool used in the physical fitness tests was the set of 11 motor tests. However, the interviewer questionnaire served as a tool to assess children’s health behaviors. The assessment of physical fitness level was conducted by means of the criteria suggested by J. Szopa (1998). The following motor tests were applied: ‘standing broad jump [cm]’, ‘sit ups - З0 s [number of sit ups]’, ‘4x10m shuttle run [s]’, ‘a-skip with hand clap - 8 s [number of hand claps]’, ‘1 nad З min. Burpee test [number of squats in a row]’, ‘downward bend from standing position[cm]’, ‘sit and reach [cm]’, ‘backward medicine ball throw [cm]’, ‘forward medicine ball throw [cm]’ and ‘bend arm hang [s]’. All of the applied motor tests are scientifically accurate and reliable (Pilicz, 1997; Szopa et al., 1998; Osinski, 2003). Each child was instructed how to perform the motor tests properly. What is more, every subject of the survey practiced the technique
of previously acknowledged tests, depending on the needs in required time during the lesson preceding the assessment. Prior to the test the children took part in a 10-minute warm up.
Estimation in statistics
The results of the research were prepared by means of Statistica PL v. 10 computer program, with the use of graphic statistics. In order to estimate the level of physical fitness in a child, each child’s points were added and all the results obtained in the motor tests were divided into 3 groups excluding gender division (results below average, average and above average) with the use of c2.
Results
Table 1 shows the average score of children in the individual motor tests.
In Table 1 the variety of physical fitness level among boys and girls is observed, namely the boys achieved better results in most of the performed exercises. The only exception included flexibility exercises such as: ‘downward bend from standing position’ as well as ‘sit and reach’ trials in which the girls achieved better results. It has been claimed that the majority of pupils in the 1st - 3rd grade can be classified to a group of average physical fitness level (57%), however the percentage of pupils with the high (22%) and the low (21%) level was similar (Tab. 1).
The questionnaire answers provided by the pupils were correlated with the pupils’ physical fitness level. The results were based on the whole population of the subjects, excluding gender division because in early childhood sexual dimorphism is not as clearly showed as in later development ages. Moreover, partition of the studied children into two groups would result in reduction of external categories numbers what, successively, would negatively influence results reliability and possibility to achieve statistically significant differences. For all the analyzed relationships probability p of exceeding the calculated value of chi-square statistics amounted to < 0.05 confirming significant differences.
As for the results between the opinions of pupils on leisure activities and their level of motor skills, a vast
І ПЕДАГОГІКА I
153
N %
Class I
N %
Class II
N %
Class III
N %
Together Classes 1-І 11
Girls ■Boys ■ Total
Figure 1. Proportional participation of the subjects including class and sex
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Table 1
The level of physical fitness among the early school-age children in the individual motor tests including the subjects ’
gender
Motor test Sex Results
X s V(%)
Standing long jump [cm] Girls 97.5 25.83 26.49
Boys 103.0 21.73 21.10
Sit ups - 30s [number of sit ups] Girls 14.5 6.53 45.03
Boys 15.5 5.43 35.03
4x10 m shuttle run [s] Girls 11.2 2.16 19.29
Boys 11.3 1.56 13.81
Skipping with clapping of hands - 8 s [number of claps] Girls 16.7 3.93 23.53
Boys 18.1 4.00 22.10
Downward bend from standing position [cm] Girls 4.0 4.53 113.25
Boys -0.8 5.90 737.50
Sit and reach [cm] Girls 2.6 5.23 201.15
Boys 0.7 5.93 741.25
Medicine ball 2 kg backward throw [cm] Girls 192.7 71.23 36.96
Boys 222.8 54.03 24.25
Medicine ball 2 kg forward throw [cm] Girls 192.2 57.36 29.84
Boys 250.7 53.70 20.89
Bend arm hang on bar [s] Girls 5.1 3.13 61.37
Boys 5.7 4.93 86.49
1 min. Burpee test [number of cycles] Girls 21.7 3.13 14.42
Boys 22.2 3.93 17.70
3 min. Burpee test [number of cycles] Girls 46.6 2.91 6.24
Boys 46.9 3.95 8.42
Table key: x - arithmetic mean, s- standard deviation, V- variation coefficient
majority of children (75.2%) spent their spare time outdoors, but many fewer declared that they stayed outside 2-3 times a week (16.3%). A small percentage accounted for children staying rarely (3.9%) or never (1.3%) outdoors. Children spending time in the backyard most of all liked cycling (63.4%), running (39.9%) or playing different games (34.0%). Playing a jump rope (17.6%) and playing hopscotch (15.7%) were ranked as the most popular games by the subjects. The group of playmates on fresh air included mostly friends from the neighborhood (57.5%) or classmates (46.4%) and siblings (38.6%). Parents accounted for only 14.4% of persons spending time with their children outdoors. The fourth question was the verification of the declaration previously submitted by the respondents. The answers to the question on how the children like to spend their free time most have confirmed the opinions that ‘playing different games outdoors’ (67.3%). Popular leisure activities included also: computer games (41.2%), painting and drawing (36.6%) and walking (26.1%). In the vast majority of the answers analyzed, the children with an average level of physical fitness comprised the biggest percentage (Table 2).
The vast majority of children considered themselves to be healthy (83.7%), while 20.0% of the respondents were unable to determine the status of their health. Only 5.0% of the children said they did not feel healthy. More than half of the children (55.5%) said they had suffered before, but did not know from what, and 39.9% did not suffer at all. The vast majority of the respondents in each
question categories was characterized by an average level of physical fitness (Table 3).
Most children (70.6%) had their breakfast at school. The children rated the breakfast brought from home as the meal most often consumed in school (70.6%), and 20.3% respondents consumed their lunch in a school canteen. The highest percentage of children consumed sweets 2-3 times a week (30.7%) or daily (30.1%). Only 1.3% of the respondents did not eat sweets at all. More than half of the children declared that they ate fruit daily (52.3%) or almost every day (39.2%). Among the children whose nutrition style was recognized as the most correct, the children with an average level of physical fitness comprised the highest percentage (Table 4).
Table 5 summarizes the pupils’ responses on their use of drugs, taking into account the level of physical fitness. Of all the children, 89.5% said they never happened to light a cigarette, while 2.6% claimed to have contact with a cigarette. 7.8% respondents did not answer this question. Among the children who declared contact with a cigarette, some of them mentioned birth celebration (1.3%), park and house (0.6% each). 83.0% of children declared no contact with alcohol, while 9.8% of respondents refused to answer this question. In the group of children who came into contact with alcohol the most (3.3%) drank beer in the company of their father, slightly less (2.6) drank alcohol leftovers. The vast majority of the respondents in each question categories represented the average level of physical fitness (Table 5).
Table 2
Physical activity of children in free time and their physical fitness
Questions Answers Total Physical fitness
Low level Average level High level
N % N % N % N %
Spending time off school outdoors Daily 115 75.2 27 23.5 67 58.3 21 18.3
2-3 times a week 25 16.3 5 20.0 13 52.0 7 28.0
Seldom 6 3.9 0 0.0 5 83.3 1 16.7
Never 2 1.3 0 0.0 1 50.0 1 50.0
Other answers 5 3.3 2 40.0 1 20.0 2 40.0
What do you do outside in your free time? I do cycling 97 63.4 23 23.7 50 51.5 24 24.7
I play different games 52 34.0 13 25.0 32 61.5 7 13.5
I go for walks 34 22.2 8 23.5 18 52.9 8 23.5
I play hopscotch 24 15.7 4 16.7 16 66.7 4 16.7
I play jump rope 27 17.6 4 14.8 19 70.4 4 14.8
I do jogging 61 39.9 12 19.7 39 63.9 10 16.4
Other 15 9.8 4 26.7 9 60.0 2 13.3
Playmates during free time Classmates 71 46.4 17 23.9 43 60.6 12 16.9
Friends from the neighbourhood 88 57.5 23 26.1 45 51.1 20 22.7
Parents 22 14.4 3 13.6 18 81.8 1 4.5
Siblings 59 38.6 12 20.3 34 57.6 13 22.0
Other persons 13 8.5 3 23.0 7 53.8 3 23.0
How do you prefer spending your free time? Television and video 33 21.6 5 15.1 23 69.7 5 15.1
Computer games 63 41.2 14 22.2 35 55.5 14 22.2
Reading, for example, books 24 15.7 6 25.0 12 50.0 6 25.0
Painting, drawing 56 36.6 15 26.8 32 57.1 9 16.1
Walks 40 26.1 10 25.0 22 55.0 8 20.0
Outdoor activities 103 67.3 28 27.2 54 52.4 21 20.4
Other ways 8 5.2 1 12.5 5 62.5 2 25.0
Table 3
Own health condition assessment and physical fitness in children
Questions Answers Total Physical fitness
Low level Average level High level
N % N % N % N %
Are you a healthy child? Yes 128 83.7 27 21.1 72 56.3 27 21.7
No 5 3.3 0 0.0 4 80.0 1 20.0
I do not know 20 13.1 7 35.0 11 55.0 4 20.0
Have you suffered before? Yes 13 8.5 4 30.8 6 46.2 3 23.1
Yes but I do not know from what 85 55.5 19 22.4 46 54.1 20 23.5
No 55 35.9 11 20.0 35 63.6 9 16.4
ПСИХОЛОГІЯ
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Table 4
Table 5
Using drugs and physical fitness in children
Questions Answers Total 'hysical fitness
L( lev >w ,el "Ave lev rage ,el High level
N % N % N % N %
Have you happened to smoke a cigarette? Yes 4 2.6 1 25.0 2 50.0 1 25.0
No 137 89.5 29 21.2 78 56.9 30 21.9
I will not answer 12 7.8 4 33.3 7 58.3 1 8.3
If yes, where was it? At a birthday party 2 1.3 0 0.0 2 100.0 0 0.0
With friends in a park 1 0.6 1 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
At home 1 0.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 100.0
Have you happened to drink alcohol? Yes 11 7.2 3 27.3 7 63.6 1 9.1
No 127 83.0 25 19.7 72 56.7 30 23.6
I will not answer 15 9.8 6 40.0 8 53.3 1 6.7
If yes, where was it? I drank leftovers 4 2.6 1 25.0 2 50.0 1 25.0
Beer with my father 5 3.3 2 40.0 3 60.0 0 0.0
During holiday 2 1.3 0 0.0 2 100.0 0 0.0
Discussion
The results presented in this study confirmed the desirability of conducting research on the relationship between pro-health attitudes declared by early school-age children and their level of physical fitness. The most critical factor determining physical fitness of a man is his physical activity. In the case of children, however, the expert opinions are divided. Some believe that there is a link between an active lifestyle and the level of physical fitness of children (Nettlefold et al., 2011; Daley, 2009; Epstein et al., 2001), while the second group of researchers is calling such assertion into question (Stodden et al., 2008; Fisher et al., 2005; Wrotniak et al., 2006; Monyeki & Kemper, 2007) indicating that it is still not clear which aspect of children’s physical activity governs their physical fitness and body weight most critically (Must & Strauss, 1999; Sothern & Gordon, 2003). Fisher et al. (2005) suggest that children characterized by a low level of physical fitness and fine motor skills lead a more sedentary lifestyle as opposed to the children with a higher level of coordination who are more physically active.
The results of our studies have confirmed the validity of the ‘second approach’ in this issue by showing that, despite oral declarations of daily outdoor activities by the vast majority of children, their active participation in physical activities has not found its reflection in the level of motor abilities they represent. Since the answers given by the respondents did not confirm this relationship, it is believed that not all the pieces of information provided by the respondents are true. Studies conducted on 6-7- year-old children in the United States confirm such assumption by showing that, despite the relatively high motor activity of children during the day, less than 2% of the time is devoted to intense physical exercise, whereas 80% of the time is used for the physical activity of low intensity (Gilliam et al., 1981). A similar picture of the phenomenon regarding the lack of relationships has been demonstrated in studies conducted on the same group of children, by assessing the impact of the broadly understood physical activity of the subjects on the level of their physical fitness (Podstawski & Borowska 2011), what is more, almost identical situation occurred also in the studies of early school-age children living in the countryside (Podstawski & Mroczkowska, 2011). The presented declarations do not correspond well with nationwide results. They show that only 30% of Polish children and young people are engaged in some forms of movement, of which the type and exercise intensity meet the physiological needs of the body (Lelonek & Jopkiewicz, 2011). In contrast to the presented phenomenon of self-stimulation in early school-age children (Przew^da & Dobosz, 2007),
the proportion of physically inactive young people in Poland continues to increase (Simovska et al., 2012). A reduced level of physical activity and clear changes related to over-eating in children are occurring around the world (Weinsier et al., 1998; Chiolero et al., 2009).
The attitudes toward the use of drugs by children (alcohol, tobacco and drugs) are largely a form of imitation the behavior of their parents (Dalton et al., 2005), which was also confirmed in this study.
It should be noted that early school-age children mention specific actions and situations related to health in a piecemeal manner, focusing on their exteriors (Lisicki & Wilk, 1998). An example for this was the opinion expressed by the vast majority of children who considered themselves to be healthy. Perhaps, that is also why their oral declarations were not reflected in the level of their physical fitness. The study also showed the desirability of concomitant use of the methods of subjective (lifestyle interview) and objective (testing physical fitness) assessment of the level of biological condition (health) of the entity or a particular social group (Kornafel et al., 2000). The both techniques applied by us should complement each other, and in case of an absence of accurate answers from the respondent, the results obtained in motor tests correct them automatically. This assumption stems from the fact that a questionnaire is not a sufficiently precise tool for the study of preschool children (Mota et al., 2003), and therefore it should be supplemented by other research technique used for testing physical fitness, that is a measurement made on the basis of accurate and reliable motor test.
The results may also provide a frame of reference for the corresponding observations from this area, carried out in other regions of the country and abroad, especially as the number of works devoted to subjective self-assessment of health is much smaller in comparison to the extensive bibliography concerning its objective assessment. Conclusions
On the basis of the research study and its analysis, following conclusions have been formulated:
1. The largest percentage of early school-age children from the Primary School No. 2 in Malbork, achieved the average level of physical fitness (57.0%), while the percentage of pupils with low (22.0%) and high (21.0%) level was similar.
2. There were no relations between early school-age children’s pro-health attitudes in the following areas: leisure activities, the state of their own health, nutrition and the use of drugs, and the level of the physical fitness they represent.
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І ПЕДАГОГІКА І та медико-бюлопчш
*----“--------------* проблеми ф!зичного
виховання I спорту
Информация об авторах:
Подставки Роберт: ORCID: 0000-0002-1492-252X;
podstawskirobert@gmail.com Университет Вармии и Мазур в Оль-штыне Правоченскиего 7, 10-720, Ольштын, Польша.
Зволинска Данута: ORCID: 0000-0002-3353-27-97; Danuta.
zwolinska@pwsz.raciborz.edu.pl; Государственное высшее профессиональное училище в Расибор Словацкиего, 55, 47-400 Расибор, Польша.
Боровска Клаудия: ORCID: 0000-0001-5412-4816; klaudia_
borowska@wp.pl; Университет Вармии и Мазур в Ольштыне Право-ченскиего 7, 10-720, Ольштын, Польша.
Борачински Михал: ORCID: 0000-0001-6517-4034; Michal.
boraczynski@gmail.com; Университетский колледж имени Йозефа Русецкого в Ольштыне Быдгоска, 33, 10-243 Ольштын, Польша.
Омелан Анета: ORCID: 0000-0001-6836-5776; anetao@onet.pl; Университет Вармии и Мазур в Ольштыне ; Очаговскего 5, 10-719, Ольштын, Польша.
Цитируйте эту статью как: Подставки Роберт, Зволинска Данута, Боровска Клаудия, Борачински Михал, Омелан Анета. Здоровьесберегающее физическое развитие детей раннего школьного возраста // Педагогіка, психологія та медико-біологічні проблеми фізичного виховання і спорту. - 2014. - N° 6 - С. 87-94. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.1004940
Электронная версия этой статьи является полной и может быть найдена на сайте: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive.html
Это статья Открытого Доступа распространяется под терминами Creative Commons Attribution License, которая разрешает неограниченное использование, распространение и копирование любыми средствами, обеспечивающими должное цитирование этой оригинальной статьи (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.ru).
Дата поступления в редакцию: 01.03.2014 г.
Опубликовано: 03.03.2014 г.
Information about the authors:
Podstawski Robert: ORCID: 0000-0002-1492-252X; podstawskirob-ert@gmail.com University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn Prawochen-skiego 7, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
Zwolinska Danuta: ORCID: 0000-0002-3353-27-97; Danuta.
zwolinska@pwsz.raciborz.edu.pl; State Higher Vocational School in Raciborz; Slowackiego 55, 47-400 Raciborz, Poland.
Borowska Klaudia: ORCID: 0000-0001-5412-4816; klaudia_
borowska@wp.pl; University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn Prawochenskiego 7, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
Michal Boraczynski: ORCID: 0000-0001-6517-4034; Michal.
boraczynski@gmail.com; Jozef Rusiecki Olsztyn University College; Bydgoska 33, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland.
Aneta Omelan; ORCID: 0000-0001-6836-5776; anetao@onet.pl; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
Cite this article as: Podstawski Robert, Zwolinska Danuta, Borowska Klaudia, Boraczynski Michal, Omelan Aneta. Lifestyle and physical fitness in early school-age children. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2014, vol.6, pp. 87-94. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.1004940
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive-e.html
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en).
Received: 01.03.2014 Published: 03.03.2014
