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PRINCIPLES OF REGIONALISM FORMATION IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND CONSIDERING THEM FOR THE PRACTICE OF A NEW REGIONALISM FORMATION IN UKRAINE
Associate professor Tulchinskiy R. V.
Ukraine, Kyiv, PHEI "Academician Yuriy Bugay International
Scientific and technical university", head of the department management and public administration
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT_
The article determines that new the institutional practices are being formed within individual states, a new regionalism with some common tendencies under the influence of globalization processes in European countries. It has been found out, that the European space is developing under the paradigm of new regionalism, which manifests itself both in the form of international cooperation and in the development of internal regionalization processes, in which the regions act as subnational territories. It is founded, that the new regionalism has accompanied in the European public opinion forming ideas for reform of the European Community on the liberalization of administrative organization United Europe, updating new regionalism, and the purpose statement regions as subjects of political, social, economic and administrative relations. This takes place in parallel with the process of regionalization through the establishment of independence from the central regions of national governments.
Introduction. The new regionalism in the EU has accompanied by processes of decentralization and deconcentration, consisting not only in increasing and extending the rights of local authorities to manage all spheres of the population's life, but also in deconcentrating financial resources enshrined in the right to introduce and collect local taxes, using them to improve the welfare of their citizens.
New regionalism is in constant transformation as a phenomenon under the influence of globalization, economic liberalization, political forces and socio-economic policies at various levels, including the regions themselves, because there are different directions and the vision of the regions regarding the choice of measures for their socio-economic development and different the principles of formation of regional entities.
Research typology processes in regionalization of European countries governed on the basis set out institutional rights, political and legal trends and other factors of proving lack of uniformity and diversity regionalization process in general. At the same time, the paradigm of the new regionalism, which has confirmed by the experience of European countries, has aimed at leveling disproportions in the socio-economic development of the regions, overcoming the institutional obstacles to development.
The development of the new regionalism theoretical foundations and the transition of the EU countries' economic development model from neo-Keynesianism to neo-liberalism led to the introduction of EU regional policy measures aimed at convergence of regions, strengthening European co-operation, stimulating the development of regional infrastructure and refusing full homogenization of the regions.
It is worth noting, that the comprehension of the new regionalism formation processes is carried out not only in the economic, but also in the historical, philosophical, political, social, cultural, psychological and other aspects. Already this fact is evidence of the complexity and multidimensionality of a new regionalism formation, the understanding of which requires both differentiation and the synthesis of the scientific research results, the isolation of general and special, the combination of a wide worldview and highly specialized approaches. New regionalism theory came under the influence of globalization and motivated by a desire to modernize the economy.
Purpose of the study: to find out the foundations for the emergence of a new regionalism in European countries in order to take into account the European experience in the formation of a new regionalism in Ukraine. For achieving this goal: common trends in the process of regionalization in
Received 08 February 2018 Accepted 03 March 2018 Published 15 March 2018
KEYWORDS
new regionalism, formation, regionalism, experience, regional policy
© 2018 The Author.
European countries have been identified under the influence of globalization processes; the principles of the formation of a new regionalism and the processes, that accompany it in European countries are singled out; the typology of regionalization processes is determined in accordance with the political and legal status of the regions, the level of their self-governing rights and the corresponding state policy proposed by the European Parliament.
Research results. Under the influence of globalization processes in European countries, a new institutional practice is being formed within apart states, a new regionalism with certain common tendencies, namely:
- reducing the influence of states and administrative resources on the regulation of economic processes in the regions and the creation of new zones of regional influence;
- formation of new information connections and interaction of regions' subjects through interaction not at the state but at the regional horizontal level, which in the conditions of globalization processes promotes the entry of regions into world structural processes;
- regional interaction both within and outside the individual countries, which is conditioned by economic feasibility rather than administrative resources;
- creation of an international communication environment with creative social and managerial practices, etc.
The development of the new regionalism theoretical foundations and the transition of the EU countries' economic development model from neo-Keynesianism to neo-liberalism led to the introduction of EU regional policy measures aimed at convergence of regions, strengthening European co-operation, stimulating the development of regional infrastructure and refusing full homogenization of the regions.
The period since the middle 80s of the last century and before the start of the new period is characterized by the process of improving the regional policy of the EU, based on the principles of solidarity, and emphasizes the need for economic and social cohesion of the regions of the Community. In 1988, the official model of the EU in the "Charter of Regionalism" proclaimed the model of "Europe of Regions", which was approved by the European Parliament in November of that year.
The "Europe of Regions" model serves as the foundation for integration processes and giving regions the opportunity to become independent, independent actors in the European space. There are also changes in priority funding from the European Regional Development Fund. However, over time, the chosen model of European development began to threaten the EU collapse, because of the formation a large number of weak and small formations and has become a failure to address the inequality of the socio-economic development of the EU regions. This and other models contributed to the formation of "Europe across the region", which combined a result of lessons learned and benefits of different forms of regionalism's expressions with current realities of the EU.
In 1992, with the signing by the European Union of the Maastricht Treaty, the main priority of the Community was the economic and social grouping of the regions and the creation of the Cohesion Fund, which meets the established priorities. The Maastricht Treaty, taking into account the experience of European integration and regionalization processes, the requirements of regional and local communities, introduces the principle of subsidiarity into the contractual base of the EU, justifies the creation of the Committee of the Regions as a new communist institution, which acts in a "collective voice" of the territories and the Association of European Regions, which promotes regional integration and cooperation in Europe beyond the existing state borders.
Regions of states with a federal system receive the right to represent their interests in the Council of Ministers. There is a transformation of the European political process in terms of its regional dimension. With the consent of the Federal Government of Germany within the framework of the respective competences for land, the law provides for the conclusion of agreements with foreign states [5]. The same rights within the respective competences for independent conclusion of agreements with foreign states and international organizations for provinces are legally foreseen in Belgium and for cantons in Switzerland [9]. The activities of the regions as subjects of international law and economic activity led to the development of special structures within the states to coordinate such activities. Thus, the Belgian provincial executive authorities have established departments for the regulation of international relations, in Switzerland they are responsible for economic development departments within the ministries of economy of the respective cantons; in Germany, a Bundesrat consisting of representatives of local governments is established [3].
The principles of new regionalism lead to cooperation with certain regions, which acquire new features of subjects in European processes and get the right to act independently. At the same time, the
importance for the united European community is the establishment of regionalism, which does not prevent further European integration [7, c. 48].
The new regionalism in the EU has accompanied by processes of decentralization and deconcentration, consisting not only in increasing and extending the rights of local authorities to manage all spheres of life of the population, but also in deconcentrating financial resources enshrined in the right to introduce and collect local taxes, using them to improve the welfare of their citizens. Such processes are inherent in such EU countries as Austria, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, France [6, c. 88].
Within the limits of the financial resources deconcentration, held by the EU countries, the fiscal policy is played an important role that do not require the functioning of a particular management apparatus, but are based on the legally established tax system and determined by the goals and objectives of the development of a particular region. This, in turn, becomes the basis for the establishment of differentiated tax incentives and / or tax abolition for a specific region or certain entities. Since the new regionalism paradigm is aimed at activating the endogenous potential of the regions, special attention in fiscal policy is paid to tax incentives for enterprises in the field of R & D. Thus, the most widespread in European countries is a reduction in the tax base by deducting additional R & D expenditures that exceeds the real costs for them (Belgium, Great Britain, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic) and / or a reduction in the tax base by accelerating depreciation of capital expenditures (Belgium, Great Britain, Greece, Finland) [8, c. 143]. R & D tax credit is used to reduce taxation (Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal), as well as special or zero tax rates for enterprises that carry out R & D (Austria, Ireland, France). There is a form of reduction in taxes on wages and salaries of workers employed in R & D (Belgium, the Netherlands) [8, c. 144]. Such a fiscal policy aimed at stimulating the endogenous potential of the regions, including through the intensification of R & D, is more effective than the subsidy policy, as proved by the practice of European countries.
New regionalism as a phenomenon is in a constant transformation under the influence of globalization, economic liberalization, political forces and socio-economic policies at various levels, including the regions themselves, as there are different directions and the vision of the regions regarding the selection of measures for their socio-economic development and different the principles of formation of regional entities. For example, the formation of regional entities based on the predominance of national peculiarities is inherent in Belgium, historical and cultural foundations -Austria, Spain, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, economic and territorial features - Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Sweden.
European countries also have different internal regionalization. Thus, countries with a division into same status regions and corresponding authority can include, first of all, countries with a federal system - the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. Countries with an asymmetric territorial structure and different rights and competences include the regions of Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and include certain regions of France (Overseas Territories, Corsica), Greece (Athos), Denmark (Greenland), Faroe Islands) [10, c. 114].
EU countries have a different internal structure, which has been shaped by historical, cultural and socio-economic development, for example: Austria consists of 9 lands, Belgium - 3 regions and 10 provinces; Great Britain - 4 historical and geographical parts and 56 counties; Germany - 16 lands and 426 counties; Spain - 17 autonomous communities and 50 provinces; Italy - 20 regions and 110 provinces; France - 22 regions and 96 departments, etc. [4]. However, unifying is that the regions of these countries have sufficient competencies of subjectivity to meet the needs of the population in the cultural, socio-economic and other spheres of life, including representing the interests of regions in the world market by acting as subjects of international relations.
It should be noted, that in many of the EU, the process of regionalization was quite lengthy. For example, if you look at the experience of Italy, then in 1947 the constitution provided for the creation of administrative and territorial organizational structures with the rights of administrative autonomy. But in practice, this process of decentralization was implemented only in 1970 with the adoption of a laws' number in the implementation of areas their own administrative and legislative competence, and since 1975, the regional administrations have been assigned the functions of central government, as well as resources for their implementation. As a result of regionalization, 110 provinces were created in Italy, consisting of 20 autonomous regions, five of which have a special status, in which broad autonomy is established [2, c. 46].
The process of regionalization and decentralization in France began in 1960 and was completed in 1972, in which the institutes of economic administration designated the regions. Since 2006, 36,571 municipalities, 3879 cantons, 329 districts, 96 departments and 22 regions have been
legally established in France [2, с. 47]. Regional functions include stimulating and coordinating regional development, education, vocational training, etc., taking into account the needs and requirements of departments that are not subject to regional control. The communes have the right to resolve urban planning issues, the departments care for the problems of the agrarian sector, the development of social and industrial infrastructure, and so on.
Consequently, the new European regionalism in response to the current challenges implies a gradual transformation of the state into a regional format that characterizes the EU's policy towards the development of its own regions and acts as a determinant of self-development over the national European association as a whole.
The European Parliament in accordance with the political and legal status of the regions, the level of their self-governing rights and the corresponding state policy proposed the following typology of regionalization processes [1, c. 57]:
firstly, regionalization through federal education - involves the transition to a federal territorial entity from a complete state unitary and / or complete state independence;
secondly, regional autonomy - where autonomy acts as a form of decentralization of state power and institutionalization of regional power at the same time;
thirdly, regional decentralization involves granting the right to self-government to territorial units of the upper level; at the same time, national interests at the regional level are realized through the delegation of respective powers to the self-government authorities and / or the system of state authorities separate from the self-government;
fourthly, regionalization through existing local authorities - creation of local government on a contractual basis of target regional institutions, generating the effect of "managerial synergy"; while the territorial basis of the mentioned formations, as a rule, does not coincide with the administrative-territorial units;
fifth, administrative regionalization - separation in the territorial structure of a large country for the performance of the state power functions; self-governing rights to such territory are not granted or imitated because of the possibility of establishing within the administrative regions representative bodies without their own administration.
The typology of regionalization processes in European countries based on self-government, set out institutional rights, trends in political and legal development, and other factors proves the lack of unified and multi-faceted process of regionalization in general.
At the same time, the unifying is that, the new regionalism paradigm, which has confirmed by the experience of European countries, is aimed at leveling out disproportions in the socio-economic development of the regions, overcoming the institutional obstacles to development and based on the fact that the main bases of the region's development are:
- use of its endogenous potential, focusing not on the material but on the innovation and information component;
- the process of regionalization, which is aimed at expanding powers and functions at the regional level of government with simultaneous strengthening of responsibility both to the population and to the state at the same time.
New regionalism, as well as any complex, multifaceted phenomenon, has certain threats, which is confirmed by the experience of European countries. Such an example might be the situation in Spain, generated by processes of decentralization, difficulties in establishing an optimal balance of interests in the redistribution of resources and powers between the state and regions, the desire of certain regions to interact with supranational structures of direct management bypassing the state, which threatened to preserve the integrity of the state. Constitutively, in Spain, the inviolable unity of the Spanish nation and the right to autonomy of the nationalities and the districts that make it fixed [8]. At the same time, it should be noted that such problems arose and were successfully solved in other EU countries, such as Great Britain, Italy and France.
Conclusions. Consequently, modern conditions of development make it possible to state that European countries are developing in accordance with the paradigm of new regionalism, which is confirmed by the functioning of the relevant institutions that promote regional integration and cooperation of regions that are established outside the state borders with other countries. Also, the modification of the regions' role not only within the borders of the states, but also the completely institutional architecture of the European community, in which the regions act as subjects of socioeconomic and political processes.
The new regionalism is accompanied in the European public opinion forming ideas for reform of the European Community on the liberalization of administrative organization United Europe. It is
updating new regionalism, the purpose statement regions as subjects of political, social, economic and administrative relations that may accompany the process of regionalization because of the independence of the regions from the central national governments. Conceptually, the region is considered the main form of education between the central and local levels of government, with legally established powers and rights with a high degree of autonomy.
Consequently, the new regionalism formation in the context of economy modernization in the conditions of Ukraine's European integration, based on the decentralization of state power and the formation of the multicentricity principles of decision-making will promote the modernization of the economy in Ukraine and achieve competitive advantages in the European and world markets.
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