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Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2021, pp.78-94 ISSN 1997-0838 Original Text Copyright © 2021 by Mansouri, Hamamdia and Abdennour
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Protective Effects of Wheat Grass on Histopathology of Some Organs and Biomarkers Parameters Against Lead Acetate Toxicity in Wistar Rats
Mansouri Ouarda1, Zohra Hamamdia2, Cherif Abdennour2
1 Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Annaba 23000, Algeria
2 Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Annaba 23000, Algeria
*E-Mail: souadmansouri2003@yahoo.fr
Received April 4, 2021
This study focuses on the search for a natural treatment to reduce lead toxicity in male Wistar rat by using the aquous extract of wheatgrass Triticum aestivum (WG). In addition to the control group (C), rats were exposed to a diet containing 600 mg Pb acetate/Kg diet (Pb), or combined with the WG at 9g/100g diet (Pb-WG) for a period of 6 weeks. Biochemical, reproductive and histological markers were evaluated. The results of haematological parameters show a very significant increase in white blood cells and lymphocytes with the group treated with the lead single. By contrast there was no difference was recorded between the treated group by Pb-WG and the control. A significant decrease in the red blood cells, the haemoglobin and haematocrit was recorded in the group treated with Pb alone. The tests of hormonal and biochemical parameters showed a decrease in the concentration of the hormone triiodothyronin (T3) and thyreostimulin (TSH) in the Pb group compared to the (control and Pb-WG). The serum testosterone concentration, urea, total cholesterol levels, the rate of TGP, TGO and creatinine were significantly increased in rats treated with (Pb) alone compared to (the control and Pb-bl group), while no change in glucose was shown. However, the (Pb-WG) group shows no change compared to the control. The level of calcium showed a significant decrease in the Pb group, and which returns to the normal state in group (Pb-WG) compared to the control. These results are confirmed by the study of histological sections. A morphological change represented by volume shrinkage of the vesicles. A return to the normal structure of follicles was observed in (Pb-WG) group. Histology study of the kidney, testis epididymis showed no change in (Pb-WG) compared to the control group. Contairement in the group exposed to lead (Pb) the parenchyma of the kidney shows dilated distal and proximal tubules causing renal tubular damage. The testes marked destruction and degeneration of germ cells and the light of some seminiferous tubules are empty. The study of the fertility parameters indicates a highly significant decrease in the concentration, the mobility of sperm counts among the treated group by Pb alone. The administration of the wheat grass has increased.
Key words: Hematological, biochemical markers, fertility, TSH, Testosterone and histological sections, Pb, wheatgrass (WG)
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The contamination of the environment by heavy metals is currently a major problem. These metals, still used in many applications, often have very negative impacts on the environment and human health (Adraoui and Aziz, 2007; Zerari, 2006). The man had used the heavy metals and continuous to use, sometimes with excess, often with unconsciousness. It should be especially noted that heavy metals are bioaccumulative, indicating that their concentration in living cells (plants, animals, and human beings) is increasing throughout the trophic chain (Marc and Bashir, 2006; Pracheta and Singh, 2009; Wardani et al., 2019).
Lead metal enters the body mainly through the respiratory tract, which can play an important role for the occupational exposures or for people living under the atmospheric emissions of polluting enterprises (Botta et al., 1976) and by the digestive route, mainly via the food and drinking water (Olivier et al., 1999). It has been shown to induce a wide range of behavioral, histological, biochemical and physiological effects (Jackie et al., 2011; Zargar et al., 2016; Okesola et al., 2018 ; Gargouri et al., 2019 ; Saritha et al., 2019). A mere dose of exposure but prolonged, acts primarily on the erythropoiesis (anemia) and the hemoglobinogenese by the inhibition of heme synthesis (Mousa et al., 2002; Adeniyi et al., 2008), on the nervous system and causes a neuropsychological deficit (Senapati et al., 2001; Soltaninejad et al., 2003; Bellinger, 2008; Sharma et al., 2011), on the immunological system (Razani et al., 1999, Bunn et al., 2001, Rosenberg et al., 2007), on the kidney (Lockitch, 1993, Vargas et al., 2003; Rastogi, 2008; Mansouri and Abdennour 2008, Sharma et al., 2011c), on the liver (Lockitch, 1993, Patra et al., 2001, Sharma et al., 2011b), on the cardiovascular system, the high blood pressure (Adeniyi et al., 2008), also on the fertility and the reproductive function (Aleksandra et al., 2007; Mansouri and Abdennour, 2011).
The exposure to moderate levels of lead causes of miscarriage, premature births in women and more retarded growth in children (Ehle and McKee, 1990; Pracheta and Singh, 2009).
The lead causes the oxidative stress by inducing the
production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), the reduction of the antioxidant defense system of cells by inhibition of glutathione, enzymes sulfhydrile, anti oxidizing enzymes or by increasing the sensitivity of cells to oxidative attack by modifying the integrity of the membranes and the composition of fatty acids (Xu and al., 2008; INSERM, 1999; Sharma et al., 2011a, b, c). Oxidative stress leads to disruption of sperm quality, reduced reproductive organ weight, and eventually male infertility (Anjum et al., 2017). Thus it induces DNA damage in spermatozoa (Li et al., 2018) and decreases its capacity to fertilize eggs (Evans, 2015).
Very few studies have focused on disruption of thyroid function, which is all the more regrettable that these alterations can have many serious consequences. Thyroid hormones play an important role in maintaining homeostasis. If the normal communication between the hormone "messenger" and cellular receptors is disrupted, the chemical message is misinterpreted and the body reacts by an abnormal response (Connor, 2002, Goger et al, 2007, O '. Ormond et al, 2009). Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland, its follicular and parafollicular cell synthesize and secret important regulatory hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which are synthesized in the follicular cells, theses hormones are necessary to increase the metabolism of most cell, (stimulating growth via induction of DNA translant, which results in greater activity in cell synthesize, oxidative phosphorylation and membrane transport of electrolyte) (Dieter and Joann, 1998). Thyroid plays an important role in regulation of calcium and phosphorous metabolism (Swoucki, 1995 and Sakare et al., 2000).
Lead can also cause testicular damage to varying degrees ranging from degeneration of the germinal epithelium to necrobiotic changes with complete cessation of spermatogenesis (Mabrouk, 2018). The therapeutic methods to eliminate the heavy metals from the body include the chelation, and measures of support. Several chelating compounds have been used to manage the toxicity of lead, but none is appropriate to reduce the harmful effects of lead in the case of a chronic exposure.
In this context, this study focuses mainly on finding a
treatment or an effective cure against lead toxicity with no side effects. We tried to assess herbal therapy using a well known plant: The wheatgrass (Triticum eastivum): It is plant of a high bioavailability, high potential energy and essential enzymes to the life which helps to ensure the necessary daily nutritions to develop the solid foundation of a good health.
Medicinal plants are important for pharmacological research and drug development, not only when plant constituents are used directly as therapeutic agents, but also as raw material for drug synthesis (Heide, 1991; WHO, 1998).
The nutritional supplementation based on principles phytoactive (food supplements of vegetable origin), to the depurative action and detoxifying organic material, anti-oxidant, immunostimulating and protective to the principal organs (Sachin et al., 2013 ; Sareen et al. 2014; Zeng et al., 2018; Hanan 2020).
Many studies have been conducted to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of wheat grass. It has a high antioxidant activity (Boloor et al., 2000; Manish et al., 2009; ), particularly the chlorophyll and its derivatives which inhibit the proliferation of cells cancer (Lai, 1979) and have antimutagenic properties and anticytotoxiques (Smith et al., 2001; Ardelt et al., 2001; Kumar et al., 2001).
The juices of cereal grass contain a high amount of chlorophyll "green blood", which represents 70% of the chemical constituents of green herbs, their main role in participating in the regeneration of the blood (Padalia et al., 2010 ; Zeng et al., 2018).
Wheatgrass has been studied on the one hand for its property to improve growth (Lakhanpal et al., 1966) and the healing (Bowers, 1947). On the other hand, for its antibacterial property (Osborn, 1943) and regeneration of blood (Hughes and Letner, 1936; Priyabrata et al., 2012).
The objective of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness using a natural cure by the wheatgrass plant (Triticum aestivum) to assure the detoxification of some organs of the body exposed to lead such as (liver, kidney, the testicles and thyroid) of rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted on 21 adult males' albino rats were procured from the Pasteur Institute of Algiers, with an average body weight (121- 175g). They were kept for three weeks for accommodation and observation before starting the experiment. The experimental animals were kept under hygienic conditions (temperature 25 C, day light 12 hr and humidity) and fed on a standards diet. The rats were divided into 3 groups. The first group was kept without any treatment and served as a control. The second group was treated with Pb (600 mg lead acetate / kg diet); the last group was treated with Pb-wheath grass (Pb-WG) (600 mg lead acetate/kg diet and 7g/ rat for a period of six weeks).
The wheatgrass is obtained from hard wheat grains drenched in water for a day. Sprouted grains are planted in an organic garden. Young shoots of a length of 10 to 15 cm are collected and then scrambled to mix then with the food of the 3rd group of the treatment during this study (Pb-WG).
After decapitation, blood was collected immediately, blood was collected either in EDTA tubes for blood counts (Automatic Cell Counter) or in dry tubes to obtain the serum to perform the dosage of some biochemical parameters that reflect the operating status of the liver and kidney as: (calcium, cholesterol, criatinine, glucose, GOT, GPT and urea).
The biochemical parameters were analyzed using spectrophotometer: clinical chemistry Analyzer Dialab DTN-410. Calcium and glucose were measured by the colorimetric method (Stern and Lewis, 1957). Cholesterol depended to enzymatic colorimetric test (CHOD-PAP) (Fasce, 1982). Dosage of GOT depended on the IFCC method (Isherwood, 1979) and urea was mesured by the UREASA-GLDH method (Sampson et al., 1980).
Serum testosterone hormone was measured by the ELFA (Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay) method (Litwack, 1992).
Serum triiodothyronin T3 and TSH thyreostimuline were carried out by Test immuno-enzymatique (ELISA) according to Spencer et al., 1995 (Britton et al. 1975).
After the dissection of the animal, we have taken the testicles and epididymis to proceed to the study of some reproductive parameters (the concentration and mobility). A small opening in the body of the epididymis has been made. A drop of sperm (1|jl) was taken. And then at the last step, we have added 49jl of physiological water 0.9% NaCl in this drop to start the exam (WHO 1993). The thyroid lobes, testis, epididymis, liver and kidney were weighed and then fixed in formol solution 10% at room temperature for 24 h, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 jm and routinely stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E).
Statistical analysis
The Student t- test was used by comparing each of the treated group with the control. The significance level of P < 0.05 was considered.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Changes in hematological parameters
- The results show a significant increase in the number of white blood cells in the group treated with lead acetate compared to control. Whereas no difference was observed between the control group and the group treated by wheatgrass. However, the comparison between the treated groups in Pb alone and Pb-WG, indicates a significant difference.
- The results obtained indicate a significant decrease of red blood cells in the group receiving only Pb compared to control. Whereas there is no change in the number of red blood cells between the control group and the group treated by Pb-WG. A significant difference was observed between the treated group by Pb alone and Pb-WG of Wistar rats.
- The results show a significant decrease in the rate of hematocrit with the group treated with lead acetate alone compared to the controls. On the other side no change has been recorded as compared to the control group and the treated group by the wheatgrass (WG). A significant difference was observed between the treated group by Pb and Pb-WG.
- The results show a very significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the treated groups by the Pb comparing to the control. No significant changes were noted between the control group and the group treated by the Pb-WG. The
comparison between the two treated groups by the Pb alone and Pb+WG indicates a significant difference (P < 0.05).
- The results show a very significant increase in treated group Pb alone comparing to the controls. No differentiation was observed between the control group and the group treated by Pb-WG. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was marked between the treated group by Pb and the group treated by Pb-WG.
Variations of Biochemical parameters
- Serum biochemical analysis illustrated in table (2) showed a marked decrease in the levels of T3 hormone in the group treated by Pb alone compared to the controls (P< 0.05). The levels of TSH hormone showed a significant decrease in rats of both treated groups (Pb alone and Pb-WG).
- The results of Transaminase glutamate Oxalate (TGO) indicate a considerable increase (P< 0.01) and (P< 0.05) in the group treated by Pb alone compared to the controls. Whereas, the comparison between the control group and the one receiving the Pb-WG shows no difference.Concerning the groups treated by Pb and Pb-WG, we have recorded a significant modification (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05).
- A significant increase (P < 0.05) in concentration glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) was recorded in the treated group compared to controls Pb. No difference between the control group and that of Pb- WG firstly, and secondly between the two treated groups (Pb and Pb-WG).
- The comparison between the group treated only by Pb and the control showed a significant increase in the rate of urea. There is no considerable difference not only between the control group and the one which received Pb-WG but also between this group and that of the Pb.
- Results of calcium showed a significant reduction in the rate of calcium in the group treated by Pb alone compared to the control. No change has been marked between the group treated by Pb-WG and the control. A significant improvement was marked between the group treated by Pb and the group treated by Pb-WG.
- The results of cholesterol showed a significant increase in the treated group by AcPb alone compared
A significant change was observed in the cholesterol levels between treated groups and the control group.
No significant change was observed in the glucose levels between treated groups and the control group.
Table 1: The level of some hematological parameters (mean±SD) of wistar rats exposed to lead and wheatgrass during (6) weeks
to the control. Whereas, no change was recorded for the group treated by the Pb-WG. Therefore, there is a significant difference by comparing the two groups treated by Pb and Pb-WG.
Control Pb Pb-WG
White bolod cells 106 6.39±0.59 14.73±0.61 (***) 7.0.41±0.89 (**)
Red blood cells (1012) 8.96±0.71 6.53±0.91 (**) 7.90±0.50 (*)
Hematocrit % 37.2±1.21 27.1±1.13 (***) 29.2±0.95
Hemoglobin g/l 13.88±4.46 11.4±3.27 (**) 12.2±1.58
Lymphocytes (109) 2.72±0.66 8.45±0.97 (***) 3.95±1.33
Table 2: The level of some biochimical paramètres (mean±SD) of wistar rats exposed to lead and wheatgrass during (6) weeks
Parameters Control Pb Pb-WG
T3 (pg/ml) 4.20±0.45 3.27±0.37* 3.9±0.23 ns
TSH (MUI/ml) 0.15±0.0045 0.0049±0.001* 0.024±0.004*
TGO (UI/L) 153.07±0.005 187.403±0.876* 159.5±2.2*
GPT (UI/L) 77.9±4.46 92.22±2.22* 81.55±1.38 ns
Urea (g/l) 0.24±0.01 0.6±0.041* 0.22±0.025 ns
Cholesterol total (g/l) 0.58±0,043 0.64±0.032* 0.51±0.012*
Creatinine (mg/l) 6.0±0.25 8.0±1.29* 7.8±1.1*
Glucose (ng/ml) 0.95±0.23 1.06±0.3 ns 0.96±0.27 ns
ns: no significant Histological sections
Figure 1. The macroscopic picture of liver showing in the Pb treated rats the presence of multiple cysts (3-7/liver) with a diameter ranges from 0.5 cm to 1.5cm. The other two groups look normal.
Thyroid gland
Control group
Pb -WG group
Figure 2. A histomicrograph of thyroid gland exposed to Pb and WG (A : x100 ; B : x600).
Control: The histological structure of the normal thyroid parenchyma was observed. Vesicles are surrounded by a single
layer of cubic cells. (cart.: cartilage ; V. :vesicles, col. : colloïd). Pb group: Shrinkage and reduction of volume of 95% of the vesicles was observed causing hypothyroidism. Pb-WG group: Slight changes were observed in the histarchitecture of the thyroid gland.
Kidneys
Control
Pb-WG group
Bret pria.; B
JpVfs 4 J J ■ ' V t r ; ¡DR
UUMj tifrvUi'fc* «
. ■ •
Figure 3. A histomicrograph of kidney exposed to Pb and WG (A: x100 ; B : x600). Control: the normal renal parenchyma has a structure on the cortical area (A) and spinal cord (B) Gr x100. Pb group: dilation of the distal and proximal tubules and interstitial fibrosis. Gr.x100 ; (C et D) : Gr.x600 Pb-WG group: the return of the structure of almost to normal kidney tubes at the cortex Gr (A et B): x100
The epididymis
Control
Pb group
Ç
»
Pb-WG group
P Ii л
spz
I
Figure 4. A histomicrograph of The epididymis exposed to Pb and WG (A: x100 ; B : x600).
Control: The tubes of epididymis are made of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells. Light is occupied by a high
density of spermatozoa (SPZ). A : Gr x100 et B : x600 Pb group: A decrease of the size of the tubes epididymal and the sperm density is low level Pb-WG group: The light tube is full of sperm compared to Pb group
The testicles
Control
Pb-WG group
Figure 5. A histomicrograph of The epididymis exposed to Pb and WG (A: x100 ; B : x600).
Control: The various stages of the germ line are observed, and the light is employed by the sperm. Gr x100
Pb group: There is a destruction and degeneration of the cells except the germline spermatogonial cells. The joining of
the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue which locates the Leydig cells. Pb-WG group: The return of spermatogenesis normally.
Reproductive parameters
- According to the results mentioned in Figure 1, showed a marked a very highly significant decrease in the concentration of sperm (P < 0.001) between the control and Pb only. No difference between the control group and Pb+WG was recorded. The statistical analysis shows a highly significant increase (P < 0.001) between the two treated groups (Pb and Pb + WG).
- Motility of sperm indicates the presence of a very significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the group treated only by Pb compared to the control. No changes have been observed between the control group and that of the Pb. Whereas, the comparison between the two treated groups (second and third groups) shows a very highly significant increase (P < 0.001).
DISCUSSION
The Lead toxicity is the most common form of heavy metal intoxication (Flora et al., 2006, El-Sayed and El-Neweshy 2009, Ashry et al., 2010).
The use of chelating agents and antioxidants such as vitamin C and E (Mehta and Flora, 2001) may increase the excretion of lead. The natural therapies for the chelation, detoxification and the protection of the body have popularity because of their minimal side effects and have a beneficial role in the reduction of lead poisoning.
The medicinal properties of plants have also been studied during the recent scientific development throughout the world, and this because of their powerful pharmacological activities and the economic viability (Janmeda et al., 2011).
The disruption of the immune response is translated by the very significant increase in white blood cells and lymphocytes in the group treated by AcPb. The studies confirm that the exposure to lead causes a drop in the number of neutrophils and an increase or decrease in lymphocytes (Queiroz et al., 1993).
The scavenging activity of free radicals weakens the immune system, causes a genetic mutation and reduces its vitality. The wheatgrass is a powerful antioxidant, this plant is considered a good source of antioxidants such as beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E. Studies suggest that the supplement of wheatgrass could reduce
the oxidative stress (Shyam et al., 2007, Priyabrata et al., 2012).
In the present study, the treatment by the acetate of lead causes anemia which is characterized by a very significant decrease of red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit.
The anemia results from the decrease of the lifetime of the erythrocytes and the decrease in heme synthesis enzyme inhibition (Amdur et al., 1996; Garnier, 2011). By inhibiting the deshydratase of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALAD) which catalyzes the transformation of the delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in porphobilinogen (PBG) and the ferrochelatase (or heme-synthetase) which controls the last step of the synthesis of heme in which four molecules of protoporphyrin are associated with an iron atom.
The coproporphyrinogene- decarboxylase is also inhibited, but to a lesser degree (ATSDR, 1999; IPCS, 1995). This metal causes a hyperstimulation of the erythropoiesis of erythroblasts with nuclear abnormalities and a abnormal hemoglobin, which results in an increased production of abnormal erythrocytes (Venugopal and Luckey, 1974). The lead induces oxidative damage in the membranes of red blood cells, which leads to the inhibition of the heme and the synthesis of hemoglobin (Skerfving et al., 1998, Warren et al., 1998).
It reacts strongly with thiol group (SH) in the enzymes and proteins containing biological molecules (Flora et al., 2006).
On the contrary the group treated by Pb -WG was able to return the rate of haematological parameters (white, red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin and lymphocytes) and the maintaining to their normal level.
The effectiveness of the wheatgrass results in the synergy between its many components. The high content of chlorophyll which promotes the renewal of blood, blood circulation and general detoxification of the body.
Indeed, the chemical structure of chlorophyll is close to that of blood hemoglobin. The only difference: the chlorophyll contains a magnesium atom and a hemoglobin iron atom (Marawaha et al., 2004). Thus,
the chlorophyll will quickly pass into the blood and also by providing the iron, promotes regeneration and then allows the production of new blood (Marawaha et al., 2004; Priyabrata et al., 2012).
The co-administration of this plant can activate the synthesis of a heme by the maintenance of mitochondrial enzymes involved in this process (Singh et al., 2010; Marawaha et al., 2004).
The thalassemia is a hereditary blood disease characterized by an excessive destruction of red blood cells. The blood transfusion at regular intervals is the only option to increase the lifetime of patients suffering from major thalassemia.
The clinical trials suggest that the wheat grass improves the quality of life in patients suffering from thalassemia, by reducing the requirement of blood transfusion. The tablets of wheatgrass will contribute to increase the haemoglobin rate and decrease the amount of blood required for a transfusion (Singh et al., 2010; Priyabrata et al., 2012).
The thyroid is an endocrine gland whose follicular cells and parafollicular cells (C cells), synthesize and secrete important regulatory hormones, including triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4) and calcitonin (CT). Iodothyronines (T3, T4), synthesized in follicular cells, are necessary for normal growth and development (Zoeller et al. 2002) Parafollicular cells, via CT secretion, play an important role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism (Sakai et al. , 2000, Sawicki , 1995). The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Pb exposure on the function and structure of the thyroid follicular cells. Yousif and Asma (2009) recorded inhibition in the production of thyroid hormones in the presence of Pb. This indicates that animals exposed to cadmium may be at risk of thyroid damage (primary and secondry hypothyrodism). In our present study that TSH was reached to zero in rats treated with Pb after 6 week and this result has been suggested that Pb interference in synthesis or secretion of TSH by the pituitary gland or TRH by the hypothalamus gland, thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) is responsible for regulation the secretion of TSH from the pituitary gland.
The rate of TGO and GPT presents a significant increase. This result is confirmed by the works done by (Cobot, 2006, Hesham et al. 2020) where this increase causes damage to the membrane of hepatocytes and the appearance of inflammation of the liver. Similar effects were also presented by (Georing, 1993; Sandhir and Gill 1995; Shalan et al., 2005, Sharma et al., 2011B; Hesham et al. 2020) in rats exposed to lead.
The lead absorbed by the liver will be transmitted to the kidney, where a small amount is excreted in the urine and the rest accumulates in various organs leading to morphological alterations that persist even after the decrease in the level of this metal.
It also causes many biological activities at the molecular level, cellular and intercellular (Jarrar, 2003; Sidhu and Nehru, 2004; Taib et al., 2004; Flora et al., 2006). The works of (Saka et al., 2011) show the role of the system of glutathione in the detoxification of toxic metabolites of lead acetate in rats treated by three doses (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) of body weight, thus ensuring the protection of the living cell.
According to the results obtained in this study, the rate of urea is high in the group treated by the Pb alone. (Muhammad Suleman et al., 2011) suggests that an increase in the level of urea in the blood means the inability of the kidney to excrete in a definitive way.
The lead provokes an interstitial tubular nephropathy, at the level of renal proximal tubes but also glomerular. This alteration is reflected by a weak or no proteinuria, but especially a glycosuria, a aminoacidurie and the disturbances of ion transports (Bonnard et al., 2006).
The rate of calcium shows very significant decrease of calcium level for the treated group by the Pb only. The fall in calcium concentration is induced when the ions Ca2+ competes with lead (Goldstein, 1993; Simons, 1993; Finkelstein et al. , 1998), as well as the calcium channels blockade, inhibits the Na+ /K+ -ATPase membrane (INSERM, 1999).
Whereas the wheatgrass could improve the rate of calcium. According to Dweik 2003, this plant contains a high quantity of calcium ten times more than that found in the milk.
A very significant increase in the level of cholesterol in the group treated by the Pb alone is marked. The level of serum cholesterol is affected by thyroid activity and varies inversely with the degree of its activity. In initial screen, increased in cholesterol is often the first clue to hypothyrodism. Also, Mary (2003) mentioned that hypothyroidism is the most common secondary cause of high cholesterol level in blood.
The wheat grass also contributes to reduce the rate of total cholesterol and increases the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or the level of healthy cholesterol in the blood, by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the body (Sethi et al., 2010; Hala et al. 2014, Hesham et al. 2020).
The results of (Apostoli et al., 1998; Moorman and et al., 1998; Mansouri and Abdennour, 2011; Hesham et al. 2020) indicate a very significant decrease in the concentration and mobility of the sperm is in the group treated by the Pb alone or combined with the garlic that is similar to the results obtained in this study.
It is suggested that this metal may act on the function of mitochondria to the intermediate part and inhibits the needed energy to power the sperms movement and to make them infertile (Gardan and Lausanne, 2010).
The gross organ pictures of liver has recorded a number of 3 to 7 cysts/liver with a diameter ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 cm in rats intoxicated with Pb. Such cysts are completely absent in the control and even in the Pb-WG group. Moreover, liver histological study of the Pb group is marked with vacuolization and cystic structure, but it has a remarkable improvement in its parenchyma with the presence only of few vacuoles in the Pb-WG treated group; this is undoubtedly due to the beneficial effect of this herb.
The results obtained in the group Pb-WG are totally opposed to those of lead alone. It is supposed the richness of this plant chlorophyll which contains a significant amount of the ion Zn2+ and magnesium which greatly favor the fertility rate (Gardan and Lausanne, 2010).
The consumption of wheatgrass is an effective
natural cure and with no side effects. This plant increases fertility, purified, regenerates the blood. In addition, it ensures the detoxifying of liver, kidneys and thyroid. Wheatgrass is a biogenic plant, provides the body with energy and materials that needs to regain and maintain a vibrant good health.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors would like to thank The General Directorate of Scientific Research and Technological Development (DGRSDT) for financial support (Award number 03/2014, recipient C. ABDENNOUR).
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
All authors have declared that they do not have any conflict of interest for publishing this research.
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