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SYNONYMY AS A TYPE OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN THE VOCABULARY Ruziyeva G.H.
Ruziyeva Gulruh Нayrullaevna - Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, UZBEK STATE UNIVERSITY OF WORLD LANGUAGES, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: taking up similarity of meaning and contrasts of phonetic shape, we observe that every language has in its vocabulary a variety of words, so-called synonyms, kindred in meaning but distinct in morphemic composition, phonemic shape and usage, ensuring the expression of most delicate shades of thought, feeling and imagination. In the following article the author tried to reveal almost all the peculiar characteristics of synonyms considering their semantic bonds.
Keywords: stylistic coloring, denotational component, connotation.
Synonyms (in ancient Greek syn 'guv' plus and onoma 'ovo^a' name) are different words with similar or identical meanings and are interchangeable.The way synonyms function may be seen from the following example: Already in this half-hour of bombardment hundreds upon hundreds of men would have been violently slain, smashed, torn, gouged, crushed, mutilated [1].
The synonymous words smash and crush are semantically very close; they combine to give a forceful representation of the atrocities of war. Even this preliminary example makes it obvious that the still very common definitions of synonyms as words of the same language having the same meaning or as different words that stand for the same notion are by no means accurate and even in a way misleading. By the very nature of language every word has its own history, its own peculiar motivation, and its own typical contexts. And besides, there is always some hidden possibility of different connotation and feeling in each of them. Thus, synonyms are words only similar but not identical in meaning. A more precise linguistic definition should be based on a workable notion of the semantic structure of the word and of the complex nature of every separate meaning in a polysemantic word. Each separate lexical meaning of a word consists of a denotational component identifying the notion or the object and reflecting the essential features of the notion named, shades of meaning reflecting its secondary features, additional connotations resulting from typical contexts in which the word is used, its emotional component and stylistic colouring [4]. Connotations are not necessarily present in every word. The basis of a synonymic opposition is formed by the first of the above named components, i.e. the denotational component. It will be remembered that the term opposition means the relationship of partial
difference between two partially similar elements of a language. A common denotational component forms the basis of the opposition in synonymic group. All the other components can vary and thus form the distinctive features of the synonymic oppositions.
Synonyms may also differ in emotional colouring which may be present in one element of the group and absent in all or some of the others. Lonely as compared with alone is emotional as is easily seen from the following examples: "... a very lonely boy lost between them and aware at ten that his mother had no interest in him, and that his father was a stranger." [2]. "I shall be alone as my secretary doesn't come to-day." (M. Dickens). Both words denote being apart from others, but lonely besides the general meaning implies longing for company, feeling sad because of the lack of sympathy and companionship. Alone does not necessarily suggest any sadness at being by oneself. If the difference in the meaning of synonyms concerns the notion or the emotion expressed, as was the case in the groups, the synonyms are classed as ideographic synonyms and the opposition created in contrasting them may be called an ideographic opposition. The establishment of differential features proves very helpful, whereas sliding from one synonym to another with no definite points of departure created a haphazard approach with no chance of tracing the system.The distinctive features evolved in describing the points of similarity and difference within groups deserves special attention. In analysing the group consisting of the nouns look, glance, glimpse, peep, sight and view the authors suggest the following distinctive features:
1) quickness of the action;
2) its character;
3) the role of the doer of the action;
4) the properties and role of the object.
In a stylistic opposition of synonyms the basis of comparison is again the denotational meaning, and the distinctive feature is the presence or absence of a stylistic coloring which may also be accompanied by a difference in emotional coloring [3].
Nowadays it is widely accepted that synonymy teaching should be part of the syllabus, and taught in a well-planned and regular basis. Some authors argue that synonymy should be at the centre of language teaching, because 'language consists of grammaticalised lexis, not lexicalised grammar'. The distinction between words similar in meaning is often very fine and elusive, so that some special instruction on the use of synonyms is necessary even for native speakers. The study of synonyms is especially indispensable for those who learn English as a foreign language because what is the right word in one situation will be wrong in many other, apparently similar, contexts.
References
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4. Kamenetskayte N.L. Synonymy in the English phraseology. M.: International relations,
1971.
