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ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ И КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ СИСТЕМ. ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕХАНИКИ
В СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ
УДК 699.86 DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2018.8.935-943
Thermal regime of enclosing structures in high-rise buildings
Tatyana A. Musorina, Ol'ga S. Gamayunova, Mikhail R. Petrichenko
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 29 Politechnicheskaya s., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation
ABSTRACT: Subject of research: the main heat loss occurs through the building fence. In the paper, the object of research is enclosing structures with different thermal conductivity. The problem of moisture accumulation in the wall is quite relevant. One of the main problems in construction is saving on building materials and improper design of building envelope. This in turn leads to a violation of the heat and humidity regime in the wall. This paper presents one of the methods to address this issue.
Purpose: description of heat and humidity conditions in the wall fence of high-rise buildings. It is also necessary to analyze the relationship between the thermophysical characteristics.
Materials and methods: the temperature distribution in the layers will be analyzed on the basis of the structure consisting of 10 layers; the layer thickness is 0.05 m. Materials with different thermal conductivity were used. Each subsequent layer differed in thermal conductivity from the previous one by 0.01. Next, these layers are mixed. The calculation of the humidity regime includes finding the temperature distribution along the thickness of the fence at a given temperature of the outside air. The quality factor of the temperature distribution is the maximum average temperature. This research are conducted in the field of energy efficiency.
Results: the higher the average wall temperature, the lower the air temperature differs from the wall temperature. In addition, ^ J the higher the average temperature of the wall, the drier the surface inside the wall. However, moisture accumulates on the t о surface inside the room. The working capacity of multilayer enclosing structures is determined by the temperature distribution з j and distribution of moisture in the layers. T к
Conclusions: moisture movement through the fence is due to the difference in the partial pressure of water vapor contained M _ in the indoor and outdoor air. A layer with minimal thermal conductivity should be located on the outer surface of the wall in S Г a multi-storey building. The maximum change in the amplitude of temperature fluctuations is observed in the layer adjacent ^ О to the surface by periodic thermal effects. It is also taken into account that the process of heat absorption has a great influence on the temperature change in the thickness of the wall fence to the greatest extent within the layer of sharp fluctuations r (outer layer). The Central part of the wall (bearing layer) will be the driest. These calculations
of the ventilated facade.
humid conditions, enclosing structures, temperature, indoor climate
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KEY WORDS: civil engineering, building, energy efficiency, heat loss, building materials, thermal conductivity, thermal and s z
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FOR CITATION: Tatyana A. Musorina, Ol'ga S. Gamayunova, Mikhail R. Petrichenko. Thermal regime of enclosing structures in high -rise buildings. Vestnik MGSU [Proceedings of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering]. 2018, vol. 13, 0 3 issue 8 (119), pp. 935-943. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2018.8.935-943 S ((
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Тепловой режим ограждающих конструкций высотных зданий
Т.А. Мусорина, О.С. Гамаюнова, М.Р. Петриченко
Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого (СПбПУ), 195251, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, д. 29
АННОТАЦИЯ: Предмет исследования: основные потери тепла происходят через оболочку здания. Исследуются ограждающие конструкции с различной теплопроводностью. Проблема накопления влаги в стене достаточно е ) актуальна. Одна из главных проблем в строительстве это экономия на строительных материалах и неправильное п ■ проектирование ограждающих конструкций, что в свою очередь приводит к нарушению тепловлажностного режима <а в стене. Представлен один из методов решения данного вопроса.
Цели: описание тепловлажностного режима в стеновом ограждении высотных зданий, анализ зависимости между 1 О
теплофизическими характеристиками. с ^
Материалы и методы: распределение температуры в слоях анализируется на основе структуры, состоящей из 10 3 ^ слоев; толщина слоя — 0,05 м. Использовались материалы с различной теплопроводностью. Каждый последующий слой отличался по теплопроводности от предыдущего на 0,01. Далее данные слои перестанавливались. Расчет ы И
влажностного режима включает нахождение распределения температуры по толщине ограждения при заданной ц 5
температуре наружного воздуха. Фактором качества распределения температуры является максимальная средняя с с
температура. Данные исследования проводятся в области энергоэффективности. ф ф
Результаты: чем выше средняя температура стены, тем ниже температура воздуха, она отличается от температуры со со
стенки. Кроме того, чем выше средняя температура стены, тем суше поверхность внутри стены. Однако влага на- м м
капливается на поверхности внутри помещения. Работоспособность многослойных ограждающих конструкций опре- О 2
деляется температурным распределением и распределением влаги в слоях. ю ю
© Tatyana A. Musorina, Ol'ga S. Gamayunova, Mikhail R. Petrichenko, 2018
935
Выводы: перемещение влаги через ограждение происходит за счет разности парциальных давлений водяного пара, содержащегося во внутреннем и наружном воздухе. Слой с минимальной теплопроводимостью должен располагаться на внешней поверхности стены в многоэтажном здании. Максимальное изменение амплитуды колебаний температуры наблюдается в слое, прилегающем к поверхности со стороны периодического теплового воздействия. Также учитывается, что процесс теплоусвоения оказывает большое влияние на изменение температур в толще стенового ограждения в наибольшей мере в пределах слоя резких колебаний (наружный слой). Центральная часть стены (несущий слой) будет наиболее сухой. Данным расчетам удовлетворяет конструкция навесного вентилируемого фасада.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: гражданское строительство, здание, энергоэффективность, потеря тепла, строительные материалы, теплопроводность, тепловлажностный режим, ограждающие конструкции, температура, внутренний климат помещения
ДЛЯ ЦИТИРОВАНИЯ: Мусорина Т.А., Гамаюнова О.С., Петриченко М.Р Thermal regime of enclosing structures in high-rise buildings // Вестник МГСУ. 2018. Т. 13. Вып. 8 (119). С. 935-943. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2018.8.935-943
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INTRODUCTION
Multi-layer walls with facing stone layer have been widely used in the Russian Federation since the mid-90s of the last century due to the increased regulatory requirements for the element-by-element level of thermal protection of buildings. Nowadays, as the concern of sustainability and energy efficiency increases, it is important to evaluate a great number of resources and their behavior while exposed to diverse climate conditions. The temperature regime of the enclosing structures is determined not only by fluctuation (change) indoor air temperature, but also by natural changes in humidity and temperature, pressure of outside air, direction and intensity of the processes of heat and moisture transfer inside the walls, etc. Therefore, the purpose humidity condition forecasting of the walling is very important at the stage of building design, when calculations for determination of comfort indoor climate are performed.
The article shows that the heat accumulation in the wall and its thermal resistance are opposite factors. Stationary and periodic temperature, humidity regimes of the walls depend substantially on the layers alternation. Sufficient thickness of the walls helps to reduce energy consumption for heating of building and structures. Consequently, saving of energy consumption exists.
There are amount of ways to thermal insulation buildings using different materials that have their technological parameters and price. the issue of consequently gains the importance from economical point of view — of various materials for the insulation of structures.
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The purpose of this article is to describe the thermal regime of the enclosing structures.
TASKS
1. According to the temperature distribution consideration, the "ideal" model of the layer sequence should be made.
2. To determine the partial pressure in a enclosing structures
3. To calculate the existing enclosing structures for the temperature distribution through the thickness of the wall.
LITERATURE REVIEW
There are many criteria when choosing a material for a construction [1-5]. The most easy and cheap materials are porous materials. During the heating period, the building gets warm instantly, but also cools down very quickly. In consequence of the fact that the material is porous, cracks is appeared because of the temperature differences [6-11].
The quality factor of the temperature distribution is the maximum average temperature. The higher the average temperature of the wall, the less the temperature of the air differs from the temperature of the wall. Besides that, the higher the average temperature of the walls, the drier the inside part of the wall. Although, the moisture is accumulated on the surface layer inside the room [12-16].
To compensate for the loss of heat to the building it is necessary to bring heat, connect it to the heating system. The higher the level of thermal insulation of external enclosing structures, the less are the losses of thermal energy through the shell of the building, provided that the specified parameters of the microclimate are maintained in the premises. Thus, the loss of thermal energy in the building with the correct regulation of the coolant parameters directly depend on the level of thermal insulation of external enclosing structures [17-20].
However, despite the large amount of research on this topic, there are still no works containing an objective assessment of the heat and moisture regime of multilayer fences.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The accumulative capacity of the wall structure determines the amount of the heat which can be ab-
sorbed or transmited in order to maintain the required temperature level in the room.
The object of the research is enclosing structures. The first step is to consider the theoretical model of the enclosing structures. The temperature distribution in the layers will be analyzed on the basis of the structure consisting of 10 layers ( i = 1,10 ); the thickness ofeach layer is 0.05 m.
The values of the thermal conductivity coefficients are defined by the following terms: arithmetic and geometric increase in thermal conductivity coefficients is determined by the formula:
X xx = 0.1 + 0.l(i -1) ;
0 — dimensionless temperature gradient; Th — the temperature on the hot surface of the wall (inside the room); T — the temperature of the layer x; Tc — temperature on the cold surface (the street).
According to the formula (2) the temperature value in the layer X can be defined:
T - T Tx =Th -e, (Th-rc). (3)
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Table 1 presents the original data of the theoretical model and two types of the thermal conductivity coefficients are given.
The temperature distribution across the wall is determined by the formula:
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Table 2 presents the temperature values for two cases of thermal conductivity coefficient. Let's consider the case of different variants of layers sequence.
Based on the data (table 2) graphs are made, depending on the alternating layers. Next step is transposition in the rearrangement of layers by one in each cycle. All permutations are even-numbered and do not change an ordered sequence of layers. Figure 1 and 2 shows the graphs for theoretical method.
Figure 1 shows the calculation of the thermal conductivity which is occurred in an arithmetic progression. The best option out of 10 possible combinations is combination number: 4, 5, 6...10, 1, 2, 3, when the average temperature is equal 10.21 (pink line). Worst case is combination number: 1, 2, 3...10, when the average temperature is minimum and equal 4.35 (green line).
Table 1. Initial data
Number of layer Thickness of layer Coefficient of thermal conductivity Xxx Coefficient of thermal conductivity X g
1 0.05 0.1 1.00
2 0.05 0.2 0.68
3 0.05 0.3 0.44
4 0.05 0.4 0.32
5 0.05 0.5 0.25
6 0.05 0.6 0.21
7 0.05 0.7 0.17
8 0.05 0.8 0.15
9 0.05 0.9 0.13
10 0.05 1 0.12
Table 2. Significance of the temperatures distribution
Number of layer Thickness of layer Temperature for thermal conductivity Xxx Temperature for thermal conductivity X g
1 0.05 11.85 17.60
2 0.05 8.78 17.01
3 0.05 6.73 16.09
4 0.05 5.20 14.84
5 0.05 3.97 13.23
6 0.05 2.94 11.28
7 0.05 2.07 8.98
8 0.05 1.30 6.34
9 0.05 0.61 3.34
10 0.05 0.00 0.00
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Figure 2 shows the best and the worst options of alternating layers with geometric increase of thermal conductivity coefficients. The best option out of 10 possible combinations is combination number: 1, 2, 3...10, when the average temperature is equal 10.87 (pink line). Worst case is combination number: 6, 7...10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, when the average temperature is minimum and equal 6.64 (green line).
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ps.s — saturated steam; Tx — the temperature of the layer x.
RESULTS
It is necessary to apply this theory to the existing structure, which is used in practice very often.
Let's consider the construction of a wall composed of: brick — 380 mm, insulation — 100 mm, brick — 120 mm. Figure 3 presents the dependence of the alternating layers on the temperature distribution [21-24].
It follows from the graph, that the layer with minimum thermal conductivity should be located on the outer surface of the wall in a high-rise building. Therefore, the working capacity of the enclosing structure, consisting of the layers, is determined by the temperature distribution and moisture distribution in the layers.
Heat insulators are elements of the wall structural which reduce the process of heat transfer and perform the role of primary thermal resistance in the structure. Heat insulators are porous medium with high water absorption, which have low thermal conductivity and low strength, so the insulator must alternate with a solid wall.
Of the above mentioned, it is necessary to consider the distribution of pressures in enclosing structure. Since the processes in the humid air generally go
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Fig. 2. The temperature distribution along the wall thickness in dependence of thermal conductivity tipe of X
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Fig. 3. Dependence of thermal expansion from the thickness of the wall
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with atmospheric pressure, it can be considered as discharged mixture.
In contrast to gas mixtures water vapor in the air under certain conditions can be converted into liquid or even solid state. This circumstance should be considered in further calculations.
For the estimation of the absolute humidity of the layers it is necessary to calculate:
• the relative humidity as the volume of the saturated vapor;
• vapor pressure as function of the temperature.
Figure 4 shows the steam pressure.
The graph shows that this theory is proven. The vapor pressure also drops in the layer with the smallest thermal conductivity — insulation layer.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The higher the average temperature of the wall, the lower the temperature of the air differs from the temperature of the wall. Besides, the higher the average temperature of the wall, the drier the surface inside the wall. However, the moisture is accumulated on the surface inside the premises.
2. The working capacity of the multilayer enclosing structures is determined by the temperature distribution and moisture distribution in the layers.
3. It follows that the layer with the minimum conductivity should be located on the outer surface of the wall in high-rise building. The central part of the wall (load-bearing layer) would be the most dry.
REFERENCES
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Received June 13, 2018.
Adopted in revised form on July 12, 2018.
Approved for publication on July 31, 2018.
About the authors: Tatyana A. Musorina — postgraduate student, Hydraulics and Strength Department, Civil Engineering Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 29 Politechnicheskaya st., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation, tamusorina@mail.ru;
Ol'ga S. Gamayunova — Senior lecturer, Department of Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures, Civil Engineering Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 29 Politechnicheskaya st., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation, 9658825@mail.ru;
Mikhail R. Petrichenko — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Hydraulics and Strength Department, Civil Engineering Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 29 Politechnicheskaya st., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation, fonpetrich@mail.ru.
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ЛИТЕРАТУРА
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Поступила в редакцию 13 июня 2018 г. Принята в доработанном виде 12 июля 2018 г. Одобрена для публикации 31 июля 2018 г.
Об авторах: Мусорина Татьяна Александровна — аспирант кафедры гидравлики и прочности, Инженерно-строительный институт, Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого (СПбПУ), 195251, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, д. 29, tamusorina@mail.ru;
Гамаюнова Ольга Сергеевна — старший преподаватель кафедры строительства уникальных зданий и сооружений, Инженерно-строительный институт, Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого (СПбПУ), 195251, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, д. 29, 9658825@mail.ru;
Петриченко Михаил Романович — доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой гидравлики и прочности, Инженерно-строительный институт, Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого (СПбПУ), 195251, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, д. 29, fonpetrich@mail.ru.
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