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Международный информационно-аналитический журнал «Crede Experto: транспорт, общество, образование, язык». № 2 (09). Июль 2016 (http://ce.if-mstuca.ru)
УДК 811.512.122'36 ББК Ш163.24-2 А505
Д. А. Алкебаева Алматы, Казахстан ПОНЯТИЯ И КАТЕГОРИИ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ГРАММАТИКИ
В настоящее время функциональность современного казахского языка требует рассмотрения с позиций актуальной антропологической парадигмы. Современные научные исследования должны быть нацелены на функциональность. В общей теории языка проведены всесторонние исследования функциональной грамматики. Для более тщательного, углубленного изучения научных концепций, связанных с понятиями и категориями функциональной грамматики, необходимо обратить внимание на ее онтологические основы. Современные науки находятся на приграничном стыке и имеют общие точки соприкосновения. Основные фундаментальные категории и понятия функциональной грамматики имеют истоки в философских концепциях. Человеческий фактор в языке служит для применения знаний об окружающей действительности посредством мышления и языкового сознания, эти знания в свою очередь нужны для построения речи при помощи законов грамматики. В речевом акте формируется содержательная основа представлений говорящего о действительности. В данной статье ставится задача рассмотрения предмета, понятий, категорий и научных представлений функциональной грамматики, основы которой находятся в области интересов философской онтологии.
Ключевые слова и понятия: теория речевых актов, бытие, категории, понятия функциональной грамматики, функционально-семантическое поле, категориальная ситуация.
© Алкебаева Д. А., 2016
D. A. Alkebaeva Almaty, Kazakhstan
NOUTIONS AND CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
At present the functionality of the modern Kazakh language requires considering from the viewpoint of the actual anthropological paradigm. The modern scientific research should focus on functionality. In the general theory of language the comprehensive research of functional grammar was conducted. For more thorough, deep exploration of the scientific concepts related to the notions and categories of functional grammar one must pay attention to their ontological foundation. Modern sciences are in the near-border area and have a lot of common points. Basic fundamental categories and concepts of functional grammar derive from philosophical concepts. The human factor in the language serves to apply the knowledge of reality through thinking and linguistic consciousness which are, in turn, necessary for the construction of speech by grammar laws. In the speech act the basis of a speaker's informative representations of reality is generated. The article reviews the subject, concepts, categories and scientific concepts of functional grammar the basis of which is in the philosophical ontology.
Key words: the theory of speech acts, being, categories and notions of functional grammar, functional-semantic field, categorical situation.
The research grammatical component of natural languages based on functional positions is called functional grammar. The scientists M. Bruno, O. Jespersen, C. Mathesius laid the foundation for functional grammar. S. Dick's studies supported the development of the theoretical basis of functional grammar, grammar classification as psychological, typological and pragmatic one [J. Filipec,1961, p. 172].
The independent scientific field intersecting with other branches of science promotes the emergence of new trends. The main object of functional grammar is the study of language units according to the principle "from the content to the form, from the form to the concept."
In the theoretical part of functional grammar (A. Бондарко, В. Гак) functional-syntactic concepts (Г. Золотова, Д. Шмелев), the concept of functional categories, the link between vocabulary and grammar are considered in the first place by application of the functional semantic field theory [O. Jespersen, 1933, p. 5; А. Бондаренко, 1984, p. 60-62, 71-72; В.Гак, 1971, 1972. - p. 367-395; Г.Золотова, 2009, p. 262]. The content plane and the grammatical form of words, the content plane of sentences and statements verbalized, the content expressed by linguistic means and included in the language system are considered in foreign research works [Г. Золотова, 2009. p. 262; Д. Шмелев,1977, p. 127; A. Байт^рсынов ,1992, p. 448; С. Аманжолов, 1994. p. 320].
In many studies, functional grammar is considered in close relation to the grammatical typology, contrastive grammar, grammatical semantics and grammar of text and psycholinguistic aspects of grammar.
In Russian linguistics, this trend was first comprehensively discussed by scientist A.V. Bondarko and was called "onomasiological functional grammar".
Since the problems of Kazakh language functionality are studied on the base of the current anthropocentric principle, revealing the cognitive, pragmatic function of language, considering the cognitive abilities of language from a scientific point of view, the main feature and purpose of the research is at the junction with the other branches of science.
For a long time the researchers of Kazakh linguistics were focused on the issues of specific application of grammatical units of the Kazakh literary language, related concepts, their use in the language. The writings of scientists A. Baitursynov, K. Zhubanov, S. Amanzholov laid the foundation for studies of functional areas [А. Байт^рсынов, 1992, p. 448; С. Аманжолов, 1994, p. 320; K. Жубанов, 2010, p. 608].
The study of various aspects of the structural system of language reveals the direction of functional grammar, so it has become the subject of analysis from different sides. In Kazakh linguistics the given problem has been drawing attention for a long time. In 1950s the famous Kazakh scientist S. Amanzholov stressed: "I
would like to dwell on the problem of the connection of a large number of words from the standpoint of mental activity (of course, we are not referring to such links as concord, adjoinment, government .... standing alone). We aim to address this problem, to the extent possibly based on the laws of dialectics" [K. ^y6aHOB, 2010, p. 17].
Studies of certain categories of functional grammar associated with the subcategories (for example, the category of modality is associated with the subcategory of opportunities and responsibilities) revealed the possibility of an in-depth study of the complex category, full consideration of the categories in a new way.
Due to the fact that the classical structure and grammar do not take into account the speaker's presence in the speech, extra-linguistic factors are not fully disclosed to the functionality of the language. Considering the factors that affect the speaker's speech contributes to the identification of the functional properties and the conceptual field of language.
The functional-semantic field is the main object of functional grammar in Russian linguistics. Basics of functional grammar were laid and put into scientific language through a semantic category. Semantic categories serve as an auxiliary object, tools required for the connection between thought and language, logic, psychology and the lexical fund of language. Semantic categories based on logical and psychological categories participate in the speech act.
Significance of the dialectical unity of the transition from the "abstract" to "concrete" influenced linguistic units, which gave the general concepts leading to the formation of specific categories and concepts of functional grammar.
The basic concepts of functional grammar are associated with science ontology. Ontology is the science of being. That is the general description of being, knowledge of the concepts and criteria that develop an idea of humanity existence, identifying the best way forward. We can note that the human imagination, all the processes of consciousness, spiritual values, the idea of time, mood and other factors also belong to the category of being.
The reality is perceived as physical, psychological, cultural and social life. The being is cognized through the nature of things, but the well-known concepts are in constant conflict. It is regarded as a philosophical category, which covers the entire actually existing world, the concept of having a broad meaning.
There have been recent studies on the philosophical and ontological basis of categories and concepts of functional grammar. Since the main objective of functional grammar is revealing the truth of the real world, it is considered on the basis of philosophical knowledge.
To achieve this goal it is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that the basic concepts of functional grammar originate in philosophy and ontology. To do this, you should pay attention to some scientific formulations of functional grammar. The main scientific concept of functional grammar is as follows: the word in a speaker's speech is seen as a linguistic tool - a tool that is applied not only within a single closed circle, but also as an object of consideration with an integration point of view, as an integrated unity which is in constant relation to other language aspects. To achieve this, the basic concepts and categories of functional grammar as a result of intellectual-cognitive situations are revealed through the perception and the sense of the reality of being.
The theories that have a common goal produce new laws (from a scientific point of view), explaining, predicting new phenomena, new concepts and definitions associated with previous internal integrity. Using different language units to refer to the same concept made it possible to understand and reveal the depth of the meaning of existence. Through the knowledge, consciousness the different aspects of the concept were revealed, as well as their internal connections and properties that implement the concept of integrity. Thinking and consciousness disclose not only any specific features of a concept, but also the common purpose. For the assimilation of the importance of reality in the dialectical transition from the "abstract" to "accurate" the man used language units expressing general concepts. Thus, the various language units share a common feature: open concept from different angles.
The main idea of this research is to examine the areas of the human factor as the main component, the creation of special model problems of perception of the reality. The human factor reveals the possibility of knowledge of reality and its reflection in speech activity by a grammatical language laws that promote wordformation. In a sentence the concept and the content of the speaker's ideas of reality are formed, as well as new concepts related to the situation of communication.
Thus, the view is associated in the minds of native speakers with truth and knowledge, finding expression in the language laws, in the analysis of the situation of communication, creates new categories and concepts of functional grammar.
The concepts and categories of functional grammar may be considered in two groups: these are concepts of time and space. Therefore, in the first place, it is necessary to disclose the general concepts of time and space. All the concepts of functional grammar as a result of advanced philosophical knowledge are based on the conceptual framework of this branch of science.
Various concepts of functional grammar arose from the ideas of time and space in people's minds. Due to the fact that the time and space are dependent on each other, they do not exist in isolation. On the basis of the philosophical ontology categories and concepts of functional grammar are generated. The concepts of time and space have arisen on the basis of philosophical ontology, which is closely linked to the concepts of functional grammar.
Time and space as described above cannot be separated from each other. People can realize time and space by judgments in the form of answers to the questions: Where and how is it? what? when? Now you can disclose the value of the concept by uniting the functions of individual language units.
Time and space as philosophical categories, have been the object of attention of thinkers for a long time. Categories of time and space firmly occupy a place in the human mind, are closely interrelated and their community can be traced in the development and movement of the various systems. The philosophy and science of the ancient world, the principles of systematization of the categories of space and time influenced the results of specific judgments and perceptions, as well as their
evolution. The research on the natural history of the new time and space communication terminals have led to the emergence of new scientific findings and views on the relationship of these categories. Thus, study of time and space in various branches of science are carried out in accordance with the characteristic of the industry's direction and goals. With the position of natural science there is an idea of not having to do with the nature of human things and phenomena. In the philosophical discourse time and space, movement and reality are shown in conjunction with each other. In the most general and abstract representations of reality, man is regarded as more specific scope of a more complex meaning. On this basis, concepts that describe the reality are identified. This is a long process of dialectical path of knowledge. Description by philosophical science of unity and interrelationship of time, space, motion, and reality was a sub-object of the scientific discourse in the function of language to clarify the conceptual representations in the formation of compound words from simple ones.
The concepts and categories of functional grammar get in the ontological aspect of the embodiment at various levels of linguistic resources. In the minds of Kazakh people the perception of objects, phenomena and processes affects the formation of concepts and different categories of functional grammar. Conditions determined by binding the verbal objectification form a concept or a category of the whole speech act. Thus, we can observe the process of occurrence of words from other languages in the vocabulary of the Kazakh language.
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