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Section 8. Medical science
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-132-133
Ubaydullaeva Naima Nabikhanovna, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, chief of department of pulmonology and clinical allergology
E-mail: unaima@mail.ru
Assessment of the prevalence and characteristics of smoking status of teenagers and young men in Tashkent
Abstract: A study of prevalence and its impact on respiratory status among 1817 teenagers and young men. The results of the survey showed that the prevalence of Smoking among adolescents and young men is 17.7%. Examine the relationship of smoking with respiratory symptoms and condition of function of external respiration in 109 people. In the course of the survey established that there was a significant correlation between indicators of respiratory function, smoking and respiratory symptoms.
Keywords: smoking status, teenagers, young men, respiratory symptoms, respiratory function.
Tobacco use is one of aggressive risk factors that lead to early development of diseases which society is a large social burden. Widespread tobacco consumption in various countries leads to a decrease in life expectancy of the population, as proven by many research studies, both domestic and foreign authors [4; 2, 7-12]. In recent decades Smoking among individuals of adolescence has become widespread, with no specific differences among persons, male and female. Who estimates more than 150 million adolescents worldwide use tobacco and this number is steadily increasing. Currently, about 5.4 million people die each year from diseases related to Smoking, which is the single leading preventable cause of death [3, 147-149]. It is projected that number will increase to 8 million per year by 2030. If the trend continues, the majority of deaths happen in developing countries, where every year die more than 7 million people in a result of diseases related to tobacco, and this is more than from malaria, injuries, and living conditions together [1, 33-36].
Every fifth person in the world — a teenager, a way of life instilled at a young age, be sure to give results at the age of Mature, able-bodied. Habits such as tobacco Smoking, lack of physical activity impact on the formation of various diseases, including chronic, leading to early disability, to decrease in indicators of respiratory function and, consequently, lower efficiency, tolerance to physical activity, early formation of chronic diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems [5, 1477]. It is known that the development of an addiction to nicotine occurs most rapidly at a young age [6, 611]. Therefore, the main audience for the active prevention of smoking I think young people, teenagers, including the problem of the formation of addiction to tobacco acquired in the last decade, the nature of the epidemic.
One of the major gaps in the successful solution of the problems of harm reduction from Smoking is the lack of a clear, scientifically-based complex algorithm (tactics) risk management related to Smoking tobacco.
The aim of the study was assessment the prevalence of smoking among teenagers and young men and its relationship with respiratory symptoms and respiratory function.
Material and methods: 109 people have carried out a thorough examination, including determination of respiratory function: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; forced vital capacity; vital capacity; the maximum instantaneous flow rate during exhalation of 25%, 50%, 75%; peak expiratory flow (PSV), using the "MasterLab" firm Erich Eger (Germany). Criteria of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Smoking were established on the basis of the who questionnaire: chronic bronchitis in the presence of cough with phlegm almost every day for three months in the year, irregular
cough — for cough with phlegm in the morning and/or during the day or night in the cold season, respiratory symptoms in the presence of regular or irregular cough, respiratory disorders — based on the presence of respiratory symptoms and/or disorders of respiratory function, as measured by the criteria of Clement, R. F., Smoking regular Smoking at least one cigarette per day. For statistical processing of material was used statistical analysis and information delivery SAS (Statistical Analysis System).
Results and discussion: The results of the survey showed that active smokers among students of the College are 17.7% of the people, ex-smokers, 20.3% of non-smokers and 62%. Among nonSmoking patients had in their lives of the cigarettes 76%. Thus, 40% of respondents had or currently have a history of Smoking. The average age of onset of Smoking among students was 16.2±2.6 years. It should be noted that among all respondents, 2.5 percent purchased their first Smoking experience at the age of 10 years, 54.7% of students started Smoking between the ages of 11 to 16 years. Thus, 57,2% of College students started Smoking in school age. The average "pack/years" among smokers was 1.5 (2, 5; 4) tutu/years. The average "pack/years" among ex-smokers was 0.4 (0,1; 1,25) packs/years. Data analysis showed that the majority of patients have mild nicotine dependence was 35.5%, while 5.4 percent have a high dependence on nicotine. A high percentage of respondents have a strong motivation to quit Smoking (41%).
Comparison of indicators of external respiration function in persons with chronic bronchitis, with occasional cough and no respiratory symptoms (%of expected values) showed that the mean values of almost all parameters of function of external respiration in the group of persons with irregular cough was significantly lower than in individuals without respiratory symptoms. In individuals with symptoms of chronic bronchitis the value of the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, maximum flow rate during expiration 50%, 75% and peak expiratory flow rate was significantly lower than in individuals without respiratory symptoms.
Analysis of the results of the study individuals with different status of Smoking with respiratory symptoms of varying intensity showed that the average indicators of function of external respiration was lower in smokers compared to the never Smoking group. However, this Association was statistically significant only for the parameters of the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced vital capacity, maximum flow rate during expiration of 25% and peak expiratory flow (p<0.05).
We observed a statistically significant reduction of mean values of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec in smokers without respiratory symptoms compared to healthy non-smokers (p<0.005) and
Comparative analysis of tubercular lymphadenopathy clinical pattern in hiv and non-hiv patients
smokers with occasional cough with phlegm (p<0.01), and smokers with chronic bronchitis (p<0.001), compared with healthy. Also revealed a significant decrease of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec in smokers with symptoms of chronic bronchitis compared to smokers without respiratory symptoms (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant relationship between the decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced vital capacity in individuals smokers with chronic bronchitis compared with the other study groups: healthy (p<0.0001), with smokers having the irregular cough with phlegm (p<0.05), with non-smokers with chronic bronchitis (p<0.05) and smokers without respiratory symptoms (p<0.05). Revealed similar link smoking with other speed performance of the forced exhalation. Rates of maximum flow rate during exhalation of 50% was significantly low, compared with "healthy", for nonsmokers, with occasional cough with phlegm (p<0.01), non-smokers with chronic bronchitis (p<0.005), smokers without respiratory symptoms (p<0.01) and smokers with chronic bronchitis (p<0.0001). The maximum volume rate during exhalation of 25% was significantly lower for nonsmokers with symptoms of chronic bronchitis than in healthy (p<0.05). The value of this parameter was significantly reduced in all smokers, without respiratory symptoms (p<0.005), and occasional cough with phlegm (p<0.005) and chronic bronchitis (p<0.0001), compared with "healthy". The average maximum flow rate during exhalation 75% was significantly higher in healthy compared with non-smokers, with intermittent cough with phlegm (p<0.01), non-smokers with chronic bronchitis (p<0.005), and also compared to smokers without respiratory symptoms (p<0.001), with occasional cough with phlegm (p<0.01), and chronic bronchi-
tis (p<0.0001). The parameter peak expiratory flow was significantly higher in healthy compared to non-smokers, with intermittent cough with phlegm (p<0.0001), with non-smokers with chronic bronchitis (p<0.0001) and also compared to smokers without respiratory symptoms (p<0.0005), with occasional cough with phlegm (p<0.001) and chronic bronchitis (p<0.0001). Smokers with symptoms of chronic bronchitis, the parameter peak expiratory flow were also significantly lower than in smokers without respiratory symptoms.
Thus, a significant relationship between indicators of respiratory function, Smoking and respiratory symptoms. The relationship of indicators of function of external respiration with the combination of Smoking and respiratory symptoms were highly significantly significant for all parameters of respiratory function, and more pronounced than the relationship of respiratory function only with the status of Smoking.
Conclusions:
1. The results of the survey showed that the prevalence of Smoking among adolescents and young men is 17.7%.
2. We found a significant relationship between the indicators of external respiratory function, Smoking and respiratory symptoms, indicating that the rate of progression and severity of symptoms depends on the exposure to the etiological factors and their summation.
3. There is significant inverse correlation between bronchial hyperresponsiveness and forced expiratory volume in 1 second, which indicates a close relationship between hyperactivity and the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
References:
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-133-136
Fayzullaeva Dilfuza, Doctorant Specialized republican research andpracticemedical center of phthisiology andpneumonology of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: saodat@mail.ru
Comparative analysis of tubercular lymphadenopathy clinical pattern in hiv and non-hiv patients
Abstract: 156 patients suffering from tuberculous lymphadenopathy (TL) were examined at the Republican AIDS Center and the Republican Specialized Applied Research Medical Center of Phthisiology and Pulmonology. based on the obtained results we suggest on the apparent exacerbation of TL in case of HIV infection.
Thereat, symptoms changed along with the rapid development of HIV terminal stage. The clinical signs of TL in HIV-infected patients include a great variety of symptoms of local and general origin. TL course as compared with that in non-HIV patients especially in the progression stage is far severer and contributes to the mortality in patients reported with such comorbidity.
