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UDC 613.292:613.26
THEORETICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF INTRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE CROPS STACHYS SIEBOLDII MIG TO FUNCTIONAL PRODUCTS
Zaharova L.M., Professor Dyatlov A.V., Post-graduate student Kemerovsky Technological Institute of Food Industry, Kemerovo, Russia
E-mail: zaharova@kemtipp.ru, alekss44@yandex.ru
ABSTARCT
The work is devoted to the study of the possibility of promising vegetable crop Stachys sieboldii Mig use when creating functional foods for people with impaired carbohydrate metabolism.
KEYWORDS
Stachys; Stachyose; Hypoglycemia; Diabetes; Biologically active compounds; Functional foods.
Life of a modern man is held in the conditions of existence of adverse factors such as pollution, stress, lack of nutritious food. All this leads to a decreasing of immunity, indigestion, increasing the number of people suffering from allergies, diabetes and other diseases.
Insular diabetes (ID) is recognized as one of the most important non-infectious disease in the world. It takes the fourth place among the main reasons of death in developed countries. The number of patients with diabetes constantly increases due to the increase of the number and age of the population, urbanization of the territory, increasing the prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyle. According to the latest data of the International diabetes Federation - IDF (The International Diabetes Federation), the number of patients with diabetes among adults (20 to 79) in 2030 will be 439 million people in the world.
In spite of the diversity of the D, the main share of patients are people with diabetes of second type D2,in different populations and ethnic groups, their number will increase to 8095%. According to the IDF, the prevalence of D among adults (20-79 years) is average 5.1% (90% is the D of 2) [3]. The situation with diabetes in Kuzbas causes quite reasonable concern: over 40 000 Kuzbass people are registered by an endocrinologist with a diagnosis of insular diabetes; 7 500 patients need constant injection of insulin.
In Kuzbass, as in Russia, the problem of diabetes remains extremely actual. Although the Kuzbass doctors do not lag behind their Russian colleagues (and even somewhere are ahead of them) and imply successfully the most modern methods of treatment of diabetes and its complications, reduction in the number of newly diagnosed patients is not observed, decrease in the number of newly diagnosed patients is not observed, rather, it is the increase in morbidity This situation as a whole, is typical, for both Kuzbass and for Russia. And the incidence of diabetes in the world is increasing [4].
The number of patients is increasing mainly due to the progressive growth of diabetes of the second type (90% of total number). In 70-80x we considered that the number of patients with diabetes of type 1 corresponds to 20-25% from total, today is it proved that this number is less than 10%. Growth of incidences of diabetes of type 1 doesn't happen. Number of patients with diabetes, depending on age group and type of diabetes are shown in tables 1 and 2, during the period for 2 years. Data are provided by the Kemerovo Regional information and analysis center.
It is obvious from the above-stated data the majority suffers from D of 2 type. Thus, diabetes 2 types (insulin-dependent) meets much more often. It is connected with endocrine reorganization of an organism after 40, tendency to excess weight. About 90 % of patients with diabetes 2 type are overweight. With this type of diabetes, the pancreas continues to
produce insulin, and often, in larger quantities, than usually. The main problem is the immunity of cells to the biological action of insulin. The level of sugar in blood remains excessive. Such state of reduced insulin sensitivity is called insulin resistance. The reasons of bad sensitivity to insulin are not studied completely. However, long ago it is known that the most powerful factor of formation of insulin resistance is excess weight [7].
Table 1 - Number of patients with diabetes in Kemerovo region during the period from 2010 to 2011
Age group 2011 2010
Total, people. Newly Diagnosed, people. Total, people. Newly Diagnosed, people
Children 324 56 274 53
Teenagers 133 4 133 9
Adults 55123 3782 52116 3847
Table 2 - Number of patients with diabetes of 1 and 2 types in Kemerovo region during the
period from 2010 to 2011
Age group ID Type 2011 2010
Total Newly Diagnosed, people Total Newly Diagnosed, people
Children 1 type 317 56 267 48
2 type 7 - 7 5
Teenagers 1 type 129 3 130 9
2 type 4 1 3 -
Adults 1 type 4138 172 2936 156
2 type 50985 3610 49180 3659
Therefore, the main purpose of the treatment of diabetes of 2 type is to improve the sensitivity of cells to insulin, by means of a diet therapy. Numerous scientific researches and long term observation of the patients demonstrate that weight loss in a majority of patients, allows achieving a considerable improvement in the level of sugar in the blood.
In connection with the fact that in recent years the most acute problems of maximum preservation of health and full mankind gene pool, improvement of providing the population with food products is a social and economic task, solution of which is of great importance for Russia. Constant growth of diseases of diabetes dictates necessity of increasing the production of functional food products.
Functional food are products of a specific uses of a natural or artificial origin which are intended for regular everyday use and are directed to fill a lack of power, plastic and regulatory food substances. They have a controlling effect on physiological functions, biochemical reactions and psychosocial human behavior, support the physical and spiritual health and reduce the risk of disease [8]. Thus, the main task of the modern food technology is the creation of a functional food, providing maintenance and activation of the vital functions of a person, increase of the resistance to aggressive environmental conditions. In functional food scientists assign a special role to the dairy products contributing optimization of the microecological status of an organism. The expansion of the assortments of sour-milk products, including creation of specialized products of the directed action is very important.
One of the perspective branches of the food industry is to get new food products on the basis of milk using nonconventional kinds of vegetable raw materials with high content of physiologically active ingredients. One of the oldest vegetable and medicinal plants, perennial crop stachys (Stachys sieboldii Mig.) is of special interest in this respect. The basic value of stachys are his nodules. They have a nacreous color and original form resembling shells or artichokes (Fig. 1).
Nodules of stachys contain 14-19,5% carbohydrates, 1,67% - amides, 1,5% - protein substances 0,18% - fat, 20-24% of dry substances and 10% of vitamin C. The tetrasacharid of stachys being a rear case in plants, is included into carbohydrates, is easily digested, is a part of carbohydrates. Starch is practically absent in mature nodules of stachys. Together with organic substances stachys contains chemical elements in the form of micro - and macro-elements and mineral compounds, which play an important physiological role in the functioning of biological systems of a man.
Figure 2 - Nodules of stachys
Currently ARRIMAP (all-Russian research Institute of medicinal and aromatic plants) carried out research of stachys as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of D,stomach ulcer, hypertension, and Institute of chemical physics in Chernogolovka, RAS - for cancer treatment [6].
At SD insulin production is lowered by alpha cells of a pancreas or the number of receptors for insulin in cells of insulin-dependent fabrics is reduce At diabetes the production of insulin is reduced by alpha cells of the pancreas or reduced the number of receptors for insulin in cells of insulin-dependent tissues. First of all, in both these cases, the process of entry of glucose into the cells of insulin-dependent tissues is slowed down and glucose accumulates in the blood. Certainly, the violation of the utilization of glucose by tissues has a certain role.
However, if the decrease in production of insulin by the pancreas substitution treatment - injection of insulin - gives a good effect, in violation of the receptor apparatus of the cell therapy is fraught with many difficulties.
Therefore, in the treatment of patients with diabetes (2) much attention is paid to diet -use products containing monosaccharides wich is able to enter the cells of all organs without the injection of insulin and fully substitute glucose in the metabolic processes. Stachys has such property, because of high content of tetrasacharidstachyosa (about 60 %) that provides insular like effect (Fig. 2). Stachyosa (manneotetrosa) consists of two residues a-D-galactose, one a-D-glucose and one p-D-fructose [2].
Figure 2 - Structure of stachyose
Because of the lack of enzymes,which are able to hydrolyze stachyose, in the human body, this substance is not exposed to the influence of the digestive enzymes, and it is not absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract . The stachyose reaches the large intestine in unmodified form and it is fermented by obligate sugar lytic microflora. F The fermentation is carried out to monosaccharide residues - alpha-galactose, b-fructose and a-glucose.
The main thing is that fructose and galactose have unique ability to penetrate into the cells of all organs without insulin and fully substitute glucose in the metabolic processes. It is
also significantly reduce the energy cell hunger. Moreover, short fragments of stachyoses molecules integrating into the cell wall make the integration of glucose into the cell easier but in a relatively small, compared with norm, quantities. All these factors lead to a significant and sustained reduction of sugar concentration in blood, which is not accompanied by sharp fluctuations of this indicator during the day.
Diabetes increases gluconeogenesis. The biological role of gluconeogenesis is to maintain the level of glucose in the blood, during the long-lasting fasting (fasting more than 1 day), gluconeogenesis is the only process supplying the glucose to the blood. The increase is associated not only with reduction of secretion of insulin, but with the increasing of glucagon secretion (insulin inhibits the secretion of glucagon). As a result the stimulation of processes of a storage weakened and the stimulation of mobilization of reserves strengthened, strengthened so that the liver, muscle, fat tissue function in a pastabsobtion state, even after eating. In this dramatic collision products of digestion and their metabolites circulate in the blood, instead of storing in the form of glycogen and fats. Stachys helps to reduce gluconeogenesis, by controlling influence on glicogenoforming function of the liver.
Glycogen as a reserve of glucose accumulates in the cells during digestion and is waste in the pastabsorbtion period. The liver performs the role of a buffer, absorbing glucose when its content in the blood increase and supplies glucose to the blood, when the concentration of glucose in the blood drops.
The accumulation of a reserve of carbohydrates in cells in the form of glycogen has certain advantages over the accumulation of glucose, because it is not accompanied with the increasing of the intracellular osmotic pressure. However, with the lack of glucose, glycogen easily split up to glucose or its phosphate esters, and the formed monomer units are used by the cells on energetic or plastic purposes [1].
The steady reduction of the level of glucose in the blood contributes to the forming of own insulin by pancreas cells. Selenium also promotes synthesis of insulin (0.007 mg/kg), which stachys can accumulate in the biologically absorbable form. Another important property of selenium - its synergies with vitamins E and C. These vitamins, as selenium, are powerful antioxidants, and may intensify the action of each other, preventing the oxidation of cells and body tissues, and thus significantly delay their aging [5].
High content of important macro- and microelements in stachys nodules allows to state about an effective therapeutic effect of stachys on the human body. The mineral composition and biochemical characteristics are presented in tables 3 and 4.
Table 3 - Mineral composition Stachys sieboldii Mig
Content, mg/100 g.
Na K Ca Mg Fe Zn Cu Mn
1,93 484 33,2 24,9 1,22 0,74 0,21 0,16
Table 4 - Biochemical characteristics of stachys nodules, mg/100 g
Dry substance General content of simple saccharums Polysaccharides Vitamin C
26,3 11,95 6,45 9,84
So, stachys can be recommended for people with cardiovascular diseases and in violation of metabolic processes in the body associated with a lack of potassium. The combination of high concentrations of potassium and boron in nodules stachys also has a beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism. The carried out researches allow to\recommend stachys for use in technologies of sour-milk products in dietary and preventive purposes. For example, for adding it to the diet of people suffering from diseases of the metabolism, first of all, diabetes, or overweight. This work will serve as a basis for more detailed research and development of technology of production assortment of functional foods, directed action with hypoglycemic effect.
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