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УДК 528.44
ОБЗОР ТЕКУЩЕЙ ОЦЕНКИ ЗЕМЛИ И ПРАКТИКА ВЫЧИСЛЕНИЯ НАЛОГА НА ЗЕМЛИ ГОРНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ МОНГОЛИИ (УГОЛЬНАЯ ШАХТА БАГАНУУР)
Даш Оюунцэцэг
Монгольский государственный университет науки и технологии, Горно-инженерный институт, Монголия, г. Улаанбаатар, Бага тойруу, 2-й корпус МонГУНиТ, профессор, кандитат технических наук, заведующая кафедрой геодезии и маркшейдерии, тел. 976-11452485, тел. 976-11-99172910, e-mail: daoyunaa@yahoo.com, e-mail: daoyunaa@must.edu.mn
Сухбаатар Жаргалмаа
Монгольский государственный университет науки и технологии, Горно-инженерный институт, Монголия, г. Улаанбаатар, Бага тойруу, 2-й корпус МонГУНиТ, магистр технических наук, преподаватель, тел. 976-11-452485, тел. 976-11-99021391, e-mail: SJargalmaa must@yahoo.com, e-mail: SJargalmaa@must.edu.mn
После перехода на рыночную экономику в Монголии использование природных ресурсов стало безконтрольным. В результате этого загрязнение окружающей среды, деградация и истощения природных ресурсов так увеличились, что для восстановления окружающей среды сейчас потребуется огромное количество средств. Сегодня 15,9 % всей территории Монголии занимают земли горной промышленности. Методы и модели, использующие для расчета экологического ущерба и экономической оценки, являются несовершенными. В Монголии отсутствуют нормативные документы для экономической оценки земли, а также методика оценки.
В статье рассматривается вопрос о разработке информационной системы экологических, экономических и социальных изменений положительных и отрицательных последствий в горной промышленности, а также опыт зарубежных стран.
Ключевые слова: экономическая оценка, загрязнение окружающей среды, информационная система.
REVIEW OF CURRENT LAND VALUATION AND LAND FEE CALCULATION PRACTICE ТО MINING CLAIMS IN MONGOLIA (BAGANUUR COAL MINE)
Dash Oyuntsetseg
Mongolian University of Science and Technology, School of Mining Engineering, Department of Geodesy and Mine Surveying, Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Baga toiryy, 2nd campus of MUST, Professor, Doctor (Ph.D), Head of the Department of Geodesy and Mine Surveying, tel. 976-11-452485, tel. 976-11-99172910, e-mail: daoyunaa@yahoo.com, e-mail: daoyunaa@must.edu.mn
Sukhbaatar Jargalmaa
Mongolian University of Science and Technology, School of Mining Engineering, Department of Mining Engineering, Ulaanbaatar, Baga toiryy, 2nd campus of MUST, Master, Senior lecturer,
tel. 976-11-452485, tel. 976-11-99021391, e-mail: SJargalmaa must@yahoo.com, e-mail: SJargalmaa@must.edu.mn
After the transition to a market economy in Mongolia was the use of natural resources without control. As a result, environmental pollution, degradation and depletion of natural
resources increased so that the restoration of the environment now requires an enormous amount of money. Today, 15,9 % of the total territory of Mongolia is land for mining. Methods and models used to calculate the environmental damage and economic evaluation, are imperfect. In Mongolia, there are no regulations for the economic valuation of the land, as well as methods of assessment.
The article discusses the development of the information system of environmental, economic and social changes in positive and negative impacts in the mining industry, as well as the experience of foreign countries.
Key words: economic evaluation, environmental pollution, the information system.
1. STUDY IN LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Legal basis of nature resource and economic assessment of damage to the environment is one of important tools for properly usage
Valuing ecological and economic assessment due to the environmental pollution, compensating for environmental damage would be implemented in case of at least proper ecological science and its best broaden practice.
Compensation for damage is too small, that the evaluation is not possible to determine all damages. This all stems from the fact that today there is no normative documents and methodologies for environmental damage assessment.
Today begins to assess the damage in the theoretical framework and methodology, so I do not need work to improve methods of environmental damage assessment.
As for international country, economic assessment of damage is consisted of below statements. For instance:
- population health economic assessment of damages;
- property economic evaluation of damage;
- Natural resources and economic assessment of environmental damage. In order to estimate the environmental and natural resource damages, restoration measures, royalties and cost for recovery payment are should be considered. For instance:
- Lack of natural resource, pollution, land degradation, restoration and enhancement (go to original form as possible or make closer)-related costs;
- Cost for way to original form of ecosystem and natural resource restoration;
- Work cost for estimating damages etc.
Economic and environmental impact assessment is done through direct and non-direct approach during any industrial operation. Direct economic and environmental impact assessment should consider monetary of loss of natural state before mining operation. As for non-direct impact assessment, it is consisted of followings. For instance:
- Loss of industry due to negative impacts
- Opportunity cost of benefits if there isn't any mining operation.
- Cost for restoration environment, etc.
2. REVIEW OF CURRENT LAND FEE CALCULATION PRACTICE
Land valuation and cost estimation for compensation of land use are dependent on the category of the land and prompted purpose of use. In Mongolia, overall the land has been categorized into 6 distinct types taking purpose of land use and its demand into an account.
As stated in the Law of Land Fees of Mongolia compensation payment rating of mine claims is directed as below;
As per article 7.4 titled under "Amount and percentage of land fee" it is stated that: the fee of a mining operation field shall be set twice as high as that of the zone of agricultural land rating, or city, village, or other settled place existing on the field prior to the start of mining.
As per 5/39th order (went into effect in 2010) promulgated by Citizens' representatives meeting of capital city of Mongolia land zoning has been revised to inform land cost estimation applicable to the land of the capital city. According to the revised zoning mining land has been categorized to 4th and 5th circle of zoning estimated cost of 32T/m where actual mining exploitative activities are in process and 20T/m where mining industrial areas are located.
As per 531st order (went into effect in 2011) endorsed by the Administration of Land Affairs, Construction, Geodesy and Cartography the guideline has been introduced to the public on the estimation of compensation payment of land use as following;
1. Compensation payment rating of the land entitled as quarrying, spoil dump, wetland (man-made lake), nearby the road structures and pipelines in use. Compensation payment rate shall be set twice as high as that of the highest permissible level of annual payment rate per hectare due to the identified category of zone of agricultural land rating, or city, village, or other settled place existing on the field prior to the start of use.
2. Compensation payment rating of the land requested to use for the miners' residency, d. ressing and processing plant, administration office of the industry, machinery repair site and automobile parking. For the requested purpose of use the land fee range for per hectare shall be set at 0.03% of base rating of the land laid in the nearest city, village, or other settled place.
3. Compensation payment rating of the land will regard this guideline for land price estimation if permitted land is categorized to the zoning of forestry and water basin. The compensation payment rate shall be set twice as high as of the nearest city, village, or other settled place.
2.1 Case study on "Baganuur" coal mine:
The applied method in the estimation of compensation payment rate for land use for mining claims in "Baganuur".
Total area of the mine is 3168.9 hectare and total amount of compensation payment is 253 152 000T.
"Baganuur" coal mine is situated in the outskirt of the capital city Ulaanbaatar. Given its location it is due to fall in the 5th zone according to the land zoning system of the capital city. As per 5/39th order (went into effect in 2010) promulgated by Citizens' representatives meeting of capital city of Mongolia land zoning has been revised to inform land cost estimation applicable to the land of the capital city. According to the revised zoning mining land has been categorized to 4th and 5th circle of zoning estimated cost of 32T/m2 where actual mining
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exploitative activities are in process and 20T/m where mining industrial areas are located.
> The area of mining where actual exploitation is taking place is 1145 hectare and denoted here as Sexp ;
> The occupied area for industry is 767 hectare and denoted here asSind ;
> The area of reserved to the date is 1256.9 hectare and denoted here
res ;
Sexp11450000M2*32T=366 400 000 T Srese = 7670000M2*20T=153 400 000 T
Total compensation annual payment is:
Stotai =Sexpi + Srese = 366 400 000T+153 400 000T=519 800 000 T Table 1. Comparative review of the compensation payment for "Baganuur" coal
mine between theoretical and practical levels
"Baganuur" coal mine Area size /ha/ Compensation payment Difference /Т/
Practical level/T/ Theoretical level /Т/
Baganuur Expl 1145 Doesn't estimated in distinctive, but in total area 366 400,0
Indu 767 153 400,0
Rese 1256,9 0
TOTAL 3168.9 253 152,0 90,0 266800
3. IDENTIFICATION OF NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE IMPACTS
Through my research work, I've identified that approach to determine the amount of damages due to mining operation is not being used currently.
Most and foremost, it's very important to find out size of damaged area and to establish detailed assessment approach properly by its land classification, which are stated below. For instance:
- Land under excavation
- Land under industrial construction
- Land under waste
It provides us to take measurements in properly organized ways to eliminate damages, impacted to the nature.
4. CONCLUSION
In an environmental assessment under the mountain land not included damage caused to the ground as such. Lack of database mining and extractive industries,
limited opportunities to introduce advanced technology from countries further afield adversely affect the environmental assessment. It is therefore necessary to improve scientific research database, as well as the legal side of this issue:
1. Development of methodology for the environmental assessment of land disturbed by mining operations
2. Improve the legal environment.
3. Improving the information base.
REFERENCE
Books:
1. IKHBAYAR B, SODNOM D, KHALTAR SH,,Assessment of environmental damage and compensation calculation methodology, MunkhiinUseg, Ulaanbaatar, 2011.
2. TSERENBALJIRTS, NARANCHIMEG B, Land cadaster, Novosibirk, 2004.
3. ENKHMEND S, Basic legal issue on land, Selenge Press, Ulaanbaatar, 2009.
Regulations:
1. 5/39th order (went into effect in 2010) Citizens' representatives meeting of capital city of Mongolia.
2. 531st order (went into effect in 2011) endorsed by the Administration of Land Affairs, Construction, Geodesy and Cartography
Website:
1. http://www.umch.ub.gov.mn/last accessed on 25 Jan, 2014
2. http://www.legalinfo.mn/last accessed on 5 Feb, 2014
3. http://www.gazar.gov.mn/ last accessed on 3 Feb, 2014
© ffarn Оwунцэцэг, Cyxdaamap №аргаnмаа, 2014
