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Section 12. Agricultural sciences
Section 12. Agricultural sciences
Andronova Marina Michailovna, Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia Head of Faculty of professional development E-mail: mary1969@ya.ru
Maple ash (Acer negundo L.) in gardening in small north towns
Abstract: Questions of use Acer negundo L in gardening school territories of the small northern cities are considered. The biometric sizes of seeds of a Maple ash are specified. High quality of seeds of Maple ash is defined as high that speaks about successful acclimatization of introduced species in the taiga conditions. Keywords: alien crops, fruits, samara, maple ash.
Homeland of the maple ash maple or American maple (Acer negundo L.) is North America. It grows along rivers and lakes. It raises into the mountains up to 1800 m above sea level. In vivo it to 25 meters in height.
It is introduced in Europe in the XVII century. In Russia it grows since 1796 (Imperial Botanical Garden, St. Petersburg). In the XIX century it was able to get seedlings from seeds imported from Canada, and in the 1920s began to be observed its self-seeding under natural conditions.
As a result of introduction tests of ash-leaved maple in the Sev-NIILH dendrological garden, N. D. Kondratiev [2, 17] characterizes this taxon as follows: "An unpretentious fast-growing tree. It loves of light. It is drought-resistant. Foliage is light green, crown is drafty ... It tolerates pruning. It has exceptional speed growth. "N. A. Demi-dov and T. M. Durkina [1, 87] point out that under the conditions of V. N. Nilov dendrological garden the maple ash at the age of 28 maple reached a height of 4.3 meters, in the city of Syktyvkar in the 20 years of age — 6.4 m [3, P. 43].
In dendrogarden ASTU (CNPF) its height in the age of11 years was 5.5 m [4, 93], in the Velikiy Ustyug at 16 years of age — 8.7 m. For the soil it is undemanding, it carries the concentration. It tolerates adverse conditions (atmospheric haze) of the urban environment of small northern settlings. It is characterized by a good natural regeneration and rapid growth. Ratoons and abundant renewal inconvenienced when caring lawns, reduce the attractiveness of the greening object, what ultimately determines the appearance of features in the maintenance of green plantings with ash-leaved maple.
Spears are decorative — olive-green or brownish-red, smooth, sometimes with a whitish or bluish bloom. In very severe winters spearss of the current year frost over. Leaves are complex, from 3-5 and even 7 leaves, keep the tree until late autumn.
Flowering and fruiting from 10-15 years. In some years (2015) there are abundant harvests-5 points on a scale of fruiting Capper. Fruits are samaras length of 30.4 ± 0.4 mm hanging on the trees all winter, attracting bullfinches and waxwings.
Special admiration and curiosity among tourists is the fruit abscission. Samara (half of the spear), falling, is spinning around its center, describing a helical path. The effect of this movement is the same as the helicopter coming down with the engine switched off:
the propeller blades, rotary action of air flow, allow the helicopter to successfully plan.
The object of seed harvesting were the landscaping planting ash-leaved maple on the territory of secondary school № 4 of the town Veliky Ustyug (61o N, 46o E). Forests in the area of Veliky Ustyug belong to the middle taiga subzone. They are characterized by natural and historical poverty of dendroflora-a small number of tree species that form its membership. Brief description of the climatic conditions is reduced to the following basic parameters. Frost-free period is 110 days. Sum of temperatures above 10 °C is 1650 the average temperature in 13 hours at 21 °C in July. The absolute minimum is -48oS. The amount of rainfall during the year is 500 mm, for the period with a temperature above 10 °C-240 mm.
It is generally recognized that the success of growing high-quality planting material is largely determined by the quality of the seed. Especially this thesis is relevant with a limited number of seed plant introductions planned for the further implementation of the green spaces of cities and towns.
Going over a full cycle of the ontogenetic development of plants indicate their successful introduction.
Our research of ash-leaved maple seeds show high adaptation to this type of climate the taiga zone of the north-east of the Russian Plain and in particular to the built environment of small northern towns. Weight of 1000 seeds in the air-dry state, as one of the most important indicators of quality, is 32.35, the seeds are characterized by the following average biometric dimensions: length-17,2 ± 0,3 (min-14,0, max-20, 0), width-4,4 ± 0,04 (min-3,8, max-4,7), thickness — 1,9 ± 0,02 (min-1,7, max-2,2) mm.
The maple ash seeds reached a high purity-72.5%, which indicates the successful acclimatization of introduced species in a fairly harsh climate of the taiga zone.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the ash-leaved maple enriches the decorative features of landscaped park groups, provides expansion of aesthetics greenery planting gardens and boulevards, as well as scientific and cognitive function of schoolyards plantations. The author is of the opinion that representatives of ash-leaved maple should be present in the collection of schoolyards crop plants, but with the negative properties of the form should be given special attention when carrying out.
The study of morphological traits of seeds and ovaries in wild forms of cotton
References:
1. Demidova N. A. The catalog of a collection of wood plants of a dendrology garden of V. N. Nilov/N. And Demidova T. M. Durkina. -Arkhangelsk: Truth of the North, 2013. - 140 p.
2. Kondratyeva N. D. Representatives of Aceraceae Lindi family in gardening of the North//Materials of scientific and practical conference (seminar) "Gardening of the cities and settlements of the Arkhangelsk region". - Arkhangelsk, 1999. - P. 17-18.
3. Malakhovets, P. M. A practical grant on gardening of the cities and settlements of the Arkhangelsk region/P. M. Malakhovets, V. A. Ti-sova, G. I. Travnikova, V. S. Tsvil. - Arkhangelsk, 1999. - 71 p.
4. Malakhovets, P. M. Decorative trees and shrubs in the north. - Arkhangelsk, 2002. - 127 p.
Grabovec Nina Viktorovna, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental project director, Biology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: inst@gen.org.uz Rafieva Feruza Umidullaevna, research assistants, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: inst@gen.org.uz Shodmonova Gulnoza Erkinovna, assistant to chair of genetics, breeding and seed crops, Tashkent State of agricultural University
The study of morphological traits of seeds and ovaries in wild forms of cotton
Abstract: This article describes the size of the ovaries and seeds in the development process, as well as the change of number of seeds in the process of maturation. And also calculated the potential seed production and the real seed productivity. Keywords: cotton, seeds, ovary, ovule, morphology.
Introduction
Cotton is one of the leading industrial crops. It is hardly possible to find a branch of the economy, which would not have used the products obtained from the cotton plant. That is why the cotton in its importance to the economy is on a par with metal, fuel and bread. Cotton is the most important economic culture and the most universal among other crops. From all parts of the cotton plant — the seeds, leaves, stems, roots, you can receive a variety ofproducts.
In the genus Gossypium L., according to a recent classifications, there are about 35 species [8, 36-42] and 50 species [5, 71-102; 7, 91-114], native to tropical and subtropical regions of the 5 continents of the world. They occupy space located on two sides of the equator and 200 north and south noun — in North and South America, Africa, Asia, India, Australia; on the islands: the Antilles, Hawaii and Cape Verde. Some of them are small or narrow ranges, while others are very narrow and are endemic species. Representatives of the genus Gossypium L. distinguished by great morphological diversity. The diversity of wild and cultivated species and forms of cotton, many of whom are carriers of economic and biological characteristics — a rich source of genetic resources. However, the coefficient of these resources in improving and creating new vital varieties of cotton in the world is extremely low. In practice, mainly used 4-5 representatives (out of 50), which served as the basis for creating varieties of past and present selection, the so-called cultivated tetraploid species — G.hirsutum L. (Mexico), G. barbadense L. (Peruvian) and diploid — G. arboreum L. (Indian), G. herbaceum L. (Afro-Asiatic). In world practice, dominated by varieties that are based on the Mexican (G.hirsutum L.), accounting for 90% of the annual cotton harvest. The remaining members of the genus Gossypium L., especially wild is still a potential gene pool. The limited use
of the existing biodiversity in the nature leads to genetic uniformity of modern varieties, degeneration and other negative consequences and a lack of modern domestic and foreign selection.
A large arsenal ofknowledge of this culture has accumulated in the past years literature. Much attention is given to the study of the morphological and anatomical structure of the generative organs of cotton, having great scientific and practical importance. Thus, the structure of the skin signs of mature seeds and leaves are used as a taxonomic scientists in solving problems of systematics of representatives of different families, and in particular the family. Malvaceae [1, 1-263; 6, 108-165; 11, 179-184].
In modern selection parents often used perspective varieties wild species, because they have very valuable biological properties for selection. In modern literature there are works devoted to the study of correlative links between the anatomical structure of the generative organs and biologically valuable signs.
In the literature on cotton are rarely given the size of the mature seed, but more often the terms are used in the characterization of fruits and seeds — large, medium, small [3, 1161-1169; 8, 74-81]. Corner has been studied the dynamics of development of seed dicotyledons in detail [2, 174-381]. Changes of size of ovaries and ovules of cotton in their development processes have not been studied.
The seed cotton productivity is little studied question and, especially, the potential that have important theoretical and practical value, these data allow us to judge the potential possibilities of plants and predicting yield. Data on seed production of varieties and some forms of cotton are available for work [13, 5-51; 12, 9296; 4, 52-55], linear hybrids [9, 188-190] and others. Typically, data are given on the number of full (knotted) and "undeveloped seeds" in mature pods.
