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found importance from the viewpoint of history and scientific basis of the Dutar maqoms. The most valuable point is that he has left us the unique notations of seven cycles of the Dutar maqoms
with authentic identification of nomenalogy of the rhythmical formulas components as well as a detailed syntactic segmentation of musical structures and poetic texts.
References:
1. Uspenskiy V. A. Classical music uzbeks. - T., - 1927.
2. Matyakubov B. Doston navolari/Melodies dastan. - T., - 2009.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJA-17-1-24-28
Mirtalipova Iroda, 1-course senior scientific employee-competitor State conservatory of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: navouzbek@mail.ru
Oriental microchromatics and its role in the creativeness of the Uzbekistan composers
Abstract: Oriental tunes were represented by western modern music examples. It is to be noted that the composer has met his goal because the listener can feel the oriental spiro in the work.
In conclusion, it serves as the facilitator to the prospect of creativity of such Uzbekistan composers as D. Saidaminova, D. Yanov-Yanovskiy, A. Kim, P. Medyulanova, etc.
Keywords: composers, interval, tunning, scien, music, tradition, microtone.
Microchromatics was broadly used in compos- quarter-tone interval system called it "enharmonics"
ers' music, is one of the developing trends, and is based on splitting the half tone which is the smallest interval of the equally distributed keyboard tuning into even smaller intervals.
This phenomenon called microchromatics includes the study of historical stages of many centuries.
This phenomenon was given different terms in the study of oriental and western music. For instance: enharmon, neutral intervals, a complex of ornaments (ornamentation), tender note, ultratonics, microtone.
Y. N. Holopov, a scientist, was the first to describe in detail the term microchromatics.
The root of microchromatics pertains to the theory of Hellenic music. Quarter-tone microchromatics was widely spread in musics of ancient Greece and Rome, was one of the existing three interval systems. The Greek theoreticians described micro-chromatics and having reviewed it as an individual
[1, 545-550].
In the 9th-10th centuries, the science of music that was added to the sphere of several research, independent sciences, emerged as a result of mixture of various cultures, i. e. saturated with such local musical traditions as Central Asian and Iranian, it synthetized the achievements the musical theoretical mentality of other countries and peoples.
In those times, the Greek science flowed with a broad stream into the cultural centers of Central and Middle Asia. In the 9th century, "The House of Wisdom" was established in Bagdad and one of its tasks was to translate Greek works and supplement with interpretations.
The seventeen-step series of sounds was discovered during the times of Forobi and Avicenna, but its latest shape developed in the 13th century and was further reinforced in the works of theoreticians who lived and worked in the following centuries.
One of the important theoretical problems of the series of sounds is microchromatics. This subject was covered in Forobi's work "The Big Book of Music". Forobi studied the colors of various associated tet-rachords deeply elaborated by the ancient scientists [2, 75-77].
Avicenna, the famous encyclopedic scientist and musician, was the first in the history of oriental music who accurately defined the seventeen-step series
of sounds. F. Ammar, the Arab musical scientist, transferred the seventeen-step series of music into notations.
Beginning from the 15th-17th centuries, oriental music modes continued to develop in the music of each people with notable differences. This situation was reflected in the whole series of sounds and kept developing step-by-step in individual national musical culture.
Modern researchers confirmed different points of view regarding the oriental series of sounds.
L. Koval, the musical scientist, studied tuning high-pitch and interval organization based on the Uzbek national musical instruments, put down the Uzbek music into graph by using a chromatic stroboscope (analyzer defining pitch level) in a musical acoustic laboratory at the Moscow State Conservatoire.
Y. Kon describes his point of view on microchromatics as follows: the width of sound limits enables the series of sounds "to finely differ" in various ways, i. e. it is the transfer of all gradations (from one state into another) of pitches outside the limits. Application of various "fine differences" has its role in the Uzbek folk music, for instance: neutral intervals (3rd, six, second, 7th) were believed to be the result of fine difference of the seventeen-step series of sounds.
Musicologist S. Takhalov defined tow extremely important limits of putting to melody and describes them as follows: composition of sound, i. e. the sound is the root, and has a decorative feature, and tuning on a specific basis (a superstructure) [3, 6-9]. At the same time, S. Takhalov studied in his research the melismas used in the Uzbek music, called them a complex of ornaments (ornamentation) and at the same time he marked them with the Western melisma signs: grace note, trill, etc.
Development of the new musical language system in the 20th century arose great interest in the musical micro-world. Particularly, attempts to understand and enhance internal features of a sound have resulted in appealing to the system ofmicrochromatics, overtones.
In the 20th century, the composers of the West used the microchromatic phenomenon in their works in two forms: step-like and colour. Of whom I. Vyshnegradskiy, S. Denisov, A. Schnitke, Ch.Ives, A. Haba, K. Penderetskiy, V. Lyutoslavskiy, L. Nono, S. Gubaydulina should be mentioned.
In the process of analyzing the composing practice, we tried to theoretically define and describe the step-like and color microchromatic types.
The step-like microchromatics is the type of microchromatics that has clear sound pitch and at the same time defined with the mark of microchromatic alteration.
The colour microchromatics is the type of microchromatics that is described in a different melis-matic (glissando, in particular) version.
Another version described in written manner in the 20th century, i. e. the sounds of timbre color is the sonorics. The sonoric method is an experiment in seeking new sound colors and it is the sonoric method that is based on the microchromatic phenomenon.
Having appealed to microchromatics, the composers of Uzbekistan have been trying to enhance the national moral values by using this method, i. e. to understand the oriental musical mind.
D. Yanov-Yanovskiy has expressed the following ideas regarding this phenomenon: "It is known that the 20th century European music is being enriched by appealing to the oriental music. For example, O. Messian, J. Cage, L. Nono, J. Crumb. Interest in the oriental music was an impetus for study
of new genres by performers. Examples like performance of raga by I. Menukhin jointly with Ravi Shankar can be mentioned. So many methods and types of modern composing techniques are not simply the root of the traditional music, but also closely connected to the performing practice, for instance, aleatory music, mini-music, microchromatics have been initially the natural melodiousness of oriental music" [4, 71-74].
We can see that the rich expression potentials of the microchromatic means are sensitively used in the step-like and color versions in the works of the Uzbekistan composers.
Composer D. Saidaminova's work "In memory of the friends" was written for symphonic orchestra in 1999 and its first world performance was dedicated to symphonic music which was performed in the second International Festival in Tashkent.
The subject of the work was expressed in expres-sionistic symbols (a human being's feelings, loneliness) which were presented in music by principles of minimalism [5, 1].
Leit-motifs sound on the basis of minor second and its different types, the step-like and color mi-crochromatic types, in particular, constituting the base of the said work. In this term, the chromatic and leit-motif versions with two types of microchro-matic seconds are as follows:
1) glissandolized second |
2b) quarter-tone I
1 a) glissandolized second I
2) triol quarter-tone Î
2 a) quarter-tone- stressed Î
3) a sound quarter-tone, a three-quarter tone I
Composer D. Saidaminova uses microchromatics in this work as very strong color. Also, second leit-motiff versions serve as the work's centralizing factor, the grounds constituting the unit.
We decided to appeal to the work "Rag music" by A. Kim, another skilled Uzbekistan composer.
Harmonization of the 20th western music traditions with various oriental musical instruments can be observed in the work "Rag music" by A. Kim.
Of Which: Indian organ, sheng, the Chinese organ, erhu, the Chinese violin, Turkish kemenche, qonun, Thai gong, "slide" flute is of flute-type shape, connected to jemba percussion instrument and produces whistle-like sound. European professional instruments: clarinet, bass clarinet, viola, contrabass, vibraphone, tam-tam (performed with a contrabass bow) prepared piano.
Microchromatic potentials were used in natural flageolets, glissando as well as three-degree micro-chromatic microwaves in the works.
As was mentioned above, there was another aspect specific to modern music polythematics in this work, each musical instrument has its melody line. Indian organ was introduced as organ pointed sound and diagonally added or reduced sounds composed as per minor, major seconds produced cluster properties. At the same time, the musical instrument contained clusters which were reduced through diagonal movement. Existence of such melody line across the work was used as specific theme color. When Indian organ sounds, vibrating sound is produced which means that it is a musical instrument that discovers the microchromatic property.
The step-like type of microchromatics is pro- same time, it is one of the themes that is able to ob-duced only on qonun musical instrument, at the viously presenn the theme of oriental tunes.
The color type of microchromatics was pro- musical instrument was represented in a version duced in all other musical instruments that sound- based on one accord, it also had its position in the ed in the work "Rag music". The part of Sheng work as organ point.
A change in the finger notation in clarinet and i. e. gave an opportunity for listening to three various bass clarinet B musical instruments is presented colors of a quarter-tone. through microchromatic three degree micro-waves,
The color-type microchromatics can be observed bow-instruments. on erhu, kemenche, viola, contrabass of the group of
The sound of erhu musical instrument was introduced as organ point and was developed across the work and enriched with new means used in modern
music.
Oriental tunes were represented by western modern music examples. It is to be noted that the
composer has met his goal because the listener can feel the oriental spiro in the work.
In conclusion, it serves as the facilitator to the prospect of creativity of such Uzbekistan composers as D. Saidaminova, D. Yanov-Yanovskiy, A. Kim, P. Medyulanova, etc.
References:
1. Holopov Y. N. Harmony. The Practical Course, part 2, Harmony of the 20th century - M., - 2005.
2. Daukeyeva S. D. The philosophy of music ofAbu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi. - Almati, - 2002.
3. Tkhalov S. M. Problems of performance and notation of traditional Uzbek and Tajik instrumental music. A dissertation abstract. - T., - 1987.
4. Azimova A. The Thread. "Musical Academy". - No. 3, - 1992.
5. Gabitova A. Minimalism in music: the genesis, evolution, expressive opportunities. - T., - 2007.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJA-17-1-28-30
Nasirova Yulduz, Ph D in History of Arts State Conservatory of Uzbekistan E-mail: shirin.bukhari1@gmail.com
East-West issues based on the example of the Uzbek opera history
Abstract: History of Uzbek Opera through the prism of East — West music genre issues. Uzbek music folklore and its role in development of the Uzbek opera genre.
Keywords: Folklore, composer, composer's folklorism, folklore development, music creativeness, east — west, Uzbek Opera, history stages
Насырова Юлдуз, Кандидат искусствоведения Государственная консерватория Узбекистана E-mail: shirin.bukhari1@gmail.com
К проблеме «Восток-запад» в истории узбекской оперы
Аннотация: _История узбекской оперы в контексте проблемы Восток — Запад. Узбекский музыкальный фольклор и его роль в формировании оперного жанра.
Ключевые слова: _Фольклор, композитор, композиторский фольклоризм, освоение фольклора, музыкальное мышление, восток — запад, узбекская опера, этапы истории.
История развития узбекской оперы по суще- устремленности узбекского мелодического на-
ству есть наглядный пример действия на практике следия с доминантой монодического мышления
проблемы Восток-Запад. и многоголосного гомофонно-гармонического
Пародаксальность заложена в самом понятии склада композиторского мышления, пишущего
узбекская опера, то есть слиянии горизонтальной партитуру оперы.
