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In their turn, English-speaking journalists (notably, BBC reporters) use Islamic terms rather carefully, mainly, when speaking about the Muslim states and most often as the names of the parties and groups, for example, Taliban, Mujahideen (at that they preserve the form of the Arabic etymon, while in Russian they are no longer the names and acquire the new morphological forms, for example, those of a noun).
In the fourth place, if an Islamic term is used in the English texts, the commentary specifying its meaning, is more often needed
some words of the Arabic origin (shahid, for example) are used when translating Russian texts and are connected with the Russian reality.
In the fifth place, when translating English mass media texts into Russian and vise versa it is necessary to be neutral and use Arabisms very carefully, giving preference to ideologemes.
In conclusion, there are some variants of the translation of a few Islamic terms from Russian Russian and English news stories:
Table 1
Russian English
моджахеды Mujahidin, mujahideen
Шахид (террорист-смертник) Shakhid, martyr (suicide bombing)
ваххабит Wahhabi
пояс шахида Suicide belt, shakhid belt
талибы Taliban
Хамас Hamas
джихад Jihad
фетва ruling
Мусульманский проповедник Muslim scholar
муфтий Mufti
джамаат group
эмир, амир Leader, head
References
1. Баранов Х.К. Арабско-русский словарь. - М.: Русский язык, 1985. - 944 с.
2. Крысин Л.П. Толковый словарь иноязычных слов. - М.: Изд-во Эксмо, 2007. - 944 с.
3. Крылова О.А. Лингвистическая стилистика. В 2 кн. Кн.1. Теория: Учеб. пособие. - 2-е изд., стер. - М.: Высш. шк., 2008. - 319 с.
4. Комлев Н.Г. Словарь новых иностранных слов: (С переводом, этимологией и толкованием). - М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1995. - 144 с.
5. Толковый словарь русского языка начала XXI века. Актуальная лексика / Под ред. Г.Н. Скляревской - М.: Эксмо, 2007. - 1136 с.
6. Шилова Г.Е. Особенности семантики и функционирования иноязычных слов в современной российской публицистике: На материале газет, радио и телевидения: Дис. ... канд. филол. наук. - Воронеж, 2005. - 212 с.
7. http://news.bbc.co.uk
8. http://www.izvestia.ru
Indo-European languages (UDC 811.1/.2)
Христо Кючуков
Свободный университет, Берлин
НОВЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В ПРОЦЕССЕ СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ РОМСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ
Аннотация
Статья представляет некоторые новые тенденции в развитии ромского (цыганского) языка в связи с процессом его стандартизации. Проанализировав опубликованные международными организациями документы на ромском языке, автор пытается найти некоторые правила в процессе развития ромских неологизмов, основанных на английских заимствованиях. В статье дана классификация различных грамматических категорий ромского языка (существительное, прилагательное, глагол).
Ключевые слова: ромский язык, стандартизация, неологизмы.
Hristo Kyuchukov
Free University of Berlin
NEW TRENDS IN THE PROCESS OF STANDARDIZATION OF ROMANI TERMINOLOGY
Abstract
The paper presents some new developments in Romani (Gypsy) language in connection with the process of its standardization. After analyzing published documents by international organizations such as Council of Europe, European Commission and others in Romani, the author tries to find some rules in the process of developing Romani neologism based on English borrowings. A classification on different new grammatical categories in Romani (nouns, adjectives and verbs) is done.
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Keywords: romani language, standardization, neologisms.
It is known that Romani is not a standardized new-Indian language-formed outside of India, spoken in Europe, Americas and Australia, influenced by Armenian, Greek, Romanian and Slavic languages. Roma are bilingual and multilingual — they speak at least 2 Romani dialects and the official language of the country where they live and also some of the international languages such as English, Spanish, French, Russian or German. Last two decades or so there were some international conferences organized by different universities or by different governments on the issue of standardization of Romani language (Kyuchukov, 2009). In countries such as Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, the governments accepted “standardized” Romani alphabets for that particular country only. And nowadays in these countries newspapers, journals, and books/textbooks are published using different orthographies.(Samko, 2010, 2014)
Alan Patten (2003:297) writes about two principles of bilingualism: ”The principle that citizens should enjoy the same set of language rights no matter where they are in the country is commonly referred to as the “personality principle”. The opposing principle, that language rights should vary from region to region according to local conditions, is generally labeled the “territoriality principle”.
Applying the “territoriality principle” of Patten to the standardization process of Romani language there are three levels of standardization of a language:
I level: Standardization of Romani for Roma in a particular country- Slovakia, Sweden or Romania. It means a particular orthography and loan-words in Romani language from the majority contact languages.
II level: Standardization of Romani on Regional level- Balkan countries- Bulgaria, Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia.
III level: Standardization of Romani for international purposes — for communication between Roma from different parts of the world.
The standardization on national level usually goes through the following process - one of the most popular Romani variety is chosen and it is used as a mean of communication, for publications and etc. The terminology chosen is the most comprehensive for all other groups.
On Regional level - the similar varieties which exist in neighboring countries are used for standardization. The common terminology is used as a base (usually from a language which was in a contact with Romani in early stage of its development, for example from Turkish) In Balkan countries where most of the Roma are Muslim and at the same time Turkish speaking the common terminology is form Turkish.
Examples of standardization of Romani terminology In my earlier work (Kyuchukov, 1998) I showed different lexico-semantic groups from Turkish which are used in different varieties of Romani:
• Names of plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables;
• Names of animals;
• Words from the nature;
• Names of minerals;
• Names of foods and drinks;
• Names of plays and musical instruments
There are different strategies for creating a standard common terminology on international level. One of them is using loan-words from Armenian and Greek, which are the same in all varieties around the world. Roma in their way from India to Europe come in contact with Armenian and Greek in early12 c., and there are a lot of examples from Armenian in the international Romani:
• Parts of human body:
cekat (forehead); morci (skin); koc (knee) (v)ogi (soul)
• Names of vegetables and fruits:
dudum (pampkin)
• Names of foods:
bokoli ( small flat loaf); xumer (dough)
• Names of animals:
grast (horse); khuro (young horse); rikono (puppy)
P. Bakker & H. Kyuchukov (2000) have some examples from Greek
• Metallurgical terms:
amoni (anvil); kakavi (kettle); petalo (horseshoe); karfin (nail); sviri (hammer)
Standardization of Romani on International level
A group of Roma activists and linguists interested in Romani language have been working for last 20-25 years in different countries and there is some new developments. The levels which the group of scholars accepted are the following:
• Creating of a common Romani language on oral level-speakers of different Romani dialects from different parts of the world, coming together on international events find ways to communicate;
• Creating a common orthography;
• Creating a common grammar;
• Creating a common lexicon.
Methodology
For the purpose of this study I analyze documents published by different international institutions and organizations written in
Standard Romani (Council of Europe, European Commission, European Roma Right Center, Open Society Institute). Special attention is paid to English-root terminology, and trends for creation of new terminology in Romani are observed.
New Terminology in Romani
The new terminology in Romani is created mainly from English terminology with added suffixes from Romani:
-a (sg.); -e (pl.) Examples (nouns)
Romani English
specifika specifics
lingvistika linguistics
analizo/analiza analyses
sistemo/sistema system
baziso base
logika logic
forma forma
literatura literature
leksika lexics
fonetika fonetics
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-o (sg.); -ja (pl.)
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Examples: (nouns)
Romani English Romani English Romani English
telefono phone leksikono lexicon specialisto special
treno train seriozo serious elemento element
computero computer minoriteto minority autoro author
prezidento president principo principle varianto variant
regiono region mediatoro mediator dialecto dialect
karaktero charachter levelo level deficito deficit
seminaro seminar alternativo alternative proceso process
fondo fond mandato mandate kongreso congress
faktoro factor interneto internet testo test
problemo problem sistemo system leksikono lexicon
analizo analyze intereso interest moderatoro moderator
-ija; -ije
Examples: (nouns)
Romani English
ortografija orthography
strategija strategy
etnologija ethnology
metodologija methodology
leksikografija lexicography
etnografija ethnography
-alno (sg.); -alne (pl.) Examples: (adjectives)
Romani English
emocionalno emotional
regionalno regional
internacionalno international
lokalno local
socialno social
specialno special
globalno global
spiritualno spiritual
leksikalno lexical
-(a)no; -(a)ne
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Examples: (Adjectives)
Romani English
urgentno urgent
politikano political
lingvistikano linguistic
modernikano modernized
tehnikano technical
gramatikano grammatical
-cija; -cije (-zija; -zije)
Examples: (Nouns +Verbs) Verbs
Romani English Romani English Romani English
fondacija foundation relacija relation unifikacija unification
kondicija condition variacija variation standartizacija standardization
edukacija education populacija population kodifikacija codification
organizacija organization funkcija function komunikacija communication
deklaracija declaration kooperacija cooperation participacija participation
rezoljucija resolution deskripcija description konservacija conservation
konferencija conference institucija institution izolacija isolation
tradicija tradition informacija information ratifikacija ratification
generacija generation proposicija proposition kolaboracija collaboration
konkluzija conclusion konvergencija convergence segregacija segregation
komlikacija complication kompetencija competence desegregacija desegregation
regional standardization but also for standardization on international level.
May be it is also time to start more precise classification of different categories terminology as I tried to do in modest way in this paper. The system shown here may be can be used for further developments of Romani terminology. The use of it in schools and university textbooks will bring Romani to another level of development.
Conclusion
The process of standardization of Romani started already some 25 years ago. During international meetings, where Romani is one of the used language for translation, in published documents and reports of International institutions and NGO organizations, the English based Romani terminology is take more often place. The task of the linguists now is to make much better classification of the neologisms in Romani, which did not exist some 25 years ago.
These kind of systematic work is needed not only for national and
References
1. Bakker, P. and Kyuchukov, H. (eds) (2000) What is the Romani Language? University of Herefordshire Press.
2. Kyuchukov, H. (1998) Turkish and Armenian Loanwords in Bulgarian Romani. Grazer Linguistische Studien,50, pp. 103-108.
3. Kyuchukov, H. (ed.) (2009) A language without Borders... Endangerded Languages and Cultures. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press, vol. 5.
4. Patten, A. (2003). What Kind of Bilingualism?. In: Kymlicka, W. and Patten, A. (eds.) Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford University Press, pp. 296-321
5. Samko, M. (2010). Attitudes of Roma to languages: a case study. In: Kyuchukov, H. and Hancock, I. (eds). Roma Identity. Praha: Slovo 21.
6. Samko, M. (2014). Inkluzivny vzdelavaci program: jazyk a kultura ziakov z MRK v inkluzivnom vzdelavam. In: V. Klein (ed.) Pedagogicky model inkluzrvneho vzdelavania v zakladnych skolach. PRined projekt INkluzivnej EDukacie. Presov: MPC.
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