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Quttimuratova Iristi Abdiraxmanovna, Nukus state pedagogical institute named after Ajiniyaz, Senior teacher, Kazakh language and literature department E-mail: shirazova@mail.ru
Professionalisms connected with fishing in the language of the Kazakh people in Muinak and Kungrad regions of Karakalpakstan
Abstract: The article deals with the lingua-geographic study of the lexical dialectology of the Kazakhs inhabiting the Kungrad area of Karakalpakstan. The problem of study of various dialects of the Kazakh language in the lingua-geographic aspect is still the most current one. This circumstance allows the researchers to admit a big significance of study of the lexical dialectology of the Kazakhs inhabiting the Kungrad area by the lingua-geographic method.
Keywords: dialect, lingua-geography, aspect, linguistics, comparatively-historical grammar of the language, history of the language, inner structure of the language, Kazakh dialectology, monographic research, dialectological atlas of the Kazakh language, dialectological dictionary, Kazakh linguistics, dialectological phenomena.
The vocabulary system of modern Kazakh language is very rich. One of the main layers of the word-stock of Kazakh as any other languages is dialectal professional words that promote to the development and enrichment of the vocabulary.
Professionalisms are special words in the non-literary (colloquial) layer of the vocabulary of a language. Professionalisms are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home. They commonly designate some working process or implement of labour. Dialectal words are those which in the process of integration of the Kazakh national language remained beyond its literary boundaries, and their use is generally confined to a definite locality. In the article we use the term "dialectal professionalisms" because professional words may differ in different regions. Dialectal professional words are divided into different thematic groups according to their usage in different spheres of life. For example, they are divided into professionalisms in cattle-breeding, farming, handicraft, connected with iron, etc. The classification of the professional words of the Kazakh language depends on the region where it is spoken, because in different regions people are occupied with different jobs, fields of
work and professions. In the western dialects of the Kazakh language there are many professionalisms connected with cattle-breeding, especially camelbreeding, and in central parts of Kazakhstan there are many words connected with certain specialities and professions, for example, we observe the domination of professionalisms connected with water, forestry and wood handicraft. In the eastern dialects of the Kazakh language there are professionalisms connected with gardening and farming [1, 346].
It should be pointed out that professionalisms connected with fishing exist in all dialects of the Kazakh language. To collect such professionalisms and include them into the vocabulary system of the literary language is one of the actual issues for investigations in dialectology and one of the ways of enriching the word- stock of the language [2, 128]. These issues began to have been studied in Kazakh linguistics since the end of the 1950-s.
It is impossible to study perfectly the word-stock of the Kazakh literary language without the study of professionalisms that are in the colloquial layer of the vocabulary. The collection and study of professionalisms play a great role to fulfill the following tasks:
Firstly, it makes a certain influence on enriching the national literary language; secondly, it promotes
Professionalisms connected with fishing in the language of the Kazakh people in Muinak and Kungrad regions of Karakalpakstan
to create a recognized standard, the norm of the language; thirdly, the collection of professionalisms is considered to be a valuable material for compiling explanatory, terminological, bilingual and dialecto-logical dictionaries.
Professionalisms in the dialectology of the Kazakh language are recommended to study dividing them into two groups: 1) the study of professionalisms in the Kazakh language of the people living on the territory of Kazakhstan; 2) the study of professionalisms in the Kazakh language of the people who don't live in Kazakhstan, but in other countries with other peoples. We take into account these views because on the one hand some professions may be popular and developed on a certain territory and on the other hand, the language of the people among whom the Kazakhs live outside of Kazakhstan influence on their vocabulary system [4, 136].
The article is devoted to the study of professionalisms in the colloquial vocabulary of the language of the Kazakh people who live outside Kazakhstan, in the regions of other countries.
The varying aims of the communication have caused the literary language to fall into a number of self-sufficient systems (functional styles). For example, the language ofworks of fiction, newspapers, journals, scientific work, documents in state offices and enterprises, education at schools.
The functioning of the literary language in various spheres of human activity and with different aims of communication has resulted in its differentiation. As in any other language in Kazakh there are two varieties of language — the spoken and the written. Each of these varieties has developed its own features and qualities which in many ways may be regarded as opposed to each other. The Kazakh written literary language enriches thanks to spoken language, but it should be taken into consideration that not all the words of the spoken language can enter the literary layer of the vocabulary [5, 230].
The norm of the literary language is based on the words which are used widely in everyday life in the language of not small social groups, but the most people. The norm of the language has its typical properties. Sometimes because of various reasons the words of small social groups can enter the special
literary vocabulary of a language. Soon these words become comprehensive and fixed in the vocabulary and are accepted as the norm of the literary language.
There have been done some research works devoted to the study of peculiarities of the Kazakh language, but the investigation of the language of the Kazakh people who live not only in Kazakhstan but in other neighboring countries speaking in the Turkic languages is of a great theoretical and practical importance and deserves the scholars' attention. The study of professionalisms in the language of the Kazakh people living in the regions of Muinak and Kungrad shows that the most part of the professional words deals with farming than with other branches.
The population of Kungrad region consists of the people of different nationalities, mainly Kazakh, Karakalpak and Uzbek. Their children get education and study at the same school (in most schools teaching is in Karakalpak). There are totally eight collective farms in the region. Two of them (Miynetabad and Raushan) are occupied with rice-growing, three of them (Usturt, Koklikol, Kiziljar) are occupied with cattle-breeding and the rest three (Konirat, Khorezm, a village Ali) — with cotton-growing.
In Muinak region in most of the above-mentioned places live the people of Kazakh nationality. In Usturt collective farm they live in the villages Janalik, Koreets story, Jalpak til and Kumtobe, in Raushan collective farm they live in the place Sarancha, in Miynetabad collective farm they live in the villages Erkin, Kizil Kum, Ashamaily, In Khorezm farm they live in the centre and in the village Aday, in Koklikol farm they live in the nearest places, in Konirat region and Konirat collective farm they live together with the people of other nationalities — Uzbek and Karakalpak. About 97 % of Kazakhs living here is settled. There are 10 general educational and 8 primary schools in this region. Most general educational schools where teaching is in Kazakh, are situated in the places with dense population. Some Kazakhz living in the centre of the collective farms are occupied with cattle-breeding, rice-growing, cotton-growing and building. There are modern hospitals, libraries, schools and enterprises of connection in this place.
The word-stock of the Kazakhs in Kungrad region is characterized by a great number of professionalisms in cereals, cattle-breeding and farming and this fact shows that the people had been settled for many years.
According to the data in history, from early times the Kazakh people living on the territory of Karakalpakstan were occupied with cattle-breeding and farming and to keep ends together they were also occupied with fishing. The word-stock ofMuinak and Kungread Kazakhs is very rich in professionalisms. They may be divided into the following thematic groups:
1) words connected with fishing and the sea;
2) words connected with cotton-growing;
3) words connected with farming, technical plants, vegetables, gardening and cereals;
4) words connected with watering;
5) words connected with cattle-breeding.
The linguistic analysis ofthese words, their choice
and study is of a great scientific importance. Thus we see that professionalisms used by the people in Kungrad and Muinak regions are special words in the colloquial layer of the vocabulary designating some working process or profession.
Let's see some of the professionalisms connected with fishing and the sea.
Words connected with fishing and the sea:
• Атырау — an iseland;
• Гур — splitted pieces of ice;
• Жагыс — ford;
• Кузер — a way (path) for walking on the ice;
• К^ос;айы; — a double boat;
• ^ауыс — a frozed layer of ice in the surface of water in a pail;
• Тыма — the sea hollow;
• Ym — a hollow in ice for taking water and catching fish (throwing a fishing net);
• Шалац — water grass (a green layer in the surface of water);
• Шэуиш — thin layer of ice;
• Ай;ула; — fish abdominal fin;
• Ар;а ;алаш — fish dorsal fin;
• А;мар;а — a chub with red lips;
• Азна — cross beam of a boat;
• Боя; — float;
• Бекире-мекире — a sturgeon- a kind of fish;
• Гумпилдек — a means that is thumped to the water to call fish;
• Жом — a lid that puts fish together in a barrel;
• Жацса — a greasy part of a sheat — fish;
• Инелик — a wooden needle for knitting a fishing net;
• Куркин — sazan;
• Кек жан — a small fish bream;
• Кешки — anchor — a three-teeth heavy iron that is cast to the bottom of water to prevent a boat;
• ^аза — a means made of cane for catching fish in shallow;
• ^а;пыш — dried fish;
• Морда — a special means for catching fish;
• Мар;ас — a sailing boat;
• Пампылда; — rubber boots;
• Пешала — a shed for drying fish;
• Сыла — a pike — perch (a kind of fish);
• Турен — a place in a boat for putting fish;
• Тэшир — sturgeon of small kind;
• Шац — a tarpaulin for fish salting;
• Шонтай — a pocket of a fishing net;
• Шыжым — a kenip string of a fishing net;
• Шаба; ау — a fishing net for a bream [3, 800].
The Muinak dialect of the Karakalpak language
of the people living in one of the northern regions of our republic in Muinak, was investigated in the Candidate dissertation of a dialectologist Begjanov Turganbay, in which special attention was paid to the study of professionalisms in fishing. He gives the classification of professionalisms, dividing them into the following three groups:
1. Fish diseases;
2. Names of parts of fish body;
3. Names of means for fish-catching.
We support his statement that: "Using professional words connected with fishing in the literary language is considered to be the language material that helps to complete, develop and enrich our literary language".
In conclusion we can tell that professionalisms connected with fishing used by the Kazakhs living in Kungrad and Muinak regions of Karakalpakstan designate the work of fishermen and enrich the wordstock of the Kazakh language [2, 44].
Anthropology of Russian Symbolism
References:
1. Abdullaev F. Khorezm dialects. - Tashkent, 1961. - 346 p. (In Uzbek).
2. Beketov B. The Kazakh language in Karakalpakstan. - Alma-Ata, 1990. - 128 p. (In Kazak).
3. Dictionary of dialectology. - Alma-Ata, 2007. - 800 p. (In Kazak).
4. Junisov N. Regional peculiarities of the national language. - Alma-Ata, 1981. - 136 p. (In Kazak).
5. Nurmagambetov A. The Kazakh language in Turkmenistan. - 1974. - 230 p. (In Kazak).
Maslov Gleb Nikolaevich, The University of Bologna, Doctoral student, Department of Interpreting and Translation E-mail: gleb.maslov@studio.unibo.it
Anthropology of Russian Symbolism
Abstract: The article analyzes philosophico-anthropological views of the Russian symbolists. The anthropological ideals of Alexander Blok, Andrei Bely and Vyacheslav Ivanov are revealed. Keywords: Russian symbolism, philosophical anthropology.
Polemicizing with the supporters of the pragmatic role of artistic creation, Vyacheslav Ivanov, one of the theorists of the Russian symbolism, wrote that «man is the only subject of any art, although, not the benefit of the man, but his mystery» [1, vol. 2, 615].
Russian symbolism manifested itself not only as an artistic movement, but also as a worldview school. In our opinion, its anthropological grounds were not sufficiently researched in the complex worldview structure of symbolism (except for the attempts of anthroposophical interpretation of the heritage of Andrei Bely). Despite the following of same artistic movement, Alexander Blok, Andrei Bely and Vyacheslav Ivanov held significantly different views on both the reasons of decrease of the humanistic component in the culture of early XX century and proposed ways of coping with anthropological crisis.
Since the heritage of symbolism is going to be considered from philosophical anthropological point, let us make a few preliminary remarks about philosophical anthropology. Briefly, its subject lies in the philosophical consideration of a man. Such tautological definition confuses any researcher: isn't the entire scale of humanitarian knowledge (history, philology, psychology etc.) about the man? Furthermore, aren't chemistry and physics about the world
the man perceives it, i. e. isn't it a part of his nature? How to define anthropology? One can agree that anthropology is a biological science about the evolution of the Homo species and its racial variations, or a science about the lifestyle of so-called uncivilized tribes, or, simply, the collection of human types (the practice of literature). By contrast, philosophical anthropology begins with the solution of two tasks: firstly, at least approximate indication of the place of the man in ontology, clarifying the interrelations in the triad World-Man-God, and, secondly, determination of an ideal type of the man. Both, ontology and ideal-typical portrait of the man change from culture to culture.
Thus, the Renaissance era put in the forefront the idea of the man-co-creator, who improves, completes the world created by God with his own activity. The man separated from God by a large gap in the Middle Ages became closer to the Absolute during the Renaissance era; he rose in his own eyes and became the subject of pride for himself. The man is a godlike agent of cultural transformation — this was the main idea of the humanism. The interest in the «book of nature» as a source of knowledge of God promoted the development of natural sciences, but, by the beginning of XIX century, the scientific paradigm drove the idea of God out of its core to the
