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17. Сухов Е. Е. Геология, география и глобальная энергия/Новые данные по ультраструктуре пермских раковин нодозариид. -Астрахань, - 2010. - № 3 (38). - C. 211-218.
18. Sukhov. E. Permian foraminiferans of the Usolka River/XVIII International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian. August 11-15, 2015, Kazan, Russia. - Kazan, - 2015. - P. 189.
19. Sukhov. E. Permian foraminifera of Spitzbergen (Starostin Formation)/XVIII International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian. August 11-15, 2015, Kazan, Russia. - Kazan, - 2015. - P. 190.
20. Сухов Е. Е. Филогенетическое развитие рода Nodosaria (Фораминиферы) в Приуральскую эпоху (пермь) в Восточно-Еверопейской подобласти/Диверсификация и этапность эволюции органического мира в свете палеонтологической летописи. Материалы LX сессии Палеонтологического общества при РАН (7-11 апреля 2014 г, Санкт-Петербург). - Санкт-Петербург, -
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22. Сухов Е. Е. Пермские мелкие фораминиферы Биармийской палеобиогеографической области. - Казань, - 2003. - 320 с.
23. Сухов Е. Е. Пермские фораминиферы Биармийской области. - Deutschland, Berlin: Verlag LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, - 2013. - 454 p.
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2015. - 19-23. - July - 2015, Graz, - Austria. - Graz, - 2015. - P 363.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-32-34
Evgeny Eugenievich Sukhov, Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy Kazan Federal University, Kazan City E-mail: evgeny.suchov@yandex.ru
New data on the phylogenetic development of the genus Nodosaria in the Pre-Ural period (Permian) in the Eastern-European sub-region
Abstract: Phylogenetic research of small foraminifera is an important aspect of their study. It allows to represent in a more comprehensive manner the picture of their development during geological time; to track changes of species and to understand the role of foraminifera in a geological history of the Earth; it allows to define the stability of morphological modifications, to identify genetic relationships of genera and other taxa, to find out the course of development of the studied group of fauna. Phylogeny has a great importance in solving the issues of detailed biostratigraphy. The knowledge of its laws allows us to define phylozones, i. e. the layers, where there are taxa, which characterize the segment of the specific phylogenetic line. The order Nodosariida is most interesting from the viewpoint of studying the systematization of foraminifera as the general course of phylogenesis. Its species are ancestral forms of many genera of the calcareous foraminifera, including such important forms for stratigraphy as Lingulonodosaria, Dentalina, Pseudonodisaria, Protonodosaria. It is assumed that the first Nodosariidae appeared as early as in the Ordovician period, however, they are known for certain only since the middle Devonian period. The family Nodosariidae developed by change of the morphology of a shell, its sculpture as well as by complication of the internal structure — appearance of multi-layered walls, thickened septal walls, complication of the apertural apparatus. The wall of Nodosariidae is secretory, calcareous, fine-pored, vitreous, radial fibrous, one-layered or complex multi-layered. Each of the listed properties is very important for systematization of the order.
Keywords: phylogeny, species, genus, genetic relationship, population, characteristics, Nodosariidae, shell, branch, aperture, wall, Foraminifera.
Results. The genus Nodosaria is most interesting for phylogenetic study, which was common during the Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, and which originated numerous genera [1]. Phylogeny of the genus Nodosaria can be traced in detail in the Permian Pechora sections, which are distinguished from other provinces of the Eastern-European sub-region through more representative Permian deposits. Significant formation of species Nodosaria took place in Permian period, in Artinskian age. The basin of Artinskian age in the Pechora Cisurals was represented by a relatively narrow meridional intracontinental sea (in fact — by lagoon) [2]. In gen-
eral, its fauna was presented predominantly by Nodosaria and Ich-tyolaria. The most ancient species in Pechora province is Nodosaria shikanica Lip. (It is found in Carbonic period and passes to Artinskian age). In the early Irginsky age, the population of the species Nodosaria shikanica Lip., which had a vast habitat, underwent significant changes, connected with dwelling in different environments, in which the divergence of characteristics and the formation of new variations, subspecies and species took place: in some species — shells with high loculi developed, in other species — a slight curve in the middle part of a shell appeared. Approximately
New data on the phylogenetic development of the genus Nodosaria in the Pre-Ural period (Permian).
during the middle Irginsky age the populations emerged, within each of which there was a similar set of genetic characteristics. Two evolutionary branches A and B come from the common trunk of a rooted phylogenetic tree.
In the first of these populations the branch A has a straight shell, which is genetically closely connected with Nodosaria longis-sima Sul. [3]; in the second population the branch B has shells of a slightly curved shape and relates to the species Nodosaria bradyi (Spand.) and N. gusevi Suchov [4]. The newly formed populations adapt biologically to external conditions during evolution. In the first and second cases, Nodosaria developed by increasing the size of forms and expanding the number of loculi. In general, the populations experienced a high biological progress during Irginsky age.
Nodosaria longissima Sul., N. gigantea Sossip are meant to be the most ancient types in the branch A in Artinskian water area of Pechora province. These species are very similar in external morphology, and there is a distinct genetic relationship between them (almost the same wall structure, shallow seams, low apertural elevation, simple aperture, small curve of septum [5]). Among them No-dosaria longissima Sul. experiences the greatest biological progress. As a result of ecological speciation, connected with the divergence of groups of specimens in the population, Nodosaria gavrilovi Sos-sip separated from Nodosaria longissima Sul. in Sarginsky age. And also the species Nodosaria gigantea Sossip branched off Nodosaria longissima Sul at the same as a result of microevolution.
In Kungurian age Nodosaria angusta Suchov, a principal form of Saraninsky horizon, branched off Nodosaria gavrilovi Sossip. In this stratigraphic unit the population of foraminifera is characterized by the allopatric speciation, which is associated with shallowing of the basin and emergence of geographical barriers. Geographically isolated populations appear, to which the species Nodosariaflexa Suchov should be attributed, which has a very close genetic relationship with the species Nodosaria angusta Suchov.
In Filippovsky age small foraminifera underwent evolutionary transformations: the number of subspecies and species increased, highly specialized forms appeared, for example Nodosaria cassiafor-mis Igonin, N. clavatoides Rauser et Scherb. The species-specific genetic changes were associated in the first place with reliction. The sea was transformed into a shallow basin, and carbonates were accumulated in its water. The sea basin was well heated, what definitely contributed to further development of the entire benthonic fauna: there was a sufficient quantity of oxygen, sunlight, what also led to further differentiation of paleobiocoenosis. The size of small foraminifera significantly increases. At this time under influence of the external environment the mutagenesis processes gain in strength, what results in a significant, sustainable transformation of the genotype and leads to the formation of new species. One of such species is Nodosariapygioidea Zol. etIgon., which branched off Nodosariaflexa Suchov and is regarded as a leading form of Filippovsky horizon [6, 7]. The organism continues to become more complex: two — and three-layer walls with additional sculptural elements emerge; with a huge amount ofpores in the pre-apertural part; the pores form large clusters at the junction of loculi [8]. The affinity of gene pools is evidenced by convex loculi, elongate aperture, as well as the structure of pores (2-3 large pores are observed, around which there are smaller pores). Nodosaria monile Voron. originates from Nodosaria pugioidea Zol. et Igon, which is widespread in Irensky horizon (It reaches Solikamsky horizon).
The population wave is observed during Artinskian and Kungurian ages. The elevation in populations of foraminifera falls on Irginsky and Filippovsky horizons. Nodosaria noinskyi Tscherd branched
off Nodosaria monile Voron. (It survived until the lower Kazanian period). Nodosaria unica Suchov branched off Nodosaria noinskyi, which was typical for Solikamsky horizon (Ufimian stage). The latter two forms differ from other forms through a large number of loculi, elongated shell, cassideous aperture, what indicates their genetic relationship. Reliction in Pechora water area increases during Solikamsky age, what leads to a further isolation of populations. Biological regression can be traced in populations; oppressed specimens are observed.
In the branch B — Autochthonous species Nodosaria gusevi Suchov, which is typical for Artinskian stage, is considered to be the most ancient form of Nodosariida in Pechora province. Nodosaria fas-ticulata Suchov branched off it in the Early Kungurian age (Saraninsky stage), which is curved in the same way as Nodosaria gusevi Suchov. Species with curved and straight shells dwell in the same ecological niche and constitute a common population. Cross breeding often occurred between them. New organisms had characteristics of the species with a curved shell (the shell was slightly inclined in later development stages; the seams between ultimate and penultimate loculi were significantly sunken), and characteristics of the species with a straight shell (compact arrangement of pores in ultimate loculi, what is more typical for straight shells; the aperture has a central position). New species emerge as a result of such hybridization. The result of cross breeding is Nodosaria angusta Suchov, which has the characteristics of both Nodosaria longissima and Nodosaria fasticulata Suchov. This species is quite typical for Saraninsky horizon. Nodosaria incelebrata Gerke branched off Nodosaria angusta, also with a slightly curved form in the middle of a shell, typical for the boundary of Filippovsky and Irensky horizons. The species Nodosaria incelebrata Gerke is characterized by a pronounced ecological polymorphism (what predetermines the formation of new species); the population has several types of shells: with elongate aperture, with extended ultimate loculus, with the pricked size of a shell, with considerably curved septa. It is not excluded that such change of shells is connected with seasonal polymorphism and occurs as a result of changes of the photoperiod and temperature. Filippovsky and Irensky stages are characterized by a relatively low percent ofspecies with a curved shell. Nodosaria curiosa Suchov, which is typical for Solikamsky age, branched off Nodosaria incelebrata Gerke. Their genetic relationship is evidenced by elongate ultimate loculus and a barrel-shaped structure ofloculi. Nodosaria indrica Suchov also branched off Nodosaria incelebrata Gerke, which had some genetic characteristics common with Nodosaria incelebrata Gerke, including straight thickened septa, oval initial loculi. Polymorphism was also observed in the species Nodosaria indrica Suchov, from slightly curved shapes to shapes with average curve. This species characterizes the Early Ufimian age. The species Nodosaria uda Suchov branched off Nodosaria indrica Suchov in the Early Ufimian age. In Solikamsky age in Pechora province the species' natural habitat was divided into two isolated parts due to geographical reasons (formation of ridges), what led to the emergence of isolates. As a result of gene drifts and mutational process, the genotypes and phenotypes were accumulated, what led to the formation of two new species Nodosaria triglava Suchov and Nodosaria tscherdynzewi Suchov, which changed the ecological niche of "progenitors". The species Nodosaria triglava, which dwelled in shallower areas, developed by thickening of a shell. Nodosaria tscherdynzewi developed by shell elongation, complication of aperture (which becomes long and elongates in a tube) and increase of terminal loculus. Nodosaria tscherdynzewi was spread in more deep-water areas. According to essential genetic characteristics (a curved shell, elongate ultimate loculus, extended aperture, orifice-shaped aperture, thickened wall, high loculi), the species with a curved shell can be eligible for higher taxonomic unit and namely genus.
References:
1. Сухов Е. Е. Филогенетическое развитие рода Nodosaria (Фораминиферы) в Приуральскую эпоху (пермь) в Восточно-Еверопейской подобласти//Диверсификация и этапность эволюции органического мира в свете палеонтологической летописи. Материалы LX сессии Палеонтологического общества при РАН (7-11 апреля 2014 г, Санкт-Петербург)// - Санкт-Петербург, -2014. - С. 130-132.
2. Сухов Е. Е. Пермские мелкие фораминиферы Биармийской палеобиогеографической области/Е. Е. Сухов. - Казань: Изд-во Казан. гос. ун-та, - 2003. - 320 с.
3. Сулейманов И. С. Некоторые мелкие фораминиферы из верхнепалеозойских отложений Башкирии/И. С. Сулейманов//Тр. Ин-та геолог. наук АН СССР. - Уфа, - 1949. - Вып. 105. - № 35. - С. 236-243.
4. Сухов Е. Е. Пермские фораминиферы Биармийской области. Deutschland, Saarbrucken: Verlag LAR LAMBERT Academic Publishing, - 2013. - 454 с.
5. Sukhov E. Permian foraminiferans of the Usolka River/XVIII International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian. - August 11-15, - 2015, - Kazan, Russia/Kazan: Kazan University Press, - 2015. - P. 189.
6. Сухов Е. Е. Биполярность пермских фораминифер. Deutschland, Saarbrucken: Verlag LAR LAMBERT Academic Publishing, -
2014. - 161 с.
7. Sukhov E. E. Correlation of Foraminiferal Zones of Biarmia and Notal Regions/2 International Congress on Stratigraphy. STRATI -
2015. - 19-23. July - 2015, Graz, Austria/Graz. - University of Graz. - 2015. - P-363. - ISSN 1608-8166.
8. Sukhov. E. Permian foraminifera of Spitzbergen (Starostin Formation)/XVIII International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian. - August 11-15, - 2015, Kazan, Russia./Kazan: Kazan University Press, - 2015. - P. 190.
Culture and intercultural communication in international relations
Section 5. Study of art
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-35-37
Valiyev Agil, PhD., on International relations, Scientific Research Institute on Human Rights of ANAS, Head of International Relations Department, Odlar Yurdu University, E-mail: ir.minedu@gmail.com
Culture and intercultural communication in international relations
Abstract: The term of "culture", "intercultural communication" are main part of modern developing society. Through rapidly development ofworld, culture is going to change in our daily life. This variation can be delivered about, including growth, progress, evolution, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, diffusion, modernization and transformation. Hereby, modernization could be appearanced as adoption ofbroadening era confidences and practices, such as science, industry, democracy, and the idea of progress. Intercultural communication is a form of communication that porposes to dispense information across various cultures and social groups. We can only be managed and reduced such conflict through intercultural communication. As well as, we can only interfacing with others by capably and peacefully who are separate from ourselves can our global village reside.
The article contains detailed information about the introduction to the concepts of culture, theoretical approach to the culture, communication, the role of culture in cummunication process, intercultural communication as tool of world community. The article can be considered as a useful resource for experts and researchers conducting research in this field.
Keywords: Culture, communication, colere, intercultural, values, beliefs, people, cross-cultural.
1. Understanding of culture
The word «culture» derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin «colere,» which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture. At the first centures, culture was cleared as the impact of man to the nature, the bringing into cultivation of land, in order as its replacement to get the best product. Ancient Roman orator Cisiron created "soul nutrition" concept or the term of "culture" where he used a philosophical category on the development of the spirit of the phrase belonging to agriculture. In his view, culture is a means to overcome various forms of barbarism and as the tool for the transformation of the man to the perfect citizen.
In Europe, the first time "culture", the term used by Scotland scientist A. Ferguson. According to him, culture covers after the period of savagery and barbarism in the the development of human society.
Philosophers of the Renaissance were looking at the culture as ideally, through the formation of a universal identity, comprehensive education, to educate, to influence science and art, power able to help strengthen the state. They also have suggested civilization such as the question that certain social structure which differ from barbarism.
Culture... includes all the characteristic activities and interests of people [1, P. 3]. We all belong to this or any other culture. Culture — is a collection of human knowledge, confidence and behavior in our conveyed to future generations. Culture — is the main social factor regulating the different areas of human relationships which covers from daily communication till activities of the global economy.
Culture is the unique whole, the heart and soul, that determines how a group of people will behave [9].
There are different approaches to the term of "culture". Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Culture appears to have become key in
our interconnected world, which is made up of so many ethnically diverse societies, but also riddled by conflicts associated with religion, ethnicity, ethical beliefs, and, essentially, the elements which make up culture," said De Rossi.
According to E. B. Taylor (1832- 1917), [3, P. 7] culture is only spiritual culture: knowledge, art, religion, legal and moral norms and etc. Taylor qeyd edirdi ki, madaniyyatda takca umumba^ari yox, ham da ayri- ayri xalqlar u^un spesifik olan dayarlar da vardir. Taylor noted that culture is not only cover the universal values, but also the values that are specific to individual nations.
Rikkert offers that culture to be seem as a source of values. He lists the following values: truth, beauty, divine holiness, spirituality, happiness, special holiness. Values creates the special world and a special kind of activity that seems some aspects of how the man understand the world spiritualy.
Vindelband noted that culture is the values world or the world where to feel your responsibility depending on the understanding of the world by the human. Values are in consciousness, their embodiment in the reality means the creation of any kind of welfare.
According to Shpengler, history is replacement of different closed cultures to each other. In this case, the existence of a single historical process is excluded. All culture devide the age periods: childhood. adolescence, youth and old age periods.
"In general, culture is beliefs, values, customs and traditions, tastes, in short meaning, everything was created by man-made!" (A. K. Kohen).
Culture consists of the derivatives of experiences, more or less organized, learned or created by the individulas of a population, including those images or encodements and their interpretations (meanings) transmitted from past generations, from contemporaries, or formed by individuals themselves [4, P. 17].
