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Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2020, pp. 5-12 ISSN 1997-0838 Original Text Copyright © 2020 by Ansari, Patni and Bains
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Quantitative Evaluation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under High Temperature Stress
Sadaf Ansari1, Babita Patni1 Gurdeep Bains2
1 High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, H.N.B. Garhwal University (Central University), Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
2 Department of Plant Physiology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 262310, Uttarakhand, India
*E-Mail: sadafansari249@gmail.com, babita28paatni@gmail.com
Received May 22, 2020
with high production and improvement of rice genotype for heat resistance.
Key words: Rice, Oryza sativa L., Variability, Heat stress
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The average world temperature is increasing by 0.3oC per decade due to different biotic and abiotic factors, this result in heat stress among crops during heat sensitive stages and adversely affects the yield. Climate change has increased the intensity of heat stress which results in serious economic losses of agricultural and horticultural crops (Olesen et al., 2011). Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major staple food crops and feeds half of the world's population with 27% of dietary energy, 20% of dietary carbohydrate in the developing world and also provides 21% and 15% of global human per capita energy and protein respectively (Fujita et al., 2013). This crop is cultivated under diverse conditions and production systems but, the changing climate is becoming a serious hazard for rice. Heat stress tolerance in different growth phases of rice is a complex phenomenon affecting morphological and yield responses. Morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in plants affect growth and development resulting in yield alteration. The different growth stages are temperature dependent from seed germination to flowering that cause thermal injury or death of the seed (Lavania et al., 2015). The high temperature cause spikelet sterility which decreases grain weight reduces grain filling and increases percentage of white chalky grains and also decreases grain size and amylose content therefore, affecting grain quality of rice (Ishimaru et al., 2009). The different morpho-physiological characters (i.e. photosynthetic rate, respiration, water relations) are affected with increase in temperature such as plant biomass is reduced due to decrease in photosynthesis by the deactivation of RuBisCO and increased transpiration and stomatal conductance (Carmo-salvia et al., 2012). Heat stress has harmful impacts on plant growth, metabolism, developmental processes and production (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present experiment was conducted at Norman E. Borloug Crop Research Centre of the G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, during Kharif season of 2016 to
appraise the effect of high temperature stress on growth, development and yield of thirty two genotypes of rice. The geographical distribution of Pantnagar lies in Tarai belt at an altitude of 243.8m asl. The seeds were procured from Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Hyderabad. The seedling were grown and transplanted in complete randomized block design in two different rows (Control vs Treatment) with uniform spacing, having 32 entries (namely, IET 24053, IET 24705, IET 24796, IET24040, Gontra Bidhan-3(NC), IET 24798, IET 24708, US 314 (HC), Sahbhagidhan, IET 24797, IET 23356, IET 23947, NH-210, NH-219, NH-363, 142(S), 175-2 (K), S-458, 377-24, DRR Dhan-43, NDR-97, Luit, PR-124, Somali, GQ-25, IR-82635-B-B-47-1, MRC-603-383, IR-55178, SG-26-120, IR-82310-B-B67-2, IET 23354 and IET 23996) with 3 replications including 15 plants each with spacing of 20cm x 10cm, having total plot area of 283.5 m2. All the cultural practices were followed as recommended. During the experiment different phenological and morphological characters were observed and recorded for evaluation.
RESULTS
During the experiment different morphological traits among the rice genotypes were recorded at flowering and maturity stage. The maximum increase in total dry matter (TDM) (gm-2) was recorded in Luit (62.48%) whereas maximum decrease was observed in NH-219 (56.79%) under high temperature stress as compared to control at flowering stage, similarly the maximum increase in TDM (gm-2) was observed in MRC-603-383 (74.19 %) and maximum decrease in DRR Dhan-43 (52.86%) under high temperature stress as compared to control at maturity stage. It was statistically significant for treatment (T), genotypes (G) as well as for T x G interaction at flowering and maturity stage. Duration of green leaves and leaf area vary due to genotypic difference. (Mention genotype name) Some genotypes showed increased TDM due to increase in photosynthetic rate and accumulation of photosynthates. Under high temperature stress, during early growth stages, tillering, leaf expansion and nutrient uptake are high, which shows the positive effects on biomass production (Parvin, 2016) but, in later stages biomass
reduces due to larger burden of increased maintenance respiration associated with excessive growth, faster senescence and shortened growth period (Korner, 2012). The dry matter production can be increased with the rise in temperature due to increase in CO2 concentration, which decreases stomatal conductance and increases water use efficiency through regulation in transpiration process and photorespiration which ultimately promotes photosynthetic capacity (Ishimaru et al., 2014).
The leaf area index (LAI) was observed to have maximum increase in Luit (112.04 %) and maximum decrease in NH-219 (36.86 %) under high temperature stress as compared to control at flowering stage. It was statistically significant for treatment (T), genotypes (G) as well as for T X G interaction at flowering stage. Rise in temperature adversely affects the photosynthetic rate and also decreases stomatal conductance due to accumulation of high CO2 level (Shah & Paulsen, 2003). At the end of tillering stage, high temperature stress strongly reduces photosynthesis rate by 50-60% in wheat. Reduction in photosynthesis with high temperature was observed by reduced LAI. Initiation and expansion of roots, leaves, shoots, tillers, branches and reproductive organs are strongly driven by high temperature (Chakrabarti et al., 2013). A warmer condition leads to acceleration in organ initiation rate and shorter duration of organ growth (Prasad et al., 2008).
The maximum increase in 1000 grain weight (g) after harvesting of seeds was recorded in Luit (36.21 %) and maximum decrease in SG-26-120 (38.72 %) under high temperature stress as compared to control. It was statistically significant for treatment (T), genotypes (G) as well as for T X G interaction.
The grain yield (gm-2) was recorded to increase in IR-82310-B B67-2 (70.95%) and maximum decrease in NH-363 (52.52%) as compared to control at maturity. It was statistically significant for treatment (T), genotypes (G) as well as for T X G interaction.
The grain yield was affected by high temperature
(35°C) at the flowering stage and also during the ripening period (Morita et al., 2005). During grain filling phase, the yield reduces due to spikelet sterility and
shortening of the time period of grain filling phase (Tian et al., 2009). Delay in sowing and heat stress in grain filling stage also reduces biological yield and decrease in final grain weight by reduction in grain growth rate in early and middle stages of grain filling (Islam, 2011). In post-anthesis process high temperature stress in wheat is a major cause of reducing yield due to the loss of viable leaf area and a reduction in the duration of green leaves, ultimately causing reduction in grain yield, similar to present findings. It was also observed that increase in duration of green leaves had a positive effect on grain yield under high temperature stress. Leaf area of wheat largely depends on the diversity of the genotype, plant growth stage and air temperature (Vijayalakshmi and Sangeetha, 2011).
Decrease in spikelet sterility (61%), grain length (2%), grain width (2%) and grain weight results in decreased grain yield about 90% at high night temperature (Mohammed & Tarpley, 2010). The grains ripened under day and night high temperature shows a reduction in grain weight during meiosis (Li et al. 2011). 1000 grain weight can be determined by the development of hull and endosperm. Abnormal development of spikelet's showing lessened hull size and grain weight due to effect of high temperature (Matsui et al., 2001). The grain filling stage shows more serious influence than the flowering stage on 1000 grain weight at elevated temperature (Yun-Ying et al., 2008).
The highest increment in harvest index (%) was recorded in IR-82310-B-B67-2 (43.58%) and highest decline in NH-363 (64.19%) as compared to control condition. It was statistically significant for treatment (T), genotypes (G) as well as for T X G interaction. High temperature was found to accelerate rice development but reduce grain yield because there is less time for radiation to be intercepted during the vegetative growth phase (Teixeira et al., 2013). Poor grain development and diversion of nutrients from vegetative shoot to panicle may possibly be one of the reasons for poor harvest index in plants subjected to high temperature. The reduction in grain yield was mainly attributed to a marked decline in the number of grains per panicle owing to enhancement in spikelet sterility (Gadakh, 2013). The photosynthates might have exhausted
rapidly due to high respiration rate. So, the biomass accumulation might have reduced remarkably. The reduction in biological yield by high thermal stress (38oC) was mainly due to a marked reduction in grain yield, as
the vegetative mass (leaf and stem mass) was not much affected by heat stress. The higher night temperature can increase the dark respiration of plants and thus diminish net biomass production (Han et al., 2013).
A
B
Figure 1 (A) Graph indicating the effect of high temperature stress on TDM (gm-2) at flowering and (B) TDM (gm-2) at maturity.
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B
Figure 2 Graph (A) indicating effect of high temperature stress on LAI at flowering (B) representing grain yield (gm-2) at maturity.
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Figure 3 Graph depicting (A) the effect of high temperature stress on 1000 grain weight (g) and (B) harvest index (%) at flowering.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Genotype IET 24705, IET 24796, IET 24797, NH-219, S-458, PR-124, MRC-603-383, IET 23947, IR-
55178, Luit and IR-82310-B-B67-2 have highest 1000 grain weight, harvest index and grain yield under the raised temperature. Flowering at cooler time of day, more pollen viability, larger anthers, longer basal
dehiscence and presence of long basal pores are some of the phenotypic markers for high temperature tolerant allowing avoidance of peak stress periods. Varieties having highest magnitude of yield attributing characters and phenotypic markers will be useful for the selection of genotype for high temperature conditions. The above heat tolerant rice genotype should be explored further for biochemical qualitative and quantitative study as well as molecular work should be analysed for the better yield production and improvement of rice.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to Late Dr. Alok Shukla, Professor, College of Basic Science and Humanities, GBPUA&T Pantnagar and Chairman of my advisory committee for his guidance during my research. I am indebted to Dr. Gurdeep Bains, Associate Professor and my advisor for her support during the entire research work.
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