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---------------------- Strategic Management ----------------------
УДК 330(477):346.543
H. S. Chernova,
Donetsk National Ttechnical University,
Ukraine
THEORETICAL BASIS FOR EVALUATION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC
COMPETITIVENESS
Part Two
According to M. Porter’s theory, maintenance of competitive advantage in the global economy depends, primarily, on local correlation “things — knowledge” and motivation, with which remote competitors can not compare. Today’s world economic map is characterized by what he calls “clusters”: “geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries and associated institutions (e.g. institutions, bodies for standardization and trade associations) in particular competing spheres of economy, but at the same time they cooperate with each other. He proves that leading companies-exporters in a number of different countries are not isolated by success stories, but belong to successful groups of competitors within related industries.
Porter gives three broadened explanations for impact of clusters on a competitiveness:
a) increased competitiveness through open access to specialized contribution and workers-specialists, expansion of access to information for institutions and public goods and promotion of complementary economic activities;
6) increased innovation potential of company by a faster spread of technological knowledge and innovations. Competitive pressures within each cluster increases a motivation of companies to innovation activity;
b) stimulation of formation of new enterprises through formation of individual enterprises by company employees with help of separation (spin-off) [19].
What Porter calls clusters, also is called “industrial districts” according to Ch. Kindelberh, “new industrial zones” according to J. Tobin, “regional production complexes” according to J. Faherberh and so on, depending on the specific characteristics of such agglomeration. Gradually, more attention began to be paid to the soft characteristics of this agglomeration, such as social, institutional and cultural foundations of clusters and other non-profit relationships between firms that make up the cluster. These include “spillover effect” (spillovers) of knowledge and the notion of “collective learning”, which were recognized as playing a key role in promoting
of innovations and entrepreneurial dynamics within clusters (some authors call it “regions, which teach” — learning regions ) [10, p. 124].
By Worldwide Economic Forum’s methodology a division into three development stages is the basis of the theory of competitiveness. Each of these stages has a set of factors that affect a competitiveness of a country, namely:
a) “Factor stage”, spread to countries with the lowest development level, for which the mobilization of basic production factors is essential condition for macroeconomic growth, namely:
— public and social institutions;
— infrastructure;
— macroeconomic stability;
— health protection and primary education.
6) Investment stage concerns the countries with the status of average profitability. The main factors, affecting the country’s competitiveness, are:
— higher education and professionsl training;
— goods and services market efficiency;
— labor market efficiency;
— financial market development;
— available new technology;
— market size.
b) Innovative stage concerns the countries with high-leveled economic development, which made the transition from the economy, importing technology to an economy that creates technology. The main factors influencing national competitiveness are:
— business development level;
— innovative potential.
Creation of competitive advantages in the country also is affected by a number of groups of factors which are the basis of methodology of evaluating of country’s competitiveness of the International Institute for Management Development. These factors include:
— macroeconomic situation (a monetary sphere, a state of labor market, GDP per capita, production of major types of production per capita (a development level of individual sectors);
Table 1
SWOT-analysis
Factor Advantages Disadvantages
1. Geographical location Landscape diversity; transportation hub; metropolitan center; attractive natural environment natural limits of country; peripheral position of country; remoteness from main roads; uniform natural environment
2. Population activity and creativity of population; many qualified people (science and technology); developed culture and art unemployment; high proportion of disabled persons; high proportion of poorly adapted ethnic minorities
4. Ecology landscape park; natural reserves; countries of security landscape environmental pollution, industrial waste, noise
5. Residential are various residential buildings shortage of accommodation; poor technical condition of buildings, especially municipal ones; low productivity of construction industry
6. Engineering infrastructure high availability of electricity; modernization and expansion of telecommunications; construction of new treatment buildings poor condition of streets, roads and areas, including access roads to settlement; outdated system of waste collection and processing; inefficient heating system; low level of telecommunications development, poor functioning of communication; high accident rate on municipal utilities
7. Social infrastructure developed sectors of science, technologies and high formation; cultural and architectural legacy (old town, relics, museums); rich cultural life poor material resources: health, welfare, nurseries and gardens, schools, arts and culture, sport and leisure; low level of public safety; lack of means for social development (budget constraints)
8. Economy center of world economic life; well-developed system of logistics and its mainland part; potential of engineering and auto repair industry; international airports inefficient banking system; lack of hotel service; weak system of domestic service; lack of material resources of recreation
— trade policy;
— investment policy;
— monetary policy;
— situation in the labor market and employment policy;
— stability of political system (government transparency, little corruption, multi-party system, national and confessional tolerance, human rights, stability and harmonization with international legal norms of the legislation of country);
— fiscal policy;
— institutional development;
— business efficiency;
— state of science and education;
— health.
According to World Bank’s methods, the main factors which affect country’s competitiveness are:
1. Socio-economic system of country. In different socio-economic systems there are different conditions of functioning of government, economics, traditions, that greatly affects the possibility of types of competitive advantage. For example, a competitive advantage of a capitalist socio-economic system over other socioeconomic formations is that human labor becomes a
commodity, there is personal freedom of all participants of economic activity, commodity-money relations are improved. In a social-oriented market economy, competitive advantages is capital concentration on the basis of collective private and public property, active state regulation of national economy in order to stimulate consumer demand and supply, prevent crises, unemployment, inflation, etc., formation of state social programs [22, p. 109].
2. Internal economic security by production factors. The maximum self-sufficiency through domestic resources involves reduction of financial, transport and temporary costs and losses [23, p. 29].
3. Development of STP, technological independence, formation and development of state scientific areas are possible only when there is adequate public funding of basic and applied science, integrated stimulation of rapid implementation of high-quality developments that will depend on a country’s strategic interests.
4. Human and intellectual capital.
It is not enough only to analyze an impact of external and internal environments and to conclude about country’s competitiveness, we must justify significance and level of influence on the country’s further development of specific factors and their groups. The most suitable tool for this is SWOT-analysis. SWOT-is an analysis of external and internal factors which can identify those sectors and activities where the country has considerable development potential, and also to formulate specific objectives and actions (measures), which have to be taken to realize this potential. Furthermore, it turns out owing to which parameters a country is ahead of other countries or is behind them, and what it is necessary to do in order to improve competitiveness of a country (table 1).
Also, it is necessary to select international factors which affect national competitiveness:
— international law;
— international trade policy;
— TNC;
— world currency stability;
— new forms of trade relations, including international strategic alliances;
— virtual trade development;
— increased role of international institutions, which regulate trade and economic relations (IMF, WTO, World Bank).
Thus, having considered several approaches to allocation of factors, influencing a national competitiveness, we can make a general conclusion. Only the relationship of factors groups affect formation of competitive advantages in a country. As the preliminary
analysis shows, these factors groups include: a level of political stability in country; country’s socio-economic parameters, a correspondence level of country’s infrastructure parameters by international and national standards; a type of socio-economic system and model of state economic policy; natural climatic, geographical, environmental parameters of country; internal security by production factors; information resources; optimal space technology, entrepreneurial and innovative activity in country; a level of country’s international integration and cooperation.
Methodical approach to the analysis of competitiveness was developed in foreign economic science from the early 80’s, when the works were published, containing the basic elements of the theory of national economic competitiveness, which successfully are used currently for researching problems in countries with transition economy. On the recommendations of international organizations, many countries have economic reforms, which did not give the expected result that led to the need for new methodological approaches to evaluation of economic growth. Among the factors of economic growth there were infrastructure, security, macroeconomic situation, development of financial institutions, innovation, human capital. By the end of 90’s, priority is innovation development. For the first half of 2000’s, typical study of investment climate, administrative barriers, enterprise competitiveness [24, p. 104].
The studies have shown that, despite the different approaches to measure a competitiveness, all the components of the proposed methodologies are important for assessing of economic development, but, in each individual country, the most bottleneck may be a factor. Successful usually are those countries that have managed to create their own unique institutions, not those who simply copied foreign experience. This conclusion required a development of tools for regular monitoring of economic state, particularly, in countries with transition economies. International organizations in their annual reports focus on one or another the most urgent problem of competitiveness increasing.
A weighty contribution in studying of competition problems between countries was made by the annual reports of Worldwide Economic Forum (World Economic Forum, WEF), World Bank, the Institute for Management Development (International Institute for Management Development, IMD) in Lausanne, Switzerland, Council on Competitiveness of U.S. [25, p. 9].
International experience shows that evaluation of economic competitiveness consists of numerous components which, complementing each other, ensure sustainable economic and welfare growth of the population in a relatively free international trade and financial markets.
In economic research there is widely used comparative analysis between countries of main macroeconomic indicators, namely “competitiveness bench-marking” and “policy bench-marking”. The purpose of this analysis at the macro level—Ha jiamH^eis not just to identify, among entire set of domestic producers, the companies, that successfully compete in international markets, industries and sectors, but also to allocate factors which affect competitiveness and create competitive advantages of country. Of course, this methodical approach to competitiveness analysis has its limitations. Among them there is, first, lack of adequate information about these or other competitiveness indicators and the factors which determine it, and, second, inability of one or another country to provide an advantage over countries-competitors in all parameters and competitiveness factors, third, recognition of the fact that in classical economic theory the world trade is not a zero-sum game, so, one or another country can benefit from participation in world trade, regardless of whether its position is improving in relation to countries-competitors in those or another indicators [26, p. 58 — 59]. However, the “competitiveness bench-marking” and “policy bench-marking” are widely used in economic research, including international organizations, working under UN auspices, and competitiveness ratings between countries, particularly, developed by the World Economic Forum (WEF), are popular in business and political circles.
Thus, this section will examine the following methods of competitiveness evaluating: the methodology of the World Economic Forum; the methods of the International Institute for Management Development; as well as methodology, which includes special indicators of competitiveness.
To measure the competitiveness, the World Economic Forum uses the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), which replaced the previous Competitiveness Index of economic growth. Introduction of new index is connected with the fact that complex evaluation of competitiveness under increased globalization needs to take into account an increasing number of parameters [27].
Thus, for interpretation of economic growth rate nowadays we must take into account such factors as structural distortion of economy, labor market flexibility, freedom of movement in domestic and regional markets. It is also important to know the quality level of education system and health system, a country’s potential to adapt to modern technology and much more.
That’s why index GCI, developing previous model, is derived on the basis of assessing nearly of 90 key factors that are the most critical for country’s productivity and competitiveness. With this all they are aggregated to nine summary indicators:
— institutional development;
— level of infrastructure development;
— macroeconomic environment;
— health and primary / secondary education;
— higher and professional education;
— efficiency of market mechanisms;
— technological readiness;
— level of complexity and quality of business projects;
— innovative development [27].
Another distinction of new method is that all countries, participating in the rating, are divided into three groups: those that develop due to production factors; those that develop due to resources use efficiency; those that develop due to innovation activity. As a criterion of this grading is a level of GDP per capita, which is derived by the parity of purchasing power.
According to this classification, nine abovementioned summary indicators are grouped into three subindexes:
а) the first — “Basic Requirements” (institutional development, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, public health and primary / secondary education);ПрослушaтъНa латинице
б) the second — “Efficiency factors” (higher and professional education, market efficiency, technological readiness;
в) the third — “Innovative factors” (level of complexity of business projects and innovative development) [28, p. 139].
Thus, a contribution of each of these subindexes to total GCI index for a particular country depends on what stage of development it is.
It is important to note that in compiling the ranking two sources of information are used.
The first — is an overview information (Executive Opinion Survey) is formed according to interrogation results of top-management representatives in evaluated countries, which is carried out by the World Economic Forum in cooperation with number of international institutions. Questions cover a wide range of indicators directly interconnected with the business climate and those which are critical determinants of economic growth in the long-term perspective. Experience allows to assess such factors as management practice, labor relations, corruption, environmental wealth and quality of life.
The second source — are reliable public data (Hard data criteria). They are used as a supplement to the Executive Opinion Survey and they are a set of statistical information, including examination results of IMF and World Bank.
Also, according to methods of the World Economic Forum, the Business Competitiveness Index (Business Competitiveness Index, BCI) is used, which assesses the microeconomic indicators that determine current level of national economic productivity. Business Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum is based on reduced indicators and is aimed to assess the
basic conditions of country’s welfare, which is measured by GDP level per capita in order to identify whether the current welfare is stable and to identify specific areas to be improved for increased GDP per capita. The main advantage of the index is that within a single model it brings together a large set of data, describing a development level of various sectors in a country’s economy from macroeconomic psrsmeters (inflation, exchange rate) to assessments of institutions and the state functioning efficiency [27].
The index is calculated mainly on the basis of a special annual survey, conducted among senior leaders of examined countries. The dependent variable in development of business competitiveness index was GDP level per capita, adjusted with taking into account a parity purchasing power. The advantage of this indicator is that GDP per capita clearly reflects fundamental competitiveness of a country for the short and medium term. The disadvantage is the possibility of influence of various unique factors, such as natural disasters, macroeconomic shocks, abrupt price changes in export areas.
A certificate of sufficiently high quality index can be the fact that the index of business competitiveness allows at present to explain to 83% of differences of GDP per capita in different countries, is very high index due account taken of sharply increased number of countries with low GDP per capita, for which according to the standard approach, determining factors must be the macro-level factors.
To form the BCI two groups of factors are used. The first allows to assess the quality of strategies and work efficiency of companies, the second—to identify a quality of national business climate. In assessing competitiveness of the country the following parameters are estimated: quality of institutions; infrastructure; macroeconomic stability; health and primary education; higher education and professional training; efficiency of goods and services market; labor market efficiency; financial market development; technological level; market size; competitiveness of companies and innovative potential [27].
The first group includes the countries at the “initial stage” of development, when the sources of competitiveness are or raw materials, or cheap unskilled labor. Business in these countries competes on the basis of pricing policy, and low salaries indicate low labour productivity. For the countries of this group to compete in world markets, they need, at the minimum, a stable macroeconomic environment, fair functioning public and private institutions plus healthy and competent workforce.
In the second group there are united countries, being on effective development stage. It means development of complex production processes, quality improvement of production, an actual growth of value added. At this stage the countries’ competitiveness is already determined by the quality of higher education and professional
training, labor market efficiency (its flexibility and mobility), and labor legislation, that encourages business development. Other requirements include a stable banking system, capital and land market. And the last required factor — a technological readiness of the country, i.e. the ability and willingness of companies as a whole to introduce widely new technologies in economy.
The third, a higher degree, which experts WEF call a stage of innovation development, is characterized by significant increase in wages and high living standards. But this is achieved only if the individual companies and in general business in these countries can compete in global markets thanks to absolute novelty of its production, its uniqueness and exclusivity, high quality and complexity, which increases. In other words, the countries-leaders, who have achieved the highest GDP per capita (over 20 thousand dollars.), should have the following highly developed institutions:
— open market economy, free pricing, low customs barriers, high competitive market conditions;
— prevalence of private ownership with its protection at the same time;
— effective tax administration, tax system under control to taxpayers through democratic representative institutions;
— effective government organizations with a low level of corruption;
— transparent public and financial institutions;
— democratic political system with a high-level political competition, reliable mechanisms of control over the state and bureaucracy;
— independent judicial system that is trusted by citizens, a strong law enforcement system and execution of judgement;
— minimum gap between formal and informal norms of social behavior [28, p. 143].
There is another evaluation method of economic competitiveness, developed by the International Institute for Management Development. Evaluation is based on 323 criteria. Among them are:
а) 79 criteria that characterize the level of economic development:
1) macroeconomic situation;
2) trade policy;
3) investment policy;
4) policy on employment;
5) pricing policy.
б) 72 criteria that characterize the efficiency of public policy:
1) influence of government decisions on the financial sector;
2) influence of government decisions on fiscal policy;
3) development of institutions;
4) legislation that governs business.
b) 71 criteria, characterizing the efficiency of business, labor and management market.
r) 101 criteria, that characterizes the level of infrastructure, technological development, science and education, health and environmental protection [29, p. 14].
The World Bank, in its turn, has also developed a set of indicators, on the basis of which it evaluates an economic efficiency and quality of the national economic environment in the in terms of competitive business development.
Indicators of the World Bank assess the current competitiveness of the national economy, in the first place, that of course, with monetary and economic perspective. Thus, the principal components of indicators system are:
a) macro- and market dynamics of economy, financial dynamics;
6) infrastructure and investment climate;
b) human and intellectual capital.
At the same time, an attention is drawn to the fact that in the World Bank indicators system a measurement of the public and social institutions quality is not made, as well as of efficiency of legal protection, of corruption level and so on. Also an important feature of World Bank indicators system is maximum usage of objective statistical data without involvement of subjective data, opinion polls of experts, executives and so on [30, p. 79]
1. Joint economic efficiency: GDP per capita; the standard deviation in the income distribution of population.
2. Macro- and market dynamics:
1) Growth of investment and labor efficiency: the total volume of domestic investments; private investment volume; volume of net direct foreign investments; real GDP growth per worker.
2) Trade indicators: trade surplus / deficit; goods share on the world market; export concentration index.
3) Export competitiveness: average annual nominal growth of export volume.
4) Export structure: share of exported goods, among manufactured goods; share of high-tech goods among exported goods.
5) Trade policy: average rates of duty; a number of commodity headings, protected non-tariff barriers.
6) State intervention in economy: a level of public spending; the average rate of added value of state owned enterprises; the average investment level of state owned enterprises; deficit / surplus of state budget.
3. Financial dynamics: a discounted value of external debt; the average level of money supply (% GDP) ; inflation; average growth of GDP deflator; a volume of loans issued by private sector; stock market capitalization; real rates of credit.
4. Infrastructure and investment climate:
1) Information and communication technologies: a number of telephone lines; a level of failure in telephone
networks; the average waiting hour of fixed telephone line; the average price for one call; a number of TV sets; a number of Internet servers; a number of personal computers; a number of fax machines; circulation of published newspapers.
2) Physical infrastructure: road density with asphalt coating; a number of cities with an airport; the average loss of electricity supply.
3) Socio-political stability: an index of corruption; a level of trade union organization.
5. Human and intellectual capital:
1) Human capital: a level of literacy; a level of acceptance in educational organizations of the first, second and third levels; a level of admission to technical educational organizations of the second level; life expectancy at birth.
2) Human capital: a number of candidates of science; a number of scientists and engineers; spending on research and development, a number of applications for patents, a number of received patents [28, p. 156].
Also there are distinguished the Special indicators of competitiveness, which include Index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA).
The Index of revealed comparative advantage is based on the idea of country’s specialization in certain groups of goods as a competitive advantage, in the computation of the index essentially a share of certain goods in country’s exporting with some sample are compared — among similar countries, political bloc or other. The Index of revealed comparative advantage, calculated in all product groups, shows the country’s export potential level. For specific product (product group) The Index of revealed comparative advantage indicates whether a country is expanding production of goods, on which commercial potential is based, as opposed to cases where the amount of competitive products is constant. In addition, in mutual calculation of the Index of revealed comparative advantage, an index can be used as an indicator of country ‘s possible trade partners. Countries with similar structure of exports are not inclined to develop trade among themselves, except when trade is possible within individual sectors. In calculating of the index at a high level of specific product categories, it is possible to reveal non-traditional products with high export potential.
In terms of methodology of index calculating there are distinguished:
а) Index of revealed comparative advantage (Revealed Comparative Advantage — RCA);
б) Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage — RSCA.
To calculate Revealed Comparative Advantage Balassa’s formula is used [31, p. 25]:
Table 2
Methods of competitiveness evaluation
Method The basis of evaluation Evaluated parameters
Methods of World Economic Forum Global competitiveness index (GCI) 1) institutional development; 2) level of infrastructure development; 3) macroeconomic environment; 4) health protection and primary / secondary Education; 5) higher and professional education; 6) efficiency of market mechanisms; 7) technological readiness; 8) level of complexity and quality of business projects; 9) innovative development.
Business Competitiveness Index (BCI) 1) quality of institutions; 2) infrastructure; 3) macroeconomic stability; 4) health and primary education; 5) Higher education and professional training; 6) efficiency of goods and services markets; 7) labor market efficiency; 8) financial market development; 9) technological level; 10) market size; 11) competitiveness of companies and innovative potential.
Methods of the International Institute for Management Development set of criteria 1) 79 criteria that characterize a level of economic development; 2) 72 criteria that characterize an efficiency of state policy; 3)71 criteria that characterize an efficiency of business, labor and management market; 4)101 criteria that characterize a level of infrastructure, technological development, science and education, health and environment protection
Methods of World Bank set of indicators 1) macro- and market dynamics of economy, financial dynamics; 2) infrastructure and investment climate; 3) human and intellectual capital.
Specific indicators of competitiveness revealed comparative advantage index (RCA) A share of certain goods in country’s export with some sample is compared - among similar countries, political bloc or other.
Methods of the Council on Competitiveness of U.S. business activity index of industry Structure and dynamics of production and sale of industrial products (works, services), a share of exports and imports in total output, a dynamics of number of employees in the industry.
rlCA =
1000
■■■ (1.1)
where xtij — is sector production export (j) of country (i) to a group of other countries, taken for analysis;
Mtij — is sector production import (j) of country (i) from a group of other countries, taken for analysis;
X* — country’s total export (i) to a group of other countries, taken for analysis;
M* — country’s total import (i) from a group of other countries, taken for analysis.
Existence of revealed comparative advantage is a positive indicator of RCA, which seeks to unity.
If share of goods in import of certain country exceeds the global average rate, then this country has a comparative advantage in producing of this product. If the level RCA exceeds unity, we can speak about presence of the revealed comparative advantage in this country in the production of choosen product.
RCA index, depending on country’s exports, can vary from o to 1, in the absence of specialization in certain economic sector, and from 1 to infinity in the presence of competitive advantage in it. Because of similar inequality, the rates of indicators for neutral position between two named variations, RCA index was normalized in rate of symmetric index RSCA (from English “Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage”) [31, p. 28]:
RSCA = (RCA-1) / (RCA+1) (1.2)
Apart from obvious advantages, there are several problems in the data calculation and interpretation of revealed comparative advantage indexnpocnymaTb
1. Change in market share, on the base of which the indicator RCA is calculated, reflects not only changes in internal comparative advantage of exporting countries, but also fluctuations in demand of importing countries. Hence, it is difficult to imagine that the rate RCA reflects the expected level of country’s comparative advantage, which depends on the relative prices of given region that were established at the beginning of trade. This fact gives rise to some difficulties when we start to analyze the evolution of RCA index for some period of time.
2. RCA index also measures an effect of volume change in total manufacturing of product A, not just the change in exports volume; in addition, RCA does not consider the relative contribution of product A in country’s exports as the whole.
3. Besides, the principal problem of usage of revealed comparative advantage for the competitiveness analysis is that the index, which is calculated on the basis of the exports and imports volume, may not reflect the “real” competitiveness of particular industry, because actual volumes may be distorted by public policy: subsidies and other support.
There are other methodologies to assess a level of country’s competitiveness, among them the Council on Competitiveness of U.S. is selected, the main factor that determines competitiveness is an business efficiency of economic sectors. By this method, an evaluation of economic sectors takes place through a comprehensive analysis of statistical information on development indicators of industries and calculation of business activity index.
The study concerns such basic indicators as a structure and dynamics of production and sale of industrial products (works and services), a share of exports and imports in total output, a dynamics of number of employees in the industry.
After reviewing existing evaluation methods of country’s competitiveness, for greater visibility it is necessary to present them in tabular form (Tab. 2).
Thus, as international experience has shown, it is important that a system of indicators of national competitiveness not simply duplicate foreign benchmarks,
and take into account features of economic development and cover as many aspects in the evaluated areas as possible, while maintaining the basic data, needed for conducting of international comparisons.
Conclusions. In a process of globalization a national economic competitiveness is defined as an economic category, which characterizes state of social relations in a county to ensure environment for stable improvement of national production efficiency, adapted to changes in world business climate and domestic demand on the basis of national competitive advantages and achievement of socio-economic parameters, which are better than competitors’ ones.
As for factors that affect competitiveness, it can be concluded that only a relationship between groups of factors affect formation of country’s competitive advantages. These groups of factors include: country’s level of political stability; country’s socio-economic parameters; correspondance of country’s infrastructure parameters to international and national standards; a type of socio-economic system and model of state economic policy; natural climatic, geographical, ecological parameters of the country; internal availability of production factors; information resources; optimal space technology, entrepreneurial and innovative activity in the country, a level of international integration and cooperation of the country.
A weight contribution in studying of competition between countries was made by annual reports of World Economic Forum (WEF), World Bank, the International Institute for Management Development, (IMD) in Lausanne, Switzerland, Council on Competitiveness of the US.
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Chernova H. S. Theoretical Basis for Evaluation of National Economic Competitiveness
In this article under review there are the methodological problems of definition of competitiveness, factors that influence the formation of national economic competitiveness, their modification under economic globalization, and also existing methods of evaluation of country’s competitiveness level of economy are examined.
Key words: competition, estimation, national economy.
Чернова О. С. Теоретична основа для оцінки національної економічної конкурентоспроможності
У статті розглянуто методологічні проблеми визначення поняття конкурентоспроможності, чинники, які впливають на формування конкурентоспроможності національної економіки, їхньої модифікації в умовах економічної глобалізації, а також проаналізовано наявні методики оцінки рівня конкурентоспроможності економіки країни.
Ключов слова: конкуренція, оцінка, національна економіка.
Чернова Е. С. Теоретическая основа для оценки национальной экономической конкурентоспособности
В статье рассматриваются методологические проблемы определения понятия конкурентоспособности, факторы, которые оказывают влияние на формирование конкурентоспособности национальной экономики, их модификации в условиях экономической интеграции, а также анализируются существующие методики оценки уровня конкурентоспособности экономики страны.
Ключевые слова: конкуренция, оценка, национальная экономика.
Received by the editors: 14.09.2011
and final form in 23.11.2011
