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Yulchiev Aslbek Bahtiyorbekovich, Faculty of food production Tashkent chemical technological institute
E-mail: asilbek84@list.ru Abdurakhimov Saidakbar Abdurakhmanov, Professor Faculty of food production Tashkent chemical technological institute Serkayev Qamar Pardayevich Ph. D. Faculty of food production Tashkent chemical technological institute
The change of gossypol composition during the moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake by different methods
Abstract: In the article are discussed the results of investigations on the changes of free and bound gossypol content in the processes of traditional moisture-heat treatment of cotton cake and using microwave radiation.
On the basis of experimental investigations are concluded that for obtaining high gossypol cottonseed oil efficient to use of microwave energy, which allows to preserve the free gossypol and extract oil from pressing the pulp due to minimal change its natural internal structure.
Keywords: bound gossypol, microwave radiation, gossiprotein, gossifosfatid.
In the literature it’s known a number of works on the disclosure mechanism of the process of moisture heat processing of cotton cake by convective method in a brazier with six vats using live steam.
Difficulty of such processing of cottonseed cake confirmed the formation of several production
gossypol involving proteins, amino acids, phospholipids, sugar and others.Convective heating of cottonseed cake takes place unevenly, which causes to form a shortage of underdeveloped internal structure and inefficient extraction of the oil that is difficult to extract, gossypol and others [1-4].
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The change of gossypol composition during the moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake by different methods
Schematically, localization ofthe main components of cottonseed cake can be represented as follows (Figure 1).
Materials and methods.
This is oil, i. e. tryacylglycerides localized in globules (packs) a natural polymer, which are protein in frame. Gossypol glands, where localized gossypol are also at some places in the inside of cottonseed cake.
Fig.1. Scheme localization major components in cottonseed cake:
1 — globule of oil; 2 — protein scaffolds;
3 — gossypol glands; 4 — pore channels
In traditional processing of moisture heat processing live steam strongly moisturizes and heats the surface of cottonseed cake, causing flooding channels, where oil is transported. Sometimes severe swelling and heating protein skeleton lead to its chemical interaction with gossypol which is located in glands. Formed compounds ofgossypol are stable and substantially insoluble in the recovered oil.
Results of researches.
Gossypol is localized in specific morphological formations (gossypol glands), distributed in the thickness of the cotyledons of cotton seeds. The amount in the core ranges from 0,002 to 6,64% of the mass of the nucleus [3; 4].
Intense brown color of crude cottonseed oil is caused by mainly transformation products of gossypol. Under action of heat, moisture, atmospheric oxygen during the process of moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake may occur following conversion of gossypol (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 shows that the gossypol is highly reactive component of cottonseed cake which contains two aldehyde groups and six hydroxyl groups, two of which are in the ortho- position relative to the aldehyde groups and have acidic character.
Fig.2. Scheme transformations of gossypol in convective moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake in brazier with six vats
Table 1 presents the basic conditions for the formation of derivatives of gossypol indicated in Figure 2.
Of course, to determine each product individually transformation of gossypol is difficult and there is a special need. For our purposes it suffices to study the change in the total derivatives of gossypol.
From Table 1 it is seen that gossypol reacting with aliphatic amino acid with the solid phase can
occur when it is heated in a steam atmosphere to form brown, orange, blue and black, and are not soluble in organic solvents soluble compounds of different composition and properties. For example, the synthesis of gossypol — azomethine derivatives of amino acids proceeds with gossypol aldehyde groups and amino groups of amino acids under the conditions shown in Table 1.
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Tab 1. - The main technological conditions for the formation of derivatives of gossypol during moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake
№ Name of derived gossypol Conditions for the formation of derived gossypol
Temperature, °C Humidity,% Time, Minutes Others
1 Gossypol azomethine derivatives of amino acids 110-130 9,5-13,5 Not less than 10 minutes in an atmosphere of water vapor
2 Gossyproteids: - fragile 70-100 7,5-10,0 Not less than 10 minutes -
- strong 115-130 11,0-14,0 Not less than 20 minutes in an atmosphere of water vapor
3 Gossyphosphates 105-110 9,5-14,0 Not less than 5 minutes In the presence of water
4 Products of oxidative changes of gossypol (anhydrogossypol and i.e) 100-140 9,5-14,0 Not less than 30 minutes In the presence of molecular oxygen
Gossypol interaction with protein substances at moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake depending on the intensity of exposure to heat and temperature levels are robust and fragile gossyproteid connections. Thus in both cases the interaction is mediated by aldehyde groups of gossypol and free amino groups of protein substances.
Interaction with gossypol phosphatides
occurs involving aldehyde groups of gossypol and free amino groups of amino acids of phosphatides.
Products oxidative changes of gossypol
(angidrogossypol, etc.) is considered new products differ in their properties, composition, and others. Moreover, the presence of molecular oxygen is largely accelerates changes gossypol, and water vapor — weakens
them. Most of these products much more high painted than the original gossypol. They can accumulate at selfwarming cotton seeds, roasted pulp and others [3; 4].
Therefore, the higher the temperature, the duration of its effect and more gossypol contacting with air, the more is contained in butter and more varied gossypol derivatives obtained.
We have studied the changes of content of free and bound gossypol in the process of traditional moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake and using microwave radiation.Thus, the microwave processing of cottonseed cake humidity husk content of 14% and 15% of the total mass at the frequency of2450 MHz for 15 minutes using 300 watts.
The results are shown in Table 2.
Tab 2. - Changing the content of free and bound gossypol during conventional processing of moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake and using microwave radiation
№ Name of the research product Content of gossypol’,%
Free Bound Total
Before processing
1 Cottonseed cake (humidity14% and husk content 15%) 1,81 0,18 1,99
After processing
2 Cottonseedpulp, obtainedwith traditional method in brazier with six vat (control) 0,65 0,97 1,62
3 Cottonseedpulp, obtainedusing microwave radiation (experiment) 1,38 0,45 1,83
Note: ’Analyzes conducted by aniline
From Table 2 it is clear that the use of microwave processing of cottonseed cake content of free and bound gossypol in the seeds and skins of 1,38 and 0,45%, respectively. In conventional processing of moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake content of free and bound gossypol in pulp 0,65 and 0,97%, respectively.
As it can be seen, with moisture-heat treated cottonseed cake in an industrial brazier with six vats, the content of free gossypol is reduced from 1.81 to 0.65 i. e. about 2,8 times, and bound gossypol increases from 0,18 to 0,97 i. e. about 5,4 times.
When processing cottonseed cake with moisture heat processing using microwave radiation free gossypol
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Physical and chemical aspects of obtaining of sericin from silk waste to size cotton yarn
decreases from 1,81 to 1,38%, i. e. about 1,3 times, and bound gossypol increases from 0,18 to 0,45%, i. e. about 2,5 times.
Conclusions.
Comparative analysis of the two methods of moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake described that the use of microwave radiation observed a minimal change in the content of free and bound gossypol, which is necessary to obtain cottonseed oil with high content of gossypol. Uniform temperature distribution over the entire volume
of cottonseed cake with minimal structural changes using its microwave radiation causes the maximum yield of gossypol in the cottonseed oil pressed.
Thus, based on the results of a comparative study of traditional processes of moisture heat processing of cottonseed cake and using microwave radiation can be concluded that for cottonseed oil with high content of gossypol efficient use ofmicrowave energy, which allows to preserve the free gossypol and extract the oil from the pulp pressing due minimum change its natural internal structure.
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3. Shcherbakov V..Chemistryand biochemistry ofoilseed processing. - M.: Food Industry - 1977. - 162 p.
4. KopeykovskyV. M., DanilchukS. I., GarbuzovaG. I.and others. The technology of productionofvegetable oils.- M.: Light and Food Industry, -1982. - 416 p.
5. MarkmanA. L., RzhehinV. P. Gossypoland its derivatives. - M.: Food Industry - 965. - 244 p.
6. RzhehinV. P. Investigation ofthe most importantchemical processesin the processing ofoilseedsand some new-solutionsto improvethe useof oilseeds andproduct quality.Report onaggregatework performedfor the degreeof Doctor of TechnicalSciences. - M.: MTIFP. - 1964-118 p.
Yaminova Zarrina Akramovna, Technological University of Tajikistan E-mail: zyaminova@inbox.ru
Physical and chemical aspects of obtaining of sericin from silk waste to size cotton yarn
Abstract: In connection with the transition of the silk industry companies on the market relation, increase in production and processing of products made of natural silk will increase by rational using of raw materials and development of a cocoon-waste processing technologies cocoons. The quality of raw materials and the presence of up to 30% of the natural adhesive as sericin, we carried out research on development of an effective way of obtaining of solution for consideration and dressing powder.
Keywords: powder, extract, sericin, Microscopy, sizing, silk waste, dressing, viscosity.
Sizing is carried out to improve the performance of weaving machines by reducing breakage bases on weaving machines. The essence of sizing consists in impregnating of main threads and making their surfaces adhesive for bonding the fibers and forming a film on the surface of threads. Sizing is the most important stage in the preparation of the main yarn for weaving. The slightest error in the sizing can greatly improve breakage bases on looms and, consequently, reduce their productivity.
Currently, they are most used starch as an adhesive component ofsize. As we know, starch as thickener, and as a component of the sizing has a number of disadvantages,
besides they add caustic soda, cottonseed oil, white, split materials (chemicals), surfactants (surface active agents), supporting materials as disintegrates, acid, enzymes (nitride substance formed in the living cells of animals and plants), oxidants, caustic soda, chloramine silicate, emollients, humectants, antiseptics, antistatics, wetting agents, defoamers, etc. The process of sizing should be productive, economical, hygienic and provides high-quality warp beam. By our studies [PATENT, № 492, “Method of obtaining dressing for sizing of cotton yarn" 23.05.2011, Yaminova Z. A., A. B. Ishmatov and a patent number 002, “Method of obtaining sericin from silk
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