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ЛИЧНОСТЬ И МЕДИА: ГУМАНИТАРНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ В
МЕДИАОБРАЗОВАНИИ
Hans Schieser
почетный профессор Университета Де Пола (Чикаго, США)
Prof.Dr. Hans Schieser, Professor emeritus DePaul University Chicago
УДК 37 ББК 6/8
ВЛИЯНИЕ СРЕДСТВ МАССОВОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ НА ПОВЕДЕНИЕ
Насколько средства массовой информации (телевидение, видео игры, публикации) влияют на поведение молодых людей? Увеличение случаев жестокого поведения (например, стрельба в состоянии помутнения рассудка) предполагают негативное влияние на разум и поведение молодежи. Психологи указывают на влияние пропаганды, ошибочность «бихевиоризма» и на факты пристрастия к чему-либо (например, порнография) и физические воздействия на мозг.
Ключевые слова: пропаганда; Бихевиоризм; порнография; мозг; моральные ценности.
INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BEHAVIOR
How far do Media (Television, Video Games, Publications) influence the behavior of young people? The increasing occurrence of violent behavior (e.g. amuck shootings) suggest a negative influence upon the minds and behavior of youth. Psychologists point to the effects of propaganda, the fallacy of „behaviorism— and the facts of experience with addiction (e.g. pornography) and physical effects on the brain.
Key words: propaganda; Behaviorism; pornography; brain; moral values.
How far do media (Television, News Media, Video, Movies) influence human behavior, especially of young people?
This question has been answered already long ago but still there are arguments that other factors determine behavior much more. While these arguments are valid, we should still recognize the role media play in influencing human behavior.
It was right after World War II (1945) when the British historian Arnold Toynbee urged the politicans and educators of Europe: „Make people propaganda proof!— His concern was that people should become immune against political and ideological propaganda which has led to the atrocities of wars and persecution. It is a tragedy that his call was not heard: we still see the world wide effects of propaganda in politics, in the economy, and in the persecution of religious groups.
What is „propaganda—? The Latin word means that there is a way to influence thinking and acting from outside (pro = forward, for - agare = to act). Like a „propeller— which „drives— an airplane, ideas and words can „drive— people to act. There are plenty of historical examples, how this works, from Antiquity (Babylon, Athens, Rome) to our times (Lenin, Hitler, MaoTseTung, contemporary Gurus). Psychology has tried to explain the factors that determine human behavior („Behaviorism— with the formula S^R: any activity is preceded by a stimulus) , recognizing the role „outside stimuli— play. but there is more to human behavior than „outside stimulation—, and especially the „link— between „stimuli— and „activity— is not always direct. Even animals „evaluate— stimuli and behave accordingly, depending on previous exp e-rience (e.g. Pavlov's dog), but Man also applies „moral— values when he or she acts. (The formula should read: S^O^R, where O stands for „organism—, i.e. the organism, say: the brain, evaluates the stimulus before there is a response
Propaganda works mainly when intelligence is by-passed and the will „outer-directed— („mass hysteria—) The experience with the people in totalitarian systems (like Hitler's National Socialism) has shown that religious people have not been affected by the ideology of poltical propaganda, since they found it contrary to their religious beliefs.
Another example may be the experience with pornography: In 1989, the murderer of 28 women, Ted Bundy, was interviewed just before he died on the electric chair in Florida. This interview with Dr. Dobson, an American psychologist, was videorecorded. Bundy told of his addiction with pornographic literature which had started with simple magazines and eventually had led to a frenzy attacking and abusing, and eventually killing women. He admitted this in the interview, just hours before his execution.
There is no doubt, that reading and viewing pictures influence behavior! Advertising works that way! Why the „evaluation— of this „imput“ does not always work, will remain an unsolved mystery. However, there IS something like „concience— , although we will never scientifically explain what this „compass— is that can tell us what is „right— and „wrong—. The Christian view points to the „religious— quality of conscience and to the fact that the ability to apply will („will— as an interfering agent) has been weakened by „original sin— (Bible).
It is a fact, that religious people apply more often „moral values— with their behavior since their will and their conscience are „trained— („askesis— = training).
The question how much influence media have upon behavior should not (and cannot) be answered by a percentage, but should rather focus on the ability of a person to evaluate this influence by applying „values— and the „will—.
Still, scientists have evidence of harmful influence, not only on behavior but also on the physical and psychological dimension of behavior. The books of the German psychologist, Dr. Manfed Spitzer (University of Ulm) show clearly, how the video screen has an impact on the organism and on the brain Already in 1958, the French Historian Jacques Ellul showed the influence of propaganda with his book Propagandes where he pointed to the fact that propaganda influences noch just behavior but , before that, man's attitudes.
In the Seventies (1977 and 1979), authors have warned of the harmful influence of television, not only on children but also on the family and even the whole of society.
It is a tragedy, that all these warnings have not been heeded, and that Toynbee's appeals remained a „voice in the desert—. Except for some „traditionalists— among the educators and in the Churches, and fortunately some scientists, the wave of porno and butalo keeps seeping into the minds of our children, youngsters and even adults.
Will this, as you read this article, move YOU to do something about this problem?
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Arnold Toynbee, Civilization on Trial, (London: Oxford University Press, 1958) Christa Meves, Verfuhrt, Manipuliert, Pervertiert: Ursachen, Folgen, Auswege, (Munchen: Resh Verlag, 20074th edition)
Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster, Die Hauptaufgaben der Erziehung, (Freiburg: Herder, 19674)
„ , Moderne Jugend und christliche Religion, (Freiburg:
Herder, 1960.
Hans Schieser, Wie kann man Kinder immun machen gegen Drogen, Gewalt und Verfuhrung?
(unpublished manuscript, 2010)
Иванова Людмила Анатольевна
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, зав. кафедрой педагогики ФГБОУ ВПО «ИГЛУ», г. Иркутск, Россия
УДК 8/077. 3/: 371. 97 ББК 74.03
ПРОГРАММА УЧЕБНОГО КУРСА «ФРАНЦУЗСКИЙ И МЕДИАОБРАЗОВАНИЕ»
