CC BY
70
https://doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2018-9-1.32
Петрова Елена Александровна
ПОЛИПАРАДИГМАЛЬНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ПРОПОЗЕМ-БАЛАНСОВ
В настоящей статье мы поставили перед собой цель проанализировать структурно-прагматические и логико-когнитивные модели пропозем-балансов, обладающих широким диапазоном функциональных особенностей. В статье впервые исследуются структура, семантика, логико-когнитивный потенциал данных лингвистических единиц на основе полипарадигмального подхода. Коммуникативные особенности пропозем-балансов анализируются на основе категориальной совокупности предикативных значений. Успешному решению задач в заданном исследовательском поле способствовало взаимодействие таких гуманитарных наук, как логика, философия языка, когнитивная лингвистика, научные и практические результаты которых помогли в достижении намеченной цели.
Адрес статьи: www.gramota.net/materials/272018/9-1/32.html
Источник
Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики
Тамбов: Грамота, 2018. № 9(87). Ч. 1. C. 146-149. ISSN 1997-2911.
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SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL FURNACES NAMES AT PERM PLANTS IN COPPER-SMELTING TERMINOLOGY AT THE END OF THE XVIII - IN THE XIX CENTURY
Panteleeva Liliya Mikhailovna, Ph. D. in Philology Solikamsk State Pedagogical Institute (Branch) of Perm State University liliya_pant@mail.ru
The article is devoted to the semantic-thematic analysis of the copper melting vocabulary of the XVIII-XIX centuries, related to the subject field "Types of Industrial Furnaces". The theoretical significance of the research is determined by the terms of the mining vocabulary of the past centuries introduced into scientific use, as well as the conducted systematization of the notions of a particular area of the metallurgical sphere. The conclusions on the volume, lexical-thematic and semantic peculiarities of the nominations of copper-smelting furnaces in the mining vocabulary of the XVIII-XIX centuries make it possible to identify, on the one hand, some individuality of copper-smelting terms within mining and metallurgical vocabulary, and on the other hand, the connection of industrial terminology with the national language and dialects.
Key words and phrases: copper smelting; mining terminology; historical lexicology; semantic-thematic analysis; names of industrial furnaces.
УДК 8.800 Дата поступления рукописи: 16.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2018-9-1.32
The article deals with the goal of analyzing the structural-pragmatic organization and logical-cognitive models of propozeme-balances having a wide range of functional features. The structure, semantics, logical-cognitive potential of these linguistic units on the basis of the polyparadigmatic approach are studied for the first time. The communicative properties of propozeme-balances are analyzed on the basis of categorial set of predicative values. The solution ofproblems in a given research field was facilitated by the interaction of such humanities as logic, language philosophy, cognitive linguistics, the scientific and practical results of which helped in achieving the goal.
Key words and phrases: propozeme-balances; clause; predicative load; mode (modus); logic-cognitive models.
Petrova Elena Alexandrovna, Doctor in Philology, Associate Professor
Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia eleina.froloff@yandex.ru
THE POLYPARADIGMATIC APPROACH IN STUDYING PROPOZEME-BALANCES
The actuality of our research topic is due to the need of developing our own methodology for complex theoretical comprehension and a multidimensional description of the application of the ideas of the system approach to the comparison of logical and linguistic structures, the creation of a unified theory of human thinking. Any paradigm of scientific knowledge operates with its own tools, characteristic for the implementation of scientific conception per se. In this connection we use our own new categorical apparatus of the realized approach composing eminent constituents of terminological order, such as propozeme and clause.
The novelty of the research is both in the object of the study (propozeme-balances) and in the subject of the study. For the interpretation of propozeme- balances, the logical-cognitive approach is used for the first time, since its essence lies in the fact that it takes into account and unites the logical relations fixed by special cognitive structures and the linguistic components corresponding to them. In this connection, such aspects of the interaction of the systems of language, thinking and consciousness, which are in the focus of the logical-cognitive paradigm, required the introduction of research procedures, methods and approaches of the analysis adequate to the object of study. The above factors prompted us to turn to solve the following tasks: to describe structurally-pragmatic potential of PBs; to analyze logic-cognitive models of PBs; to study the pragmatic aspect of PBs; to characterize PBs communicative types.
To start with, the range of modern linguistic research is quite broad and is based on ontological, epistemological and methodological levels of cognition. Undoubtedly, each science should have its own special perspective in looking at the subject and object of research, emphasizing special distinctive markers in them. However, the current general scientific trends in the development of linguistics and related sciences led to the need to rethink many linguistic phenomena, taking into account the integrated approach to identifying their essence. Philosophy and dynamics of scientific knowledge make it necessary to correlate the latest scientific paradigms in linguistics (logical-cognitive analysis, linguo-pragmatic analysis, linguistic-cognitive modeling of utterance, etc.), which provides a methodological basis for finding new ways to solve the problems that arise before the researcher.
The modern methodology of investigating the semantics of linguistic units from the point of view of their interaction with the cognitive activity of the individual is inextricably linked with the structure of mental representations, since "the structure and principles of language, one way or another, reflect the structure and principles of perception." Hence it follows that the strategies of "concept formation" are more based on the "principles of structure" (i.e. syntax or grammar) of the language than on the specific content of the dictionary or words [3, c. 41].
The distinctive feature of PBs is that in the structural plan they consist of the main clause represented by only one lingual verb and structurally dependent on it by the subject clause and subordinate predicate clause. So, grammatically dependent on it the subordinate clauses obey the main clause, including them in its predicative line. In the semantic sense, the main clause and the two subordinate clauses are synsemantic and form a structural-semantic whole. M. Ya. Blokh notes that the balance offers differ in that they form a "semantically saturated construction with a peculiar stylistic status" when two subordinate clauses are combined into one structure [2, c. 319-322].
Proceeding from the peculiar structure of the PBs, their syntactic body, in our opinion, can be represented schematically as follows: the subject clause + the main clause (expressed by the link verb) + the connector / zero connector + the predicate clause. For example: What riled Andy was that the manager had said he had "standards to maintain" [16, p. 225].
In this sentence, What riled Andy - is the subordinate subject clause, that the manager had said he had "standards to maintain" - is the subordinate predicate clause, was - is the main clause.
Many linguists are unanimous that the structural analysis of any propozeme includes various aspects of its description: the identification and mutual disposition of the number of composite components of the structure, the ways of their implementation, the study of the means of connection of the clauses of the propozeme.
Our analysis shows that the quantitative composition of PBs can be two-part and multi-part. The two-part construction consists only of the main part, surrounded by the subordinate subject and subordinate predicate clauses. In multi-part constructions, either a few corresponding homogeneous subordinate clauses are used, or other types of subordinate clauses follow the additional predicative clause. In addition, the interrelationship in the proposals of multiparty can have a diverse character, and in their structures a combination of subordinate communication along with the compositional and the non-union can be traced. "A multi-part proposal differs from monopredictive sentences due to external and internal structural features" [5, c. 131]. Thus, the presence of modal and temporal plans can be attributed to internal structural features. Since a multi-part sentence consists of several predicative units, a "combination of two or more modal and temporal planes or spheres" arises [Ibidem].
The methods of connection of clauses in a multi-part compound propozeme are referred to external structural features. As for the order and the arrangement of the components of multi-parted PBs, the subordinate predicative clause in the multi-part structure is usually in the postposition (if this is not an interrogative sentence) with respect to the main clause, since it represents the part of the nominal compound predicate, but simultaneously takes a preposition with respect to the subordinate clauses following it. Note that in this case, any other type of subordinate clauses can be used for an additional predicative clause: the main clause +/- connector + the additive predicative clause + the adverbial circumstantial propozeme - What I say is, why go on living with them? [11, p. 37].
Thus, PBs, representing monolithic designs of high degree of fusion, can enter into more complex syntactic connections, which is manifested in the possibility of their inclusion in the composition of multi-lingual units that are characterized by a wide branching of the subordinate clauses, the presence of complex subordination, the combination of several time and modal plans, a variety of ways and means of communication.
According to J. Katz, the semantic component of the linguistic description correlates the depth structure of any sentence of a given language with its semantic interpretation [6, c. 33] or exposure. In the opinion of G. G. Shpet, the exposition is nothing more than a formal base, the correlation of which, or, more precisely, the necessary complement, having in mind "pure" content (meaning) is the interpretation [9, c. 112].
Reasoning about the semantic interpretation of PBs, we proceed from the fact that the semantic organization of the propozeme ensures the "arrangement" in it of certain objective information (dictum) and subjective attitude to this information (mode). The analysis of linguistic material confirmed that the exposition of the semantic organization of the PB includes a complex of components consisting of an objective semantic constant and a subjective variable [8, c. 28]. Consider the following example: What made it worse for me was that I was just curious [16, p. 52]. In the presented PB, what was it worse for me - is the subject clause, that I was purely curious - is the predicate clause, was -is the main clause. The cognitive component of the subordinate subjunctive clause, as a rule, means the cognitive activity of a person, indicates its thought processes and speech activity. In addition, the lexical filling of the subordinate subject clause is due to the semantics of its predicate, the meaning of which is explained by the predicative clause. An addictive predicative clause conveys the content of these processes, explains the specific meaning of the fact. Consequently, in the PBs the subordinate predicative clause fulfills the function of qualification with respect to the subordinate clause.
When studying the logic-cognitive models of PBs, we took into account the fact that this contains the predicate of the subordinate subject clause. Based on the obtained results of the research, we have divided the PB by the types of explicit modes into volitional, emotionally-sensual, mental, emotive (factual and exclusive-emphatic) types, that is, expressing various psychic reactions and the emotional state of the speaker [1, c. 109]. We give examples of different types.
1. Volitional (the predicate of the subordinate subject clause is expressed, as a rule, with the verbs want, desire, order): All I want to know is what's a Scotchman like you doing here? [15, p. 192].
2. Emotionally-sensual, expressing and transmitting various perceptions (the predicate of the subject clause is expressed by the verbs see, understand, hear, like, hate): What he really hated was that she seemed to have shown them all up [12, p. 257].
3. Mental (the predicate of the subordinate subject clause is expressed by the verbs think, mean, suggest, know, understand, realize). Mental modes are the most numerous and form several categories - the mode of positing, the mode of doubt and assumptions, the mode of truth evaluation, the mode of knowledge and ignorance, the mode of general evaluation: What I do think is that you are being very rude to smb who is prepared to like you a good deal [14, p. 185].
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4. Factual (the predicate of the subordinate subject clause is represented by the happen, do): And what happens to little people when they get into the affairs of the great is that they get hurt [13, p. 257].
5. Exclusive-emphatic (the predicate of the subordinate subject clause is expressed by combinations to be important, to be disquieting, to be interesting, etc.). Emotional modes (mental reactions) express an attitude toward an object (situation) that acts as a stimulus for communication, since perception (in a broad sense) underlies emotional reactions; emotional values are compatible with perceptual modes: And what is interesting is that the Zonian when particularly worked about the civilization he has brought to the isthmus will point to the dividing line and say "Look at the contrast" [16, p. 326].
Summarizing the examples illustrated, it can be seen that the PBs are basically complex modes, reminiscent of a system of concentric circles; the mode of one dictum (appendage subject clause) is "surrounded" by another mode (the predicate clause), itself, becoming in relation to it, dictum.
The next stage of our study is a pragmatic aspect based on the paradigmatic syntax provisions, according to which the predicative functions in the propozeme realize the relation of the objective situation to the objective reality reflected in the sentence. According to M. Ya. Blokh, "the expression of the categorical aggregate of predicative meanings is indispensable for any sentence and is the basis of its modifying semantics, which directly follows from the communicative nature of the sentence expressing an obligatory predicative assessment of the reflected situation of reality" [2, c. 123]. Thus, based on predicative categories, it is possible to isolate what is the semantic load and to what extent it finds its embodiment in one or another sentence.
The paradigmatization of the majority of propozeme for the class of predicative functions is carried out by turning this set into opposition with distinctive features reflecting the generalized predicative meanings of the propozeme. Hence it follows that the distinctive feature is realized by the opposition of two members - strong / marked / and weak / unmarked /. In propozeme-balances, as a rule, a combination of more than two predicative features can be traced. For example: All I was trying to say was perhaps that if we tried to sharpen our wits and think of a likely place... [10, p. 134].
The syntactic predicative load in the illustrated construction is three. It includes, first, the expression of probability (the index of perhaps the category "probability modality"); second, an expression of an attempt to perform an action (a try indicator in the category "actual subject-to-action ratio"); third, an expression of emotionality (the propozeme is not completed in meaning, as evidenced by the punctuation mark - the gap used to convey the emotional state of the character, proving his case).
Based on the actual saturation of the predicative-syntactic content, any type of a propozeme can be divided into a class of "light" (with a predicative load from zero to two) and a class of "heavy" (with a predicative load of three or more) designs. An analysis of empirical material has shown that PBs belong to the category of "heavy" designs, since the complication of the significant-situational semantics of analyzed linguistic units is carried out along the line of development of the system of their constructional functions (usually the quantitative extension of the subordinate clause).
In the speech chain, the propozeme takes on an actual aspect and turns into a statement correlated with the specific circumstances of communication. When language is used in a particular instance of communication, the basic and at the same time the minimal unit of speech is a statement, since "every minimal proposition is a sentence, and a sentence is an invariant of the set of statements" [4, c. 30].
In the process of people language communication, PBs are an independent unit of information, since it is the sentence, as the predicative unit, that is the primary, integral information carrier capable of displaying the situation of some action or state with its evaluation. The communicative-pragmatic aspect of the sentence can be explored on the basis of a system of two binary oppositions - a narrative sentence - an incentive sentence, a narrative sentence - an interrogative sentence, or, taking into account the aspect of the speech realization of the communicative type of the sentence, within the framework of the opposition the narrative sentence is an appellate sentence [2, c. 111-113].
To go on, PBs are characterized by mixed communicative types, such as narrative-interrogative and, less often, narrative-motivational. Interrogative and motivational content of narrative PB can be formally expressed / explicit and / or formally hidden / implicit. Traditionally implicit in science is considered within the framework of philosophical and linguistic approaches. Philosophical approaches explain implicity as an implicitly presented judgment, inference, syllogism. The linguistic approach involves considering the discrepancy between the expression plan and the content plan with all the consequences [7, c. 14]. In the below propozeme-balance, the sema of questionability and motivation is contained directly in the subordinate predicative clause. We attribute such propozemes to the narrative-motivational type, since the incentive sema embedded in the subordinate predicative clause expresses an incentive-narrative sense. In the present PB, the motivation is expressed in a relaxed form - the Council that turns into plea: What I really meant, was please do talk about whatever you talk about if only I wasn't here [12, p. 78]. - What I really mean is that, please, talk about it, whatever you want, but not in my presence.
So, setting out the principles of the structural and semantic organization of the PBs, we came to the following conclusions:
1. PBs can be two-part and multi-part by the quantitative composition of the units included in them.
2. From the point of view of expressed predicative features, PBs are distinguished by the ability to transmit a sufficiently wide range of functional semantics.
3. The semantic saturation of the components of PBs manifests a variety of modular questionnaire based on the study of metacategory by their meaning and the expression plan.
4. Different communicative setups of PBs have shown a symmetrical refinement of the representation of the general system of communicative types of propozemes within which we distinguish cardinal (narrative and less frequently interrogative) and sometimes intermediate (narrative-interrogative and narrative-incentive) communicative types.
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7. Нефедова Л. А. Когнитивно-типологический аспект импликативной коммуникации: автореф. дисс. ... д. филол. н. Екатеринбург, 2001. 41 с.
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ПОЛИПАРАДИГМАЛЬНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ПРОПОЗЕМ-БАЛАНСОВ
Петрова Елена Александровна, д. филол. н., доцент Уфимский юридический институт МВД России eleina.froloff@yandex. ru
В настоящей статье мы поставили перед собой цель проанализировать структурно-прагматические и логико-когнитивные модели пропозем-балансов, обладающих широким диапазоном функциональных особенностей. В статье впервые исследуются структура, семантика, логико-когнитивный потенциал данных лингвистических единиц на основе полипа-радигмального подхода. Коммуникативные особенности пропозем-балансов анализируются на основе категориальной совокупности предикативных значений. Успешному решению задач в заданном исследовательском поле способствовало взаимодействие таких гуманитарных наук, как логика, философия языка, когнитивная лингвистика, научные и практические результаты которых помогли в достижении намеченной цели.
Ключевые слова и фразы: пропоземы-балансы; клаузема; предикативная нагрузка; модус; логико-когнитивные модели.
УДК 8; 81 Дата поступления рукописи: 25.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2018-9-1.33
В данной статье предпринята попытка описать когнитивный подход к пониманию метафоры, определить ее роль в процессе развития значений фразеологизмов. В работе представлены взгляды на метафору известных ученых, каждый из которых по-своему интерпретирует этот сложный языковой феномен. Основное внимание уделено исследованию устойчивых фразеологических выражений из области музыки и их употреблению в литературных произведениях. Автор анализирует фразеологические единицы, описывая возникновение их значений, а также образы, с которыми они ассоциируются.
Ключевые слова и фразы: метафора; когнитивный процесс; фразеологизм; концепт; образ; когнитивная модель; фрейм.
Почуева Наталья Николаевна
Тульский государственный педагогический университет имени Л. Н. Толстого nata.pochuewa@yandex.ru
ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОГНИТИВНОЙ МЕТАФОРЫ КАК СРЕДСТВА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ РУССКОГО И АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)
Цель данной работы - проанализировать фразеологические единицы, в основе которых лежат метафоры, являющиеся универсальным орудием мышления и познания мира. Актуальность рассматриваемой проблемы обусловлена тем, что, несмотря на множество работ, посвященных исследованию метафоры, многие ее аспекты по-прежнему остаются спорными и недостаточно изученными. Более того, метафора до сих пор продолжает вызывать интерес у большинства ученых, становясь все более интенсивным и популярным направлением разных областей знания: от философии и психологии до семиотики и риторики. Все это предопределяет актуальность
