CC BY
90
DOI 10.14526/01_1111_147
VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS TRAINING TO OVERCOME THE COMPETITIVE
OBSTACLES AND DIFFICULTIES
Galina A. Kamalieva - candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor The Almetyevsk State Oil Institute, Russia 2, Str. Lenina, Almetyevsk, 423450, Russia
E-mail: kam gala@mail.ru
Annotation. Overcoming the mental stress is an integral part of volleyball players training to overcome obstacles and competitive challenges through the development of theoretical and methodological and technological support of training athletes to overcome competitive challenges and obstacles. This targeted training includes theoretical, practical and control classes. Thus, the model training volleyball players to overcome obstacles and competitive challenges is implemented. Material. The article considers the problem of volleyball players mental readiness formation to overcome obstacles and challenges through modelling of competitive activity during the theoretical and practical training on the basis of complex tasks Research methods. The analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical supervision, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The model of volleyball players mental readiness formation to overcome obstacles and competitive challenges is presented. It sets out that purposeful training of volleyball players to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties competition encompasses both theoretical, practical and control lessons. Conclusion. The proposed model contributes to the mental readiness of volleyball players to overcome obstacles and competitive difficulties, that allows to recommend its practical application in sports training system.
Keywords: volleyball, overcoming difficulties and obstacles to competition, mental readiness, modeling, theoretical, practical, control classes, motivation.
Tendencies of physical culture and sport development brought the problem of sports activity psychological support. Particularly noteworthy is the conservation of mental health, adaptation to extreme conditions of training and competitive work of athletes and coaches.
According to statistics, on competition in sports of the highest achievements in professional sports almost half of the unsuccessful performances of athletes associated with the deterioration of their mental condition, a negative condition inability to continue the struggle, which is manifested, for example, in an apathetic attitude toward activities, their achievements. Many modern scholars and practitioners noted the negative role of the suddenly occurring changes in the external conditions of the competition [3,6,7].
V. Andreeva in his work "the phenomenon of overcoming the psychological training of athletes" [9] specifies that to understand the action of coping phenomenon should be considered a phenomenon of the obstacles in the wider etymological field. The contradictions faced by the people in their life, in their mind can be represented in different ways: in the form of crises, conflicts, stresses, barriers, obstacles. Each such contradiction has in the mind of a man three sides - cognitive, affective and motivational. The cognitive side can be realized in the form of uncertainty, errors, failures, dead ends, problems, tasks and issues. Their common feature is uncertainty. The affective side of the controversy can be presented in the form of feelings, worries, concerns, fears, anxieties. Their common characteristic can be concern. The motivational aspect of the controversy presented in the form of aspirations, impulses,
wishes, desires, worries. Here the common denominator is the desire. The presence of uncertainty, anxiety, and desire is viewed as a condition and an indicator of overcoming actualization phenomenon. In the life of the subject uncertainty, anxiety and desire are present simultaneously and are inseparably linked with each other.
The increase in the intensity of uncertainty, anxiety, and desire indicators leads to a change in the level of contradictions. There is a "shear" stress to the conflict, and from conflict to crisis. In turn, we can talk about different levels of overcoming. It can be represented in human consciousness in the form of mental stress (emotional and mental), physical effort (mental effort, feelings of effort, volitional effort) and mental fight (struggle of motives, struggle of goals). In the situation of obstacles:
1) the level of the activity performed regulation is increased. The enjoyment of usual activities is based on the involuntary level of regulation. In a situation of obstacles it is insufficient, and therefore conscious components of activities are activated;
2) the energy potential of activities is formed and increases;
3) The motivational potential is activated. Obstacles that shape the motives and needs are associated with their overcoming. However, changes in the motivational structure are complex and dynamic. First, the obstacle generates the motivation to overcome it. Secondly, the obstacle reinforces already existing motivation. Third, the increased motive is aimed at ending the activities. If the obstacle is assessed as urgency, the need for the implementation of these activities is questioned;
4) Cognitive and emotional structures are activated. Activation of cognitive structures (problems, questions, tasks) is a reaction to the uncertainty of the situation.
In this case, it is obvious, that the feasible difficulty is a positive component of sports activities in relation to the formation of professionally significant qualities of the athlete. However, even in this case, according
to the author, some preliminary training of the athlete is required.
Thus, the didactic features of athletes state readiness forming process to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties should be considered:
1) training of the athletes is an educational process;
2) the content of training is determined by the system of special theoretical, practical and test exercises;
3) "competitive method" is a required element of the didactic system;
4) modeling of competitive conditions, obstacles and difficulties during the training sessions should be, according to the sportsmen sports skill level;
5) volleyball, as a sport, requiring special training of athletes to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties is one of those sports specializations, where at the present stage there is no corresponding didactic component of the educational system.
The purpose of the study: development of theoretical, methodical and technological maintenance of sportsmen training to overcoming competitive obstacles and difficulties, the solution of successful competitive activity task in extreme conditions.
In accordance with the problem, object, subject and purpose of the research were put the following objectives:
1) to conduct analysis of scientific, methodological literature on the problem and define the concept of athletes readiness formation to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties;
2) to develop a model of training athletes to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties, taking into account modern trends in the organization of effective training in pedagogy and sports;
3) based on the developed model to design the methodology and technology of sportsmen training to overcoming competitive obstacles and difficulties;
4) to conduct pilot testing of educational development and to determine its effectiveness.
Different authors competitive obstacles and difficulties characterize from different points of view. They are represented as:
1) extreme operation conditions, characterized by objective and subjective content, but also related to the system of personal relations [ 4];
2) the conditions of competition that are able to disrupt the activities of athletes and significantly reduce athletic performance [2 ];
3) to surprise, requiring athletes manifestation of ultimate body potential and a high degree of voluntary effort [5 ];
4) the conditions of competitive activity, successfully overcome by the athletes who have experience or preparedness for action in emergency situations [ 8 ].
However, the analysis of the literature and pilot study revealed the negative role of unexpected obstacles and difficulties during the competitive struggle and to defined the didactic characteristics of volleyball players training for their successful overcoming. On the basis of this were formulated methodological and technological basis for the organization of effective educational process in the aspect of training athletes to successfully overcome the extreme conditions of competitive activity.
It follows that targeted training of volleyball players to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties should include theoretical, practical and control classes.
In addition, the experience of training athletes determines that the organization of theoretical studies must take into account that:
1) the aim is the assimilation by the athletes special knowledge of the competitive obstacles and difficulties and ways to overcome them; development of intellectual abilities of the athletes; formation of skills to apply the acquired knowledge in practice;
2) training material makes intelligent tasks like model of competitive obstacles and difficulties;
3) to solve each task should take a certain time depending on the sports skill of the athlete - from 2 to 5 seconds;
4) for each cless it is important to use a new one, unknown for the athlete task and two
already known tasks, which provide a more durable learning;
5) problem-solving process needs to exclude the group discussion: each athlete finds optimal from its point of view, decision;
6) discussion of the decision can be carried out by the whole group of athletes, and separately with each of them by the coach (psychologist) on the subject of efficiency and rationality found out of the problem situation;
7) on theoretical studies should be used the intellectual tasks the content correspond to those planned for the practical classes and the most popular (potentially possible) in real competitive conditions.
In the organization of practical training should be aware that:
1) the goal is to develop practical skills to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties;
2) it is important to control the actual assimilation of knowledge, a real assessment of athletes readiness level to successful activities in extreme conditions;
3) the basic method is the exercise of extreme nature patterns using, the content is similar to the models for theoretical classes, which is implemented in the game, individual-group form of classes organization;
4) in each lesson, it is recommended to use one or two of the situations, systematically introduced by the coach (psychologist) but unexpected for the athletes.
Control classes are defined so that: the level of athletes readiness to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties will have more accurate values, if the external conditions are entirely coinside with the competition; control classes should be in the form of the competition control.
Practical exercise on the preparation of athletes to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties required of the organization in the final part of rehabilitation measures, aimed at formation of the optimal to complete the training mental condition and restoration of technical skills.
Training activities within the model of sportsmen-volleyball players training to overcome competitive obstacles and
difficulties, based on the condition of the transition process implementation, substantive (objective) knowledge in the form of an internal position of the individual (the subjective knowledge and experience) through the mechanisms and functions of personal relationships and beliefs sphere is characterized as an independent activity of students athletes under the supervision of a coach or a psychologist, aimed at the development: a) objective knowledge on the contents of competitive obstacles and difficulties and their impact on athletic performance, mental state and health, b) objective knowledge of how to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties, their options, taking into account techniques of self-action in the mental state), c) the objective and skills to overcome the competitive challenges of extreme nature, which are the most efficient for that particular athlete based on his individual characteristics. At the same time in this activity the following provisions must be implemented:
1) motivation (internal and external) to the knowledge of the proposed training material;
2) theoretical development of the task educational content;
3) practical mastery of the learning task content;
4) learning;
5) development of special intellectual abilities and qualities of mind, the development of practical skills to apply new knowledge and to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties.
The study showed that the implementation of the model for training should be based on a number of methodological requirements that are designed to ensure the effectiveness of its content (see Fig. 1).
1. The learning process should rely on a consistent movement of students athletes according to the educational information level mastering.
2. Learning activities should be in the individual-group form of independent work as the main means of solving the educational and developmental tasks.
3. Exercise is the principal means of training.
4. The control-correction method involves the activity of mechanisms of self-control, self-correction and self-evaluation of trained athletes.
5. The content of training is determined by: a) the cognitive activity of athletes, b) modeling the competitive conditions of extreme character; C) levels of educational material development.
6. The implementation of the technological developments envisaged in the course of a very long training process, taking into account distribution models of competitive obstacles and difficulties in the years of training depending on its complexity and adequacy relative to the individual characteristics of athletes, their sports skills.
7. Mandatory means of achieving learning should be considered: a) logical-mathematical and physical mathematical model of competitive obstacles and difficulties and ways of overcoming them; b) motivation and awareness of athletes, their desire for knowledge patterns to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties; c) the subjectivity of athletes judgments under the condition that the coach or psychologist perform functions "tutor".
The easiest way to analyze competitive activity - quantitative. Almost every coach uses it in one or another modification. The result is information about how a particular player performed the different technical elements and what percentage of them were successful. In volleyball the main indicators of each player actions performance are the elements of the game as serve, reception, block and defense [1 and others].
1. The level of interest in competitive situations
Motivation, understanding and acceptance of information (receiving information about the content of competitive obstacles and difficulties, the characteristics of their effect on the mental state of the athlete and the competitive result, ways to overcome them)
2. The level of theoretical mastering of the educational information
Logical-mathematical modelling (THEORETICAL CLASSES)
The solution of intellectual tasks
w w
e c o
a n
oi it
ta
c
d e
models of barriers and constraints in a competitive situation
models of rational ways of overcoming obstacles and difficulties
Theoretical learning, the development of intellectual abilities and qualities of mind, the
formation of temporary connections (theoretical overcoming competitive obstacles and difficulties; analytical assessment of the situation, rationality and efficiency found the way out of it; if necessary, - solutions correction)
1
3. The level of educational information practical mastering
Physical-mathematical modelling (PRACTICAL LESSON)
f
m nodels of barriers and constraints in a competitive situation
i f
Practical learning, building skills to use new knowledge, formation of practical skills (practical overcoming competitive obstacles and difficulties in conditions close to competitive; analytical assessment of the situation, rationality and efficiency found a way out of it; if necessary, - solutions correction)
Fig. 1. The model of volleyball players training to overcome competitive obstacles and
difficulties
The effectiveness of actions is evaluated by the formula:
S success X 100
R =--------------------
S total number
where, R is the efficiency, S success - the number of successful executions of the element S. the total number of executed elements.
In the experimental part of the work a method of athletes mental state diagnosis was used who participated in the study as the subjects of the control and experimental groups. In this case, the condition of the athletes was measured both during theoretical sessions and practical sessions using the method proposed by Yu Zagarelli in 1990. This technique involves the use of a special device "Activaciometr ATC".
The experiment was carried out on the basis of Sports school No. 1 in Almetyevsk, in the volleyball section. 91 volleyball player participated in the experiment.
According to experimental studies, it was determined that the introduction to the training process is a modular technology for the training of volleyball players to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties is the factor of athletes stability formation efficiency increase to suddenly arising in the course of the competition obstacles and difficulties.
Thus,
1. Competitive obstacles and difficulties in modern sports are defined as undeniable factors in reducing not only the efficiency of the athletes, but also as determinants of the decline in their health, disrupt the main action and the adverse emotional reactions that, ultimately, leads to fatigue and mental health disorder. Purposeful formation of sportsmen preparedness state to overcoming of such obstacles and constraints enhances the efficiency of the adaptation processes to the emergence of extreme situations and reduces
the degree of negative role stressors during execution of competitive activity.
2. On the basis of theoretical assumptions, trends in the development of modern sport, methodological, psychological and pedagogical principles of the educational process in the education and training process in sport developed a model of volleyball players training to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties, which includes the process of special knowledge formation by using the knowledge of competitive character extreme situations in the context of the theoretical training objectives; the process of special skills formation through the implementation of real actions in simulated extreme conditions.
3. As a result of the research determined methodical and technological conditions of the developed model realization in the training process for the volleyball players training. The main methodological conditions include: 1) organization of theoretical and practical training; 2) inclusion in the training process the control events - control competitions; 3) modeling of competitive obstacles and difficulties as the educational content of the information as intellectual tasks for theoretical classes; 4) create physical-mathematical models of extreme situations on the basis of the intellectual tasks content to be performed and control measures.
4. The experimental work has allowed to define technological conditions of volleyball players targeted training implementation to overcome competitive obstacles and difficulties. The developed modular technology, which is characterized by aspects of special knowledge mastering process management and formation of specific skills through consistent implementation of extreme situations models development levels.
5. Organized forming experiment showed that the proposed method of organization and implementation of volleyball players training is characterized by educational interventions efficiency increase in relation to the development of mental operations speed in
average by 21.66 %, the parameters of psychoemotional state without the occurrence of extreme situations in average by 3.55 % in the direction of emotional stability formation for competitive barriers and constraints in an average of 6.82 %, and in average of 6.86 %, according to growth of competitive activity productivity in extreme conditions.
6. The study cannot be regarded as exhaustive on the issue. In the category of tasks related to further improvement of the methodical and technological developments include:
- formation of extreme situations base models in volleyball for athletes of high sports mastery, professional athletes, given the different age groups;
- development of General didactic technology, a multi-year plan of sports training in volleyball;
- development of athletes theoretical training electronic version when using computer equipment.
In addition, the results of the study can be extrapolated successfully to other types of sport and system of experts preparation in many professional activities.
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Submitted: 24.11.2016 Received: 27.11.2016
Galina A. Kamalieva - candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor The Almetyevsk State Oil Institute, 2, Str. Lenina, Almetyevsk, 423450, Russia, E-mail: kam gala@mail.ru
