CC BY
113
UDC 636.2.082.13.083.3
ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS FACTORS AT BREEDING AND EXPLOITATION OF DIFFERENT COW BREEDS
Shilov AI., Lyashuk R.N., Doctors of Agricultural Sciences Shilov О.А., Candidate of Technical Sciences Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia E-mail: romanlyashuk@yandex.ru
ABSTRACT
Breeding and exploitation of all cultural breeds in industrial scales is enough difficult and the most important an expense enterprise. In this regard the continuous search of balance between the production amount increase (beat and milk) and production cost savings constantly makes stock-breeders create and breed new varieties. Most breeds of dwarf cows are created in India - 26 from 30, here their number in the world permanent increased. Important achievement of selectionists of dwarf breeds was become by privitie of immunity, to high-resistivity of these cows to the different diseases. Milk the productivity of these cows averages in a day to three litres of milk, that taking into account its living mass it is possible to consider a record. Percent correlation of dry fat free remains and fat in milk of these midget zoons practically the same, as well as for ordinary cows. Practice proved that they turned out to very clever and more than that cheap in keeping. In winter there are little expenditures on hay and mixed feed, in summer green lawns and small areas of inarables are excellent pastures for them. Today the cost of dwarf cows calves is in the range of 100$ per animal.
KEY WORDS
New breeds; Cattle; Midget cows; Suckling and meat productivity; Immunity; Duration of the productive use; Perspective object; Breeding.
Today there are nearly 250 breeds of cattle of different productivity direction in the world. The base for economic classification is the dominating productivity (beef, milk, combined) of animal.
It should be noted that the breeding and exploitation of all stud breeds in industrial scale are rather complicated and above all expensive enterprise. In this regard the continuous search of balance between the production amount increase (beat and milk) and production cost savings constantly makes stock-breeders create and breed new varieties. These breeds being referred to cattle group are good for special social economic conditions breeding. They have their own practical importance but never the less are exclusive enough.
The article introduces the reader with gradually spreading in the world so called dwarf cattle (mostly cows).
Most breeds of dwarf cows are created in India - 26 out of 30. At the same time their number in the world is constantly increasing. And exotic is not the only problem here. Thus, characterizing one of the latest dwarf breeds Vechur, bred in the genetics laboratory of agricultural university of Indian state Kerala and named after this place it should be mentioned that today it is one of the most miniature cows in the world. Its maximum height is 91 sm (before that superiority belonged to Mexican breed with height of 1 meter), at live weight of 105-110 kg.
This breed raising project lasted for several years and in actual fact has become saving for these animals. In 1989 (beginning of works) - experimental herd consisted of 1 bull and 7 cows. The creation of this cow breed with perfect hereditary characteristics has become possible due to the application of modern technologies connected with creation of progenes and embryos transfer primarily, in fact widely recognized in our country even in 70-80-s of the last century. Thus, small animals consuming little food but also being characterized by calm and kind nature, perfect ability to adapt to different climatic conditions were created.
The most important achievement of Vechur stock-breeders is the inoculation of immunity, high resistance of these cows to different diseases; particularly to such kind of widely spread microbiological and parasitic diseases as mastitis, foot trouble and mouth
cavity diseases. Being characterized by zero mortality at an early age practically, these cows considerably easer endure many respiratory infections (general percentage of these diseases is less).
Image 1 - The smallest cattle breed in the world - Vechur.
The sixteen years old cow of this breed is near the cow of traditional breed at the age of 6
These cows productivity is on the average till three liters per day. It can be considered a record taking into account its live weight. Percentage ratio of dry fat-free residue and fat in milk of these dwarf animals is practically the same as of traditional cows. The milk composition peculiarity is the size of fat globules - 3,21 microns, that is lower than in milk of animals of other breeds, but considerably higher in comparison with goat milk- 2.60 microns. Relatively small size of fat globules means rather considerable content of phospholipids. The last ones in their turn play the most important role not only in lipid digestion processes but also above all in man’s cerebration and his nerve tissues.
On a large scale, dwarf cows milk is used to prepare ayurvedas-products being utilized in traditional medicine and successfully applied in many institutes and medical centers in India. Insomuch they are grown mainly as family pets. But the popularity of mini-cow is gaining large scales in the world. It is connected with increasing number of families moving to suburb zone.
Mini-cows have a passion to communicate with a man, know their names well, at a word they run to their owner, like when they are washed and cleaned. You can not resist appreciating the warmest sentiment to a small horned charm with beautiful large cow eyes looking at the owner with adoration. Practice proved that they turned out to very clever and more than that cheap in keeping. In winter there are little expenditures on hay and mixed feed, in summer green lawns and small areas of inarables are excellent pastures for them. Today the cost of dwarf cows calves is in the range of 100 $ per animal.
Thus, these cows can be useful in our country, including our central region in Russia.
It turned out that the fashion for dwarf domestic animals starts to combine with unbelievable benefit. Today domestic cows supply hundreds of families only in Britain with fresh and useful new milk. Owners of animals affirm that miniature cudsters give the families to save on purchasing the necessary dairy and meat products. At steady rise of prices for foodstuff, these cows keeping can be considered a real catch.
The definite theory and calculations of economic availability of animals of these dwarf breeds for meat industry development exist. So it is obvious that they need less fodder, they can occupy less place, but the obtained meat amount is not less. To rear ten of such small cows with live weight of 150 kg is necessary 1 ha for each cow. It is necessary to take into consideration that only maximum two traditional cows can be reared on this area.
CONCLUSION
Today many people with average income acquire lands of former collective enterprises where they build dwellings and plan their life according to the requirements of accumulating the power all over the world so called «green economics». Its main constituent is life in harmony with natural conditions without violation of its biological equilibrium and nutrition with ecologically friendly products. But these people majority is not going to be engaged in traditional animal husbandry. The combination of dwarf cows availability with their exotic breeding will help the state to solve the above mentioned problems considerably. Principally, one can speak about development of a whole new and special type of animal husbandry -animal breeding in house conditions.
REFERENCES
1. Antonova V. Ways of increasing cow productivity and milk quality improvement / V. Antonova // Main zooengineer. - 2006. - № 8. - p 26-28.
2. Batanov S. D. Blood composition and its connection with milk productivity of cows / S.D. Batanov, O.S. Starostina // Zootechnics. - 2005. - № 10. - p. 14-16.
3. Buyarov V. S. Efficiency of dairy cattle selection / Buyarov V. S., Shendakov A.I.,
Shendakova T.A.//Journal «Animal Husbandry of Russia». - 2011. - №1. - P. 41-44
4. Buyarov V. S. Efficiency of dairy cattle selection / Buyarov V. S., Shendakov A.I.,
Shendakova T.A..// Journal «AgroMarket» - 2012 - №1. - P. 23-25.
5. Dedov M.D. The peculiarities of cows with high life-time productivity / M.D. Dedov, N.V. Sivkin // Zootechnics. - 2004. - № 10. - p. 2-4.
6. Ignatyeva L.P. Influence of parent pair selection on live weight and milk productivity of heifers / L.P. Ignatyeva, N.A. Popov // Zootechnics. -2006. -№ 6. - p. 6-8.
7. Milk productivity // Krasota V.F. Breeding of farm animals: study book for higher educational establishments / V.F. Krasota, T.G. Japaridze, N.M. Kostomakhin. - M.: KolosS, 2005. - p. 148-175.
8. Shilov A.I. About beef specialized animal husbandry. Condition and ways of development. / Shilov A.I., Lyashuk R.N., Kibkalo L.I. // «Vestnik OrelGAU» №1 (40), 2013, - p. 98-102.
9. Shilov O.A. Investigation of milk and dairy products market with the account of marketing environment factots. / Shilov O.A., Kudinova S.A. Koll. monograph «Food market: regulation problems and influence on the population living standards:» -Orel. Publishing house «Trud». -2012. - p.168-175.
10. Data and photos are taken from internet resources.
