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Mitia Frumin
FRANCOIS KAUFFER: AT HOME AMONG STRANGERS,
A STRANGER AT HOME The fate of a cartographer in foreign service in the age of empires
Francis Kauffer is known as the man who in 1786 conducted the first triangulation of the Bosphorus and determined the exact location of most prominent landmarks of Istanbul. Starting from the map1 published by Jean-Baptiste Lechevalier in 18022, Kauffer’s works served as a basis for numerous “scientific”, i.e. measured maps of the city.
The most complete biography of Francis Kauffer was compiled by Dr. Frederic Hitzel. Its latest extended and updated version was published in 20003. To summarize the most important known facts: Francis Kauffer, engineer of Ponts-et-Chaussees, was skilled in both reconnaissance and map construction. In 1776 he took part in the journey of Count Marie-Gabriel de Choiseul-Gouffier to Greece. Based
on his own survey, Francis Kauffer later produced several maps for the first volume of Choiseul-Gouffier’s “Voyage pittoresque de la Grece”4. In 1784 Choiseul-Gouffier was appointed French ambassador to the Ottoman Porte. Kauffer went to Istanbul with him and a team of French engineers, military and naval experts who had been invited to assist in the modernization of the Ottoman military. As a cartographer Francis Kauffer personally conducted and was involved in numerous projects of triangulations, reconnaissance and map compilation, including areas of the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, and the entrance to the Black Sea. In addition Francis Kauffer also proved to be an able engineer and landscape designer.
Kauffer’s successful career had been jeopardized by the drastic changes caused by the French Revolution of 1789. Being a royalist and a loyal subordinate to Choiseul-Gouffier, Kauffer followed his master into opposition to the new regime. He was even arrested and spent several weeks in French prison in 1792, when he tried to deliver in Paris a letter on behalf of Choiseul-Gouffier from the Grand Vizier in Istanbul. After his release from this detention, Francis Kauffer at once returned to Istanbul, only to witness the departure of Choiseul-Gouffier to self-imposed exile in St. Petersburg and the arrival of the new French ambassador. In this situation Francis Kauffer made the decision to enter into the service of the Ottoman Empire.
From the end of 1792 Francis Kauffer served the Ottoman Porte as military engineer and cartographer. He took part in the inspection and strengthening of Turkish fortresses on the northern and western shores of the Black Sea, in the vicinity of the new5 Russian-Turkish border (Akkerman, Kilia). Together with John Spencer Smith6, Francis Kauffer fortified the Bosphorus defenses. In addition to engineering and designing, Kauffer compiled several maps for Sultan Selim III. Among them are maps representing different aspects of Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt, as well as a detailed map of the Mediterranean.
His rapid and unexpected death from pneumonia in February of 1801 brought to an end the brilliant career of one of the most prominent Western engineers and cartographers in the Ottoman service at the end of eighteenth century. However, in light of recently revealed documents, the question has to be asked: did Francis Kauffer truly serve the Ottoman Porte? Or did he serve only the Ottoman Porte?
The Russian track
A document held in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (hereafter: AVPRI7) had been sent in the summer of 17998 by Vasiliy Stepanovich Tomara, Russian Ambassador in Istanbul, to Vice-Chancellor Fyo-
dor Rostopchin. The letter includes the following excerpt:
“In accordance with His Imperial Majesty’s9 order of June 19th... I herewith submit a list of various plans which will be delivered by me to Admiral Count Kushelev10. None of these plans could have been obtained by any other means except through the services of engineer Kauffer. His Imperial Majesty’s opinion of Kauffer is known to Your Highness11. In addition I have to admit that when first approached, he [Kauffer] expressed total readiness to serve His Imperial Majesty and only regretted that, due to the tremendous amount of work involved, it will be impossible neither to supply all the plans mentioned in the list until the end of next winter, nor to copy them. I have accepted his proposition and ordered him to start to work. I shall send them [the plans he supplies] by portions to His Highness Count Kushelev. Exploiting this officer [Kauffer] in this way obliges me to request for him to be given an annual stipend. Taking into account his state of affairs, I believe that 3000 piastres will be enough. And then, as a consequence of officer rank that already being given to him together with guarantees should he leave the Ottoman service, it will be possible to use him for all work accordingly to his skill, which he is already fulfilling, considering himself to be a Russian officer and not a foreigner expecting rewards”12.
This letter was followed by the list of the proposed maps, written in French13:
“Etat des Cartes generales et particulieres qui se trouvent dans les portefeuilles du Fr Kauffer Ingenieur au Service de la Porte Ottomane depuis 1792. Levees, corrigees et augmentees dans le cours de ses voyages
Savoir
1. Une Carte en grand de la ville de Constantinople, levee trigonometriquement, avec tous les monuments publics, les principales rues, les etablissements militaires, son Port et les villages qui l’environnement ; elle presente les plus grands details.
2. Un plan particulier de l’Arsenal et du bassin.
3. Une Carte en grand du Bosphore, ou du Canal de Constantinople, avec les sondes, les courants, les forts pour sa defense et les villages kiosks en amphitheatre de les bords, avec les details Nautiques et topographiques sur ce Canal et une reconnaissance d’une partie des Cotes d’Europe et d’Asie adjacentes.
4. Carte generale de la Mer Noire corrigee et augmentee de beaucoup de details.
5-6. Une Carte particuliere de la Cote d’Europe de cette Iler, a partir du Canal de ci-dessus, jusqu au Niester fl.
7. [...] d’Inada.
8. [.] golfe de Bourgas.
9. [.] Jeny Limani Mesfevria, Varna.
10. [.] Kavarna sous Ghelegna.
11. [.] Karaherman [.] Danube.
12. [...] Kilei [...] d’Ackerman.
13. [...] Embouchures du Niester.
Cartes particulieres des Lieux situes sur la Cote d’Asie :
14. [...] d’Anapa.
15. [...] Sogoudjak.
16. [...] Ghelindjik
17. [...] d’Amassera.
18. [.] ville chateau et Rade de Sinope.
19. [...] Roumelie.
20. [...] Dardanelles.
21. [...] Priam, Tenedos, Metelin.
22. [.]
23. [.] golfe de Macri, Rhodes.
24. La carte itineraire et manuscrite du voyage en Perse [...] par le Beauchamp astronome en 1781 termine 178914.
Independamment des Cartes de ci-dessus mentionnees, l’Ingenieur passe des Cartes et des plans particuliers des environs de toutes les forteresses et de differents projets qui ne seront pas executes principalement sur le Dniester et sur le Danube, ce travail ne peut etre compris, dans celui qu’il ottre[?] ici, qui n’a pour objet que l’avantage de la Navigation et du Commerce en general”. (See the map above.)
The map shows the geographical distribution of the principal place names mentioned in the above-quoted list. As seen from the map, Francis Kauffer’s proposition to the Russians included the supply of information regarding
the most important Turkish fortresses and harbors on both the western and eastern sides of the Black Sea, as well as strategic data concerning the Straits. Besides the first-hand information gathered by him personally, Francis Kauffer also offered maps available to him which had been produced by others. There is no doubt that Kauffer’s position granted him access to a variety of cartographic materials. During his work as an employee in the French Embassy and later, in the Ottoman service, Kauffer was involved in several map compilation projects and most probably possessed his own valuable primary materials as well.
When and why?
From Vasiliy Tomara’s letter we can learn that prior to summer of 1799:
- Kauffer did something so important, that his deeds were not only reported to the Russian Emperor Paul I, but even received some kind of personal acknowledgment by the Emperor.
- Kauffer had been given the rank of a Russian officer.
- Kauffer did not demand any payment for providing the maps. Payment was asked on his behalf by Vasiliy Tomara, and not per map, but on annual basis.
In conclusion from these facts, we can affirm that relations between Kauffer and the Russians had begun before he submitted any of the maps mentioned in his inventory. Taking into account that the inventory lists literally everything he managed to do in the Ottoman service, we can presume that most probably the beginning of his relations with the Russians was not directly connected to maps or money. So, how did it start?
Most probably the answer should be sought in Kauffer’s political views and the drastic developments in European affairs which had taken place during this period of time. Several decisive French victories in different military theatres had led to the final collapse of the First Coalition against Revolutionary France. Following five years of fighting, the Treaty of Campo Formio was signed in October 1797 between the French Republic and Austria.
French Royalist emigrants had to leave Austrian territory, as they had been forced to do previously from other parts of Southern, Central and Northern Europe, wherever direct rule of France or its Republican satellites had been established. The largest remaining counterrevolutionary emigrant armed force, the Army of Conde, also called the Princes’ Army, in the autumn of 1797 entered the pay of the Russian Emperor and was assigned to serve in Poland. Paul I also invited Louis XVIII, proclaimed and recognized by French royalists as their king in exile, to take asylum in Russia and live in Mi-tava Palace in Courland15, where Louis XVIII had arrived in March of 1798. The Russian Empire had become the European Great Power most friendly to the Royalist cause. Moreover it should be noted that Kauffer’s former benefactor, Count Choiseul-Gouffier, was not only warmly welcomed in St. Petersburg16, but even appointed in 1797 to be a Director of the Russian Academy of Arts.
On the other hand, traditional French-Ottoman relations seemed to be undergoing a period of revival. The appearance of successful French armies on the borders of the Ottoman Empire led the Sublime Porte to reconsider its policy towards Revolutionary France and posed a dilemma to Ottoman policymakers: which is the lesser of two evils - to be an enemy of the French or to be their ally? In this situation, when a rapprochement between Turkey and Revolutionary France looked very probable, Kauffer would certainly have had to make a decision as to whom he should remain loyal.
The Russian Government’s fear was a scenario in which France would make an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, their combined forces then moving into southern Russia through the Straits and the Black Sea. On February 15th, Paul I issued special orders to the Black Sea Fleet commanding officers Admiral Mordvinov, Vice-Admiral Lezhnev and ViceAdmiral Ushakov17, urging them to immediately prepare their squadrons for a possible outbreak of hostility with the Ottomans, to organize advanced reconnaissance cruising and to watch closely all movements of the Turkish
Navy. All orders included a postscript with this explanation of the situation:
“P.S. Despite the fact that the [Sublime] Porte has given us no reason for cessation of good relations [between us], the possession by the French of coasts and islands near the Turkish border raises the possible danger that they [the French] will incite the Turks against us and force them to take up arms against us, and thus it is only in order to protect ourselves from any
surprise attack that we are taking these precau-
18
tionary measures.
In April 1798 the main body of the Russian Black Sea Fleet took to sea. However, the enemy’s identity was still unclear. Instructions sent from St. Petersburg at the beginning of May urged Vice-Admiral Fedor Ushakov to: ”watch closely for all movements of the Porte and the French as well, in case they [i.e., the French] try to enter the Black Sea or incline the Porte toward such actions”19.
The French expeditionary forces were already on their way to Egypt, when Paul I wrote to Ushakov: “As soon as you receive information that the French Squadron intends to enter the Black Sea, seek them out at once and give them a decisive battle”20.
In the preamble to most of these orders, “obtained reports” are often mentioned. Evidently the Russian Government had different sources of intelligence, including informers in Istanbul as well.
One of the documents in the Russian State Archive of the Military History (hereafter: RGVIA21) may be connected to this story. This is a letter addressed by an anonymous Frenchman, most probably an engineer, to the Direc-toire Executif of the French Republic22 and dated by Nivose month of the 6th year of the new revolutionary calendar, i.e. somewhere between December 21st, 1797 and January 19th, 1798. In this letter the state of the defenses of the Ackerman fortress is described. We do not know how this report made its way into Russian hands. However it is clear that, from the Russian point of view, the fact that the French were interested in the Black Sea fortresses near the Russian border would be a worrying indication of unfriendly intentions. The interest in
areas so distant from French territory would be considered suspicious at any time, but especially when the accumulation of large French forces in Toulon was already widely known. There is no evidence that Kauffer himself had been approached by Directoire Executif agents; however the report had been written by somebody who possessed a first-hand acquaintance with Ackerman, and Kauffer would have known all such persons, especially those of French origin23.
To conclude the speculations, it is not unreasonable to presume that Kauffer’s contacts with the Russians were ideologically motivated by his Royalist political views.
What?
Despite the French invasion of Egypt and the threat to other dependent and Ottoman territories, it took Sultan Selim III24 several more months of consultations, as well as the guarantees of both Russia and Great Britain, to make up his mind and formally join the Second Anti-French Coalition25. From the moment when Great Britain, Russia and Turkey had become de-facto allies, military information had begun to be exchanged. A good example of such cooperation was the provision of a map of the French positions in Egypt, based on information gathered by British Captain Hood prior to October 1st, 1798, and compiled by Kauffer in Istanbul on October 24th. Two manuscript copies of this map are preserved in the RGVIA26.
At the end of March 1799 Kauffer prepared a map of Corfu Island, recently captured by the combined Russo-Ottoman squadron from the French. This map was most probably based on the Ottoman Naval officers’ drawings; Kauffer provided translations for the written Turkish inscriptions into French and transferred the map to the allies. Two copies of this are known to be in the RGVIA. This map was later included in the “Naval Atlas of a Voyage from the Archipelago to the French Shores” printed in 1799 in St. Petersburg27.
A year later another map of French positions in Egypt based on intercepted information and deserters’ reports was prepared by Kauffer,
engraved by F.T. Muller and also supplied to the allies. There are two copies of this map in RGVIA as well. In all three cases it seems that one of two preserved copies of each map bears signs of additional copying from it; in other words the information provided was indeed used by the recipient.
Legitimately supplying maps for the allies probably made it easier for further contacts with the Russian Ambassador Vasiliy Tomara. Even partial examination of the Russian archives confirms that Francis Kauffer’s generous proposition did not remain a promise in word alone. Numerous maps, plans and materials which undoubtedly were compiled by Francis Kauffer or related to him are to be found in the RGVIA alone28. A list of these findings is provided in the Appendix. However full, this list is still incomplete, because Kauffer’s maps are dispersed among different archive foundations and further scrupulous searches are needed. Another complicated assignment awaiting research is the location of various cartographic materials supplied by Kauffer but not prepared by him personally and not bearing any specific mark to distinguish them29.
Initial analysis of Kauffer’s materials found in the RGVIA shows that it can be divided into at least three categories:
1. Large scale plans of fortifications and military technical notes.
2. Geographic maps of different scales.
3. Travel diaries, journals of primary measurements.
First group. Of course, plans of fortifications were, from the military point of view, the most valuable information provided by Kauffer. These plans were usually accompanied by explanations in French and often by vertical cross-sections of the fortifications as well. The main language of the documents and maps is French; however some of the plans contain original Turkish inscriptions. Plans were carefully copied for further use by the responsible bodies. On some copies Russian translations of toponymes could be seen. Besides the Ackerman maps in this group are
also plans of Khotin and notes on the Bosphorus fortifications.
Second group. A good illustration of this category is provided by a geographic map of European Turkey including the western coast of the Black Sea. This manuscript map, compiled by Kauffer in 1798, was not just the most updated map of this region. The exclusivity of this work was also due to the fact that its compiler had travelled through and made personal reconnaissance of most of the mapped territory, which helped him to properly evaluate all material available for compilation and thus produce a reliable cartographic output. Interestingly, in his signature Kauffer described himself as “In-geneur cy-devant Employe aux Ponts et Chaus-ses de France”, without mentioning his service for the Ottomans.
Third group. This is the most interesting and valuable group from the point of view of the history of cartography. It includes original measurements, angles and distances, route observations, road descriptions - all primary information, collected in the field, upon which Kauffer later based his further cabinet work for map compilation. These “raw” data provide a unique opportunity to track the mapmaking process of late XVIII century from the very beginning to the end product: initial data limitations can be checked, the accuracy of measurements verified, the cartographer’s decisions during generalization procedure can be better understood, etc.
It is noteworthy that these materials are not copies. These almost certainly are original observations. These materials are directly linked to the maps from the inventory list; however they are barely mentioned there. It is obvious that from the military point of view the final cartographic output is much more valuable than the preliminary stages of the mapmaking process. Moreover some of the maps had already been compiled and drawn, some even engraved and published, so why was it necessary for Kauffer to also provide the primary data?
The most likely answer is that Kauffer never did. These papers were probably part of his personal archive. It is possible that this ar-
chive as a whole was bought or taken by the Russians after Kauffer’s sudden death in February of 1801. Almost certainly such an acquisition would have been done, not in search for cartographic data, but in order to keep the story of the Kauffer’s cooperation undisclosed. And the secret has been maintained for almost two hundred years.
Conclusions
Intelligence activities, today just as in the past, result in certain maps and cartographic materials finding their way to places one would least expect30. Such is the story of Francis Kauffer’s heritage. He lived his life in an epoch of dramatic political upheaval which drove him from his birthplace to seek his fortune overseas, banished him from returning home, forced him to choose between loyalties and left him to die in exile. The maps of this French engineer and cartographer in the employ of the Sublime Porte are preserved not only in Istanbul or Paris. The most valuable and comprehensive collection of his cartographic works and materials, which includes diaries and observations as well as notes of the first triangulation of the Bosphorus and Istanbul ever conducted, is currently situated in Moscow. And this collection awaits its researcher.
Acknowledgments
A version of this article was presented to the 23rd International Conference on the History of Cartography (Copenhagen, July 2009) with kind support of the American Friends of J.B. Harley foundation. French version of this article was published in March 201131. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Irina Garkusha, Tatyana Burmistrova from RGVIA and Natalya Borodina from AVPRI for their invaluable assistance in archive searches. Special thank to Alexander Halenko for fruitful discussion and generous sharing, to Elisabetta Molteni for drawing the attention for important published source and to Catherine Hofmann for encouraging the writing of this article. Gratitude is also due to Lisa Sion, Emmanuelle
Vagnon and Louise Armoni for helping to the author to overcome linguistic barriers.
Notes
1 For the importance of this map see: Elisabetta Molteni. The Medieval Harbour of Constantinople in 18th century Cartography // Journal of Mediterranean Studies. Based on the paper presented at the 2nd Mediterranean Maritime History Network Conference, Messina/Taormina, Italy 2006 (in print).
2 Jean-Baptiste Lechevalier. Voyage de la Propontide et du Pount-Euxin, avec la description des monuments anciens et modernes de Constantinople. Paris, 1802, 2 vols.
3 Un ingenieur frangais au service de la Sublime
Porte: Frangois Kauffer (1751 ?—1801) //
Observatoire urbain d’lstanbul, Lettre d’information, n° 6, 1994, p. 17-24 ; Frangois Kauffer (1751?-1801), ingenieur-cartographe frangais au service de Selim III // The seventh book of History of Science sources and researches. Ed. par Ekmeleddin Ih-sanoglu & Feza Gunergun. Istanbul, Research Centre for Islamic History: Art and Culture, 2000, p. 233-243.
4 Choiseul-Gouffier. Voyage pittoresque de la Grece, Paris, vol. I, 1782.
5 Established after the 1787-1791 Russo-Turkish war.
6 Admiral Sir William was Sidney Smith’s older brother.
7 Архив внешней политики Российской империи.
8 The exact date of the document was shamefully omitted by the author during his research in the AVPRI. Fortunately it can be estimated with a certain degree of preciseness. The date “June 19th”, mentioned in the text, refers to the Julian calendar, used in Russia at that time. So, according to the Gregorian calendar, the Imperial order of Paul I was issued on June 30th. Taking into account the time necessary to deliver diplomatic correspondence from St. Petersburg to Istanbul, we can assume that Vasiliy Tomara’s response was written not earlier than the end of July - beginning of August, 1799.
9 Russian Emperor Paul I (1796-1801).
10 Count Grigoriy Kushelev, Chair of Admiralty Board, responsible for map collecting.
11 Count Fyodor Rostopchin, Russian ViceChancellor.
12 AVPRI 89/8, file 924, p. 49-49 back. The original letter is written in Russian. Translation was made by the author.
«...Во исполнение Высочайшего повеления от 19 июня, объявленного мне от Вашего Сиятельства, здесь представляю записку разных планов, которые будут доставлены от меня господину адмиралу графу Кушелеву. Ни одного из оных нет средства другим образом получить, как чрез инженера Кауфера, о коем высочайшее определение Вашему Сиятельству известно. Сверх того должен донести, что за первым потребова-нием оказал он всю готовность служить ЕИВ и представлял только невозможность за множеством работы доставить все в записке значащие планы прежде окончания будущей зимы, ни вдвойне делать оные. Я принял его предложение, велел работать и посылать оные буду по частям к его сиятельству графу Кушелеву. Но употребляя сего офицера таким образом, долгом почитаю представить о назначении ему годового пенсиона. Соображая оной с состоянием его, 3000 пиастров кажется мне довольно. И тогда, вследствие данного ему уже чина и обещания в случае оставления службы турецкой, можно будет употреблять на все по ремеслу его работы, которые впрочем и принимается он делать, почитая уже себя действительно офицером службы российской, а отнюдь не в виде одолжения посторонней державе и в надеянии за труды свои награждения.»
13 AVPRI 89/8, file 924, p. 50-51. The text of this list, handwritten at the end of XVIII century, was copied manually by the author, who does not himself speak French, and recently deciphered from the author’s records with the generous assistance of Madam Lisa Sion. Due to lack of time during copying, in certain cases only the geographic place name was copied.
14 Pierre-Joseph Beauchamp (1752-1801), cf. Anne MEZIN, Les consuls de France au Siecle des Lumieres (1715-1792). Paris, 1997, en par-ticulier note 5, p. 160.
15 Present day Jelgava, Latvia.
16 Despite the sharp criticism of Russia, expressed by Choiseul-Gouffier in the first volume of his book Voyage pittoresque de la Grece.
17 Veselago (ed.), Materials for the History of the Russian Fleet, vol. XVI, SPb, 1902, p. 214-216, № 303-306. All orders dated by February 4th of Julian calendar.
18 Ibid, p. 215, № 305. Quoted from Imperial order to Vice-Admiral Lezhnev.
«P.S. Хотя и поныне со стороны Порты не поданы причины к нарушению доброго согласия, но так как завладение французами берегов и островов, прилегающих к Турции, и по таковому соседству опасно, чтобы не возбудили турок противу нас и не принудили бы их поднять оружие, и единственно для сего и делаются сии предосторожности, дабы предохранить себя от сюрпризов».
19 Российский государственный архив Военноморского флота, hereafter: RGAVMF (Russian State Navy Archive), Fund Sbornyi, 1798, file 7, p. 88-89. Paul I is quoted instructing Admiral Ushakov, April 23 (May 4), 1798: “.старайтесь наблюдать все движения, как со стороны Порты, так и французов, буде бы они покусились войти в Черное море или наклонить Порту к каковому-либо действию”. (Quotation from E.V. Tarle., Admiral Ushakov na Sredizemnom more, Moscow, 1948, p. 111).
20 RGAVMF, fund Sbornyi, 1798, file 7, pp. 88-89. Paul I to Admiral Ushakov, May 13 (24), 1798: “Коль скоро получите известия, что французская военная эскадра покусится войти в Черное море, то, немедленно сыскав оную, дать решительное сражение”. Quotation from E.V. Tarle, op. cit., p. 111.
21 Российский государственный военноисторический архив (GRVIA).
22 RGVIA, fund 450, list 1, file 820. (Memoire sur la forteresse d’Akerman).
23 It should not be ruled out that such kinds of investigations by Directoire Executif agents could have been carried out in order to distract attention from the real goals of the expedition under preparation in Toulon. If this was the case, they would have deliberately contacted people associated with the Royalists in order to further disseminate the disinformation.
Selim III, Ottoman Sultan 1789-1808.
Although joint military operations started earlier in autumn of 1798, the formal signing took place only on January 3rd, 1799.
26 For references of these and all other mentioned in the text maps, see the Appendix.
27 Морской атлас к плаванию от Архипелага до берегов Франции, СПб., 1799. See: Bulatov V.E.; Zaytsev A.K. The First Archipelago Expedition of the Russian Navy in 1769-1774, p. 42, footnote 14 (In Atlas of the Archipelago and Manuscript Charts of the First Achipelago Expedition of the Russian Navy in 1764-1774. Exhibition Catalogue. Moscow, 1997).
This map of Corfu was attributed by Alexey Postnikov as a captured French battle plan. (The Russian Navy as Chartmaker in the Eighteenth Century // Imago Mundi. Vol. 52 (2000), p. 79-95). However, explanatory notes in Turkish on the map, mentioned by A. Postnikov, are rather evidence of its Ottoman origin. Additional Turkish maps could be found in the reports of commanding officers of the Turkish Navy Squadron (See: Kahraman Sakul. An Ottoman Global Moment: War of Second Coalition in the Levant. Ph. D. thesis, Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University, Washington, DC, November, 2009; Plans III-V).
28 The Russian State Naval Archive and the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire are among suggested possible locations of Kauffer’s maps.
29 For instance, there are several «suspicious» sea charts of French origin for the eastern coast of the Black Sea localities, mentioned in the Kauffer’s inventory.
30 For instance, the important collection of Russian maps from the beginning of the XVIII century, copied and sent to France by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, is preserved in Paris. See: Postnikov, Alexey V. New data on Russian geographical and cartographical materials which had been carried out from Russia to France by J.N. Delisle // Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki. 2005. V. 3, p. 17-38; presented also as a poster during the 21st International Conference on the History of Cartography, Budapest, 2005.
31 Mitia Frumin. Frangois Kauffer (1751-1801): le destin d’un cartographe frangais au service de l’etranger. // Le Monde des Cartes, № 207, Mars 2011, p. 95-106.
Рукописные документы
Фонд Опись Дело Название
434 1 78 Carte de ГПе de Corfou prise sur les Francois par les Escadres Combinees de sa Majeste Imperial l'Empereur des Ottomans et de Sa Majeste Imperial l'Empereur de toutes les Russies. Dressee ... par Kauffer Ing. au Service de la Subline Porte le 29 mars 1799.
434 1 79 Derte de ГПе de Corfou... (копия предыдущего).
450 1 183 Карта Европейской Турции, западного берега Черного моря, части Архипелага, Румелии, Болгарии, Валахии, Бессарабии, части Молдавии и Сербии. Сост.: Кауф-фер. На франц. языке, 1798. (Копия, сделанная и выверенная в Депо Карт).
450 1 184 Карта Европейской Турции... (оригинал предыдущего?)
450 1 455 Топографическое описание и наименование городов, селений, гор и рек, лежащих на пути от г. Константи-ниполя до г. Яссы. Сост. Кауффер.
450 1 456 Таблицы тригонометрической съемки Константинополя. Сост. инженер Kauffer.
450 1 713 Заметки о Константинипольском канале. Par Kauffer Inj. La 28 fev. 1795.
450 1 714 Копия предыдущего.
450 1 715 Тригонометрические кроки и описания Константинопольского залива и Черноморского побережья Европейской Турции. Сост. инж. Кауффер, 1794, французский.
