CC BY
31
DOI 10.14526/01_1111_149
THE PECULIARITIES OF SPRINT TECHNIQUE IMPROVEMENT
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - doctor of pedagogics, professor, Michail O. Markin - candidate of pedagogics, assistant professor, Anna A. Egorova - undergraduate, Ylia D. Romanova - undergraduate Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail: ld nazarenko@mail.ru
Annotation. Sprint is characterized by more difficult technique and it conditions relatively slow increase of results, makes training period of highly-qualified sprinters longer. It causes the necessity to develop constantly the methodology of training sprinters, the main and additional factors revelation and analysis, which influence the speed of running. Materials. Physiological mechanisms of the running steps improvement in sprint helps to determine from new positions the importance of each sportsman's individual peculiarities, which condition the choice of more effective means and methods of sports training. The article is about a new approach to the methodology of individual sprint technique improvement on the basis of physiological mechanism of the running steps; factors, which influence the effectiveness of running revelation; complex of pedagogical conditions determination, reaction of which provides timely correction of the running steps technique, taking into consideration the peculiarities of the mechanism of interaction with the support. Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, pedagogical experiment, testing, statistical data handling. Results. Created methodology was approved during the pedagogical experiment. One of new elements of sprint technique development methodology was a physiological mechanism of sprint running steps explanation to sportsmen and it conditioned their understanding the importance of special exercises clear fulfillment in accordance with the set spatiotemporal and spatio-power parameters. At the same time, great attention was paid to variability of motional skills formation, by means of different fulfillment conditions of motional tasks system use. Variety of sports training and methodological techniques methods helped to take into consideration individual peculiarities of sprinters. Conclusion. As the results ofpedagogical experiment showed, new elements, which are included into the content of sprint running steps improvement technique methodology provided the perception of novelty in the training process and it caused great interest of female athletes, activated their cognitive and motional activity. It also became one of the competitive activity effectiveness increase factors among female sprinters from the experimental group.
Keywords: running, short distances, physiological mechanism, control, methodology, pedagogical experiment.
Urgency. Among different kinds of athletics running the most difficult according to technique is considered sprint with typical for it maximum intensity. It is conditioned by a rational organization of an organism activity in a maximum short time period and it demands maximum quick mobilization of the functional reserves. Effective working capacity provision in a short time period with
a maximum possible nervous-muscular tension is a kind of stress, in order to overcome this stress it is necessary to develop constantly physical, technical-tactical and psychological training. Psycho-emotional readiness to solve difficult motional problem starts from a rational low start; an optimal position of the parts of a body mainly influence the effectiveness of the first running steps [1]. In
this kind of distance increases the importance of sportsman's individual abilities and skills revelation and taking into consideration. Depending on the ratio of height-weight indices and the length of the lower and upper extremities considerably changes the technique of start fulfillment, starting speeding-up and running straight and at the finish. One of the peculiarities of a sprinter's muscles work is the necessity to adapt them to the work in anaerobic conditions.
The aim of this work is theoretical substantiation of the necessity to improve individual running technique of qualified female sprinters.
Objectives: 1. To reveal a physiological mechanism of sprint.
2. To determine individual peculiarities of the running technique of sprinters. 3. To create the methodology of qualified female sprinters' individual technique improvement.
Materials. Physiological mechanism of sprint is conditioned by a powerful impulse force from the working muscles into cerebral cortex. Moving to a new level of activity, when locomotor apparatus works with a maximum tension, providing vegetative functions don't have time for achieving necessary level and it leads to their activity dissonance. In this moment great importance have volitional efforts of a sportsman, by means of which a sprinter overcomes this difficult period. A working level demands considerable tension of regulatory processes, which condition the correspondence of vegetative and motional functions at the achieved level. In comparison with running at mid and long distances the time of such kind of transfer decreases [3].
Maximum intensity of the running steps is provided by high activity of neurons, which control locomotor apparatus activity and which perceive a powerful stream of afferent impulses from propriorecepts of the working muscles. Intensive work of nervous centers is fulfilled in terms of oxygen deficiency and it quickly leads to tiredness development. Qualified sprinter's muscles are able to show considerable power for a strong take off from a support; can quickly contract and relax.
Owing to these qualities a sprinter can achieve individually-maximum speed of running. "Explosive" qualities of muscles and the ability to relax quickly determine the effectiveness of competitive activity [9,10].
One of the factors, which determine the speed of distance overcoming, is an optimal frequency and length of the steps, the ratio of which is conditioned by the volume of height-weight indices, the length of the lower extremities and the level of physical and technical-tactical readiness. A sprinter's activity is realized in anaerobic conditions, when the main role in speed preservation belongs to the intensity of high-energy phosphoprous-containing compounds
rehabilitation: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP). A sprinter has frequent breathing because of psycho-emotional state, oxygen need in 100 meters running is from 6 to 13l. Oxygen debt is more than 90% from an oxygen need and it proves the necessity to develop anaerobic productivity. However, in this case great importance gain aerobic processes, which provide decrease of rehabilitation time.
With sportsmanship improvement tempo of running increase is realized by means of supporting period decrease time, the duration of which is determined by a difficult cycle of neurophysiological and biological processes. It proves that achieved by a sprinter speed is conditioned not only by power and speed parameters of the working muscles, but also by high coordination of movements, owing to which the structure of motor acts becomes more developed and effective. As V.K. Balsevich, 2000underlines, the main parameters, which determine the speed of sprint, are the following:
- tempo and length of the running steps;
- duration of supporting and unsupported intervals;
- time of foot amortization while putting stationary foot on a running track and repulsion;
- rhythm of the running steps. [4-6].
These parameters hase great importance for individual peculiarities of
motional actions study in running at competitive distance, helps to reveal the opportunities of more effective control over the process of running steps technique improvement. New elements, which form the content of sprint running steps technique improvement methodology, provided novelty perception in the training process and it caused great interest of the female athletes, activated their cognitive and motional activity. It also became one of the competitive activity effectiveness factors increase among female sprinters from the experimental group.
One of the most important structural components of locomotor act in sprint is repulsion, which provides translational motion of a sportsman's body in space and time. A rational repulsion from the support mainly determines the duration of the flight phase, and in this case great importance has the height of flight, conditioned by the volume of speeding-up during the moment of the final phase of repulsion. One of the factors, which provide effectiveness of repulsion, is the power of the lower extremities muscles.
Sports results increase in sprint is mainly conditioned by a rational use of the special exercises system, which provide speedpower qualities improvement. In this case correspondence of the used means to anatomic-physiological parameters of the running steps is very important [2, 7, 8, 11]. The power of repulsion determines the length and duration of unsupported phase.
Results and their discussion. The specificity of physical and technical training of sprinters is in the necessity to use speed-power exercises, which provide separate muscular groups strengthening, which take part in running steps fulfillment in case of their precise batching. During the methodology creation of sprint running steps technique development among qualified female sprinters these items were used, which determined the choice of the special exercises system, methods of training, methodical techniques, conditioning effectiveness of the used means increase and the factors and conditions, which influence the effectiveness of competitive activity.
Competitive distance overcoming begins from low start, leaving which considerably influences the results of running, as in case of maximum short distance each movement determines speed development. The choice of the starting position is determined by several factors: height of a runner, length of the lower and upper extremities, motional reactions to a shot, ability to fulfill a powerful simultaneous repulsion from the areas of starting blocks. From different variants of a start fulfillment the most effective is determined during the process of its repeated fulfillment with speed of the initial movements analysis.
An important peculiarity of a start and starting stride fulfillment is the necessity to preserve a body position, when the spine is almost parallel to the surface of the running track, as it decreases resisting force of the oncoming air stream. In such kind of position a runner achieves maximum speed and it helps to decrease the duration of a starting stride. Optimal is the body position, when the most part of the supporting phase is ahead of the point of rest and it creates the conditions for muscular efforts directing during repulsion. During gradual body straightening the leg is put on the projection of a general center of gravity (GCG) and then forward. It helps to increase speed gradually and make running steps longer with a simultaneous decrease of body bending.
During body straightening till a vertical position running steps technique has much in common with the characteristics of running along a distance. In order to master these peculiarities of the running technique at the beginning of the distance during transformation to the rhythm, peculiar for running at an average part of a distance, sportsmen were offered different conditions of the running steps fulfillment, beginning from the start:
- running along not big height,10-15°;
- downhill running,10-15°;
- straight running with some small load (a rucksack) 3-5 kg.
One of the important parameters, which determine the technique of sprint, is the character of the supporting reactions.
The research works of V.D. Kryazhev, 2002, showed, that the amplitude of vertical vibrations of GCG, which depends on the duration of the flying phase, has a great influence on the speed of repulsion from the support. An optimal ratio of the unsupported phase duration, resilient foot placing on a running track and the volumes of vertical vibrations are provided by co-ordination of the main parameters of interaction with the support. The following exercises provide these skills formation:
- repulsion by two legs, jump forward on the right leg (fore-part of a foot) with further repulsion and running forward;
- repulsion by two legs, jump forward on the left leg (fore-part of a foot) with further repulsion and running forward;
- the same after turning around and etc.
It is important to master rational
movements with the upper extremities: energetic movement down-back, when landing on the front part of the right foot the right hand goes down and back. During landing and repulsion it is important to master the detail of a technique, which influences greatly the effectiveness of interaction with the support: landing on the right leg for a very quick repulsion fulfillment, which prevents from landing on the whole foot.
In order to master a rational position of the front foot of the stationary foot the following techniques are used:
- mark chalk on the running shoes and after the exercise fulfillment study a footprint on a support;
- during the stationary foot placing state the position of the parts of a body relative to the support;
-from the lunge on the right leg (support on the front part of a foot), the left hand forward, the right back, jumping change the legs position going forward and changing hands position.
The main methods of training were the following: repeating, interval, alternating, circular, playing and competitive (in order to
estimate the accuracy of the set spatiotemporal and spatio-power parameters of motional actions reproduction). During a purposeful work concerning individual sprint techniques development for the effectiveness of special exercises fulfillment the following pedagogical conditions were used:
- mutual comparative analysis (with a female-runner) of an ideal technique - during orientation at a set standard- running of V. Borzov and the main parameters of a female-runner's running steps;
- a clear aim and a system of the definite objectives setting;
- a clear aim and a system of the definite objectives setting, which provide correction of an individual running technique, with a full analysis of their realization at every training lesson;
- muscular senses remembering while fulfilling special exercises in different conditions;
- the necessity realization of a constant self-analysis of motor acts;
- the dependency revelation of competitive activity results improvement on a qualitative change of the running steps parameters.
In order to check the effectiveness of created by us methodology of an individual sprint technique development a pedagogical experiment was held. 27 qualified female-runners (I category, candidate masters), who were 17-21 years-old, took part in the experiment. The control group (CG)-13 people and the experimental group (EG)- 14 people were organized. Before the pedagogical experiment a test was held in order to reveal the initial level of special running readiness. The results analysis didn't reveal considerable differences according to the level of running readiness among the female athletes from the CG and the EG. In the CG the training lessons were held according to generally adopted methodology in accordance with the program of runners training, recommended by athletics federation. In the EG created by us methodology was used.
After the end of the pedagogical experiment one more test was held, which
showed, that the training level increased in both groups. However, in the EG the indices increase turned out to be higher. In 30 meters running in the CG with the initial results 5,07±0,15 seconds the results of the pedagogical experiment increased till 4,98 ±0,13 seconds; in the EG with the initial results 5,01±0,14 seconds the indices improved till 4,62 ±0,12 seconds (p>0,05). In the CG in 60 meters running with the initial results 8,12±0,10 seconds to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased till 7,95±0,11 seconds (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 8,10±0,14 seconds after the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 7,72 ±0,09 seconds (p>0,05). In 100 meters running in the CG with the initial results 12,92±0,14 seconds to the end of the pedagogical experiment the speed increased till 12,75±0,12 seconds (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 12,93±0,13 seconds the indices improved till 12,34±0,10 seconds (p>0,05).
Conclusion. Thus, the results of pedagogical experiment showed the expediency and effectiveness of created by us methodology of sprint technique development, which is based on the parameters of the running steps revelation and analysis, their importance for individual technique of the running steps correction; interconnections setting between the studied parameters. Moreover, for the individual sprint technique development it is important to reveal its physiological mechanisms, which is necessary for pedagogical conditions revelation, influencing the effectiveness of the training process and the choice of the adequate means and methods of sports training.
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Submitted: 24.10.2016 Received: 27.10.2016
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - doctor of pedagogics, professor, Head of the Department of Human Biology and the foundations of medical knowledge Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 the anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Michail O. Markin - candidate of pedagogics, assistant professor, assistant professor of sport sciences and physical education faculty, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 the anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia. Anna A. Egorova - undergraduate of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 the anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia.
Ylia D. Romanova - undergraduate of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 the anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia.
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